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Lucrare de atestat

ContentsIntroduction4Chapter 1: Early life (187593)51.1.Birth51.2.Upbringing61.3.Marriage8Chapter 2: Crown Princess (18931914)92.1.Domestic Life92.2.Bringing Up Her Children122.3.Queen Marie about Her Children13Chapter 3: Queen of Romania (191427)143.1. World War I143.2. Queen Marie as Commander163.4. Coronation193.5. Visit to America20Chapter 4: Widowhood (192738)214.1. Carol's Reign224.2. Illness and Death23Conclusion28Bibliography29

Introduction

I have chosen to write about Queen Marie because I think she was one of the most valuable Romanian personalities, a role model for future generations. Marie of Romania was one of the most fascinating women of her perioda queen descended from the highest royalty of Europe.NicolaeIorgasaid about her that: She believed in kings and their missions, but also in their rights. She was not haughty, nor humble, but she was royal from head to toe, imperious, bright, active, the happy little girl full of life and faith in her race.Her education and her principles influenced the cultural and public life of Romania, in spite of her life being the subject of gossips on three continents.During World War I Marie did what most of her female relatives: volunteered as a Red Cross nurse to help the sick and wounded. She poured her heart and soul into this work and did not take very good precautions to ensure her own life. One of the reasons she isstill so fascinating is that she had a rare combination of royal snobbery, common sense and kindness.Great Britain gave us something priceless, something that we should be proud of: a real queen!I was barely seventeen when I came to you. I was young and ignorant, but very proud of my native country, and even now, I am proud to have been born an Englishwoman... but I bless you, dear Romania, country of my joy and my grief, the beautiful country which has lived in my heart.-Queen Marie of Romania

Chapter 1: Early life (187593)

1.1. BirthMarie was born at her parents' official residence, Eastwell Manor in Kent, on 29 October 1875, at 10:30 a.m.She was the eldest daughter and second child of Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and Princess Maria Alexandrovna, Duchess of Edinburgh. She was named Marie Alexandra Victoria, after her mother and grandmothers,but she was informally known as "Missy". The Duke of Edinburgh wrote that his daughter "promises to be as fine a child as her brother and gives every evidence of finely developed lungs and did so before she was fairly in the world." As a grandchild of the reigning British monarch in the male line, Marie was formally styled "Her Royal Highness Princess Marie of Edinburgh" from birth.Marie's christening took place in the private chapel of Windsor Castle on 15 December. Marie's godparents were Empress Maria Alexandrovna, the Princess of Wales, the Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the Tsarevich of Russia and the Duke of Connaught andStrathearn.

1.2. UpbringingMarie and her siblings, Prince Alfredand Princesses Victoria Melita, Alexandra and Beatricespent much of their early life at Eastwell Park, which their mother preferred instead of Clarence House, their official residence. The Duke of Edinburgh was largely absent from his children's lives, due to his position in the British Royal Navy, and their life was governed by their mother. Marie would later state that she did not even know the colour of her father's hair until she looked at later portraits of him, believing it to be much darker than it actually was.The Duchess of Edinburgh neglected her daughters' education, considering them not very bright or gifted. But in the fields of painting and drawing, areas in which they had inherited Queen Victoria's talent, the girls received only a "pedestrian instruction".In 1886, when Marie was eleven years old, the Duke of Edinburgh was named commander-in-chief of the Mediterranean naval squadron and the family took up residence at San Antonio Palace in Malta. Marie would remember her time in Malta as "the happiest memory of my existence, where all the things seem to be a revelation and all the dreams, a truth". The family relocated to Coburg in 1889. The Duchess, who was pro-German, hired a German governess for her daughters, bought them plain clothing and even had them confirmed in the Lutheran faith. In Coburg, the princesses' education was broadened: more emphasis was placed on painting and music.

1.3. MarriageMarie grew into a "lovely young woman" with "sparkling blue eyes and silky fair hair" and her suitors soon multiplied. Among these was Prince George of Wales, who in 1892 became second in line to inherit the throne. Queen Victoria and the Duke of Edinburgh all approved, but the Princess of Wales and the Duchess of Edinburgh did not.. Queen Victoria would later comment that "Georgie lost Missy by waiting & waiting".Around this time, King Carol I of Romania was looking for a suitable bride for Crown Prince Ferdinand, in order to secure the succession and assure the continuation of the House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. Marie and Ferdinand first became acquainted during a gala dinner. She did not actually liked him and she found him shy but amiable. Once the pair were formally engaged, Queen Victoria wrote to Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine that "[Ferdinand] is nice and the Parents are charmingbut the country is very insecure and the immorality of the Society at Bucharest quite awful". In late 1892, King Carol visited London in order to meet the Duke of Edinburgh and Queen Victoria, who eventually agreed to the marriage.On 10 January 1893, Marie and Ferdinand were married at Sigmaringen Castle in three ceremonies: one civil, one Catholic and one Anglican.She had come to this unfamiliar Eastern country, as she told us later, to live with a husband she hardly knew, as an inexperienced child

Chapter 2: Crown Princess (18931914)2.1. Domestic LifeThe first years of Marie and Ferdinand's marriage were not particularly easy. One thing that they found they had in common was their love of their country, Marie later stating that "any mistakes we will have made, we have always had the best of intentions in mind and I am convinced that the people know this". Gradually, the couple's relationship became based on a cordial friendship: Marie respected Ferdinand for his superiority as a man and, later, as King, and he respected her because he realised that she had a better understanding of the world than he did. King Carol gradually realized that Marie was the stronger of the royal pair and she told us he then began to consult her on state matters.Marie gave birth to her first child, to the great joy of the whole country, Prince Carol, only nine months after the marriage, on 15 October. Marie was hardly permitted any contact with her child. Presently she discovered an escape from her boring life in riding. She loved to gallop over the countryside and in this way she came to know and love the peasants, the real Romanian people, into whose homes she would go and talkHer personality and "high spirits" frequently created controversies at the Romanian court, and she disliked the austere atmosphere of her household. She wrote that she "had not been brought down to Romania to be adored and spoilt and made much of, she had come to be part of the machinery King Carol had wound up. She had been imported to be trimmed, educated, cut down and trained according to the great man's conception of things". Easily learning to speak the Romanian language, she followed her mother's advice to dress carefully and show respect for Orthodox rituals.In 1896, Ferdinand and Marie moved to Cotroceni Palace, which had been especially arranged for them by King Carol. In 1903, Ferdinand and Marie inaugurated Pelior, an Art Nouveau castle in Sinaia that King Carol commissioned for the royal couple. She afterwards took to dressing quite often in folk costume, both at home and in public, initiating a fashion trend among young upper-class women.On 29 June 1913, the Tsardom of Bulgaria declared war on Greece, thus starting the Second Balkan War. On 4 July, Romania entered the war, allying itself with Greece. The war, which lasted a little over a month, was worsened by a cholera epidemic. With the help of Dr. IoanCantacuzino and Sister Pucci, a Red Cross nurse, Marie travelled between Romania and Bulgaria, lending a helping hand in hospitals. As a result of the war, Romania gained possession of Southern Dobrudja, including the coastal town of Balchik (Balcic), which Marie would come to cherish in 1924 and use to host her residence. Soon after the war ended, King Carol became ill.On 28 June 1914, at Sarajevo, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was assassinated. On 28 July, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia and, as Marie saw it, "the world's peace was torn to shreds". Although Carol was in favour of his country supporting Germany and the Central Powers, the council decided against it. Not long after the council, Carol's illness worsened and he became bed-ridden. Eventually, he died on 10 October 1914 and Ferdinand automatically succeeded as king.

2.2. Bringing Up Her Children

Relationships between the parents and children were apparently normal, but in fact both king and queen were not involved in the education of the royal children, so much as it would have beennecessary.The children received, of course, the proper instruction, but the Royal House could not substitute a true educational institutionFor Marie "My children were the central interest of my life. Those of our race are passionate mothers, and we cannot conceive of a world without children. But she couldnt decide to discipline their children as she should have: "I was not by nature a pedagogueI was, in fact, inclined to be too lenient always, as I hated the feeling of any sort of tyranny or coercion, and had an insurmountable aversion to scolding. I hated being scolded, and still more did I hate having to scold".

2.3. Queen Marie about Her Children"I had now six children and I had the feeling that this essential part of my duty was at an end. I had not disappointed Rumania in its expectations; the royal family was copiously establishedthree sons and three daughters.About Carol: "Carol, the eldest of our children, was plump, merry and docile as a small boy. Being the first, he was of course spoilt by high and low. He was the long-hoped-for heir and, therefore, the great favorite".About Mignon: "Mignon was all smiles and passivity; she was pleased with everything. Her nature was based upon sweetness and patience.About Ileana: "Ileana was certainly the child of my soul.Her birth was a great joy to me and I was glad she was a girl. I remember how I lay on my back, the struggle over, the new little world wanderer pressed to my heart, listening to the royal salutetwenty-one guns for a princess."About Elisabeta: Lisabetha was much more classically beautiful, but was always a solemn, rather austerely silent child, unable to express her feelings. Her look was straight, almost defiant, full of ardour, fantasy and imagination and fond of being alone".About Nicolae: "I had always remembered him welcoming, sympathetic, full of quiet charm. He seemed to live in a sort of imperial mist".

Chapter 3: Queen of Romania (191427)3.1. World War IEarly on the morning of 10 October 1914, Marie received a telephone call from Prince tirbey, who informed her that she had become queen. Although she had been mentally preparing herself for her ascension for some time, the news came as a "colossal shock" to her. The next day, she and Ferdinand were acclaimed as king and queen in the Chamber of Deputies. Marie maintained a certain influence on her husband and the entire court, leading historian A. L. Easterman to write that "it was not [Ferdinand], but Marie who ruled in Romania".

At the time of Ferdinand's ascension, the government was led by the liberal prime minister Ion I. C. Brtianu. With Brtianu's help, Marie began pressuring Ferdinand into entering the war. Concurrently, she contacted various reigning relatives in Europe and bargained for the best terms for Romania, in case the country would enter the war. Marie favoured an alliance with the Triple Entente (Russia, France and Britain), partly because of her British ancestry. Neutrality was not without perils, and entering the war with the Entente meant that Romania would act as Russia's "buffer" against possible attacks.Ferdinand gave in to Marie's pleas, and he signed a treaty with the Entente on 17 August 1916. On 27 August, Romania formally declared war on Austria-Hungary. Early on during the war, Marie was involved in aiding the Romanian Red Cross and visited hospitals daily.On 2 November 1916, Marie's youngest son, Prince Mircea, who had been sick with typhoid fever, died at Buftea. Marie was distraught and wrote in her journal "can anything ever be the same?". After Bucharest fell to Austrian troops, the royal court was transferred to Iai, capital of the Moldavia region, in December 1916.After the conclusion of the Russian Revolution in early November 1917 and the victory of the Bolsheviks, Romania became, in the words of diplomat Frank Rattigan, "an island surrounded on all sides by the enemy, with no hope of assistance from the Allies". Soon afterwards, Ferdinand signed the Treaty of Focani, on 9 December 1917. Marie considered the treaty perilous. Later turns of events would prove Marie to have assumed correctly. In 1918, Marie vehemently opposed the signing of the Treaty of Bucharest, giving rise to her description as "truly the only man in Romania". The Armistice with Germany (11 November 1918) put an end to fighting in Europe and, thus, to the war.The idea of a "Greater Romania" had existed in the minds of Romanians in Transylvania for some. In 1918, both Bessarabia and Bukovina voted for union with Romania. An assembly took place in the ancient city of Alba Iulia on 1 December 1918. Marie wrote, "the dream of Romnia Mare seems to be becoming a reality ... it is all so incredible that I hardly dare believe it." After the assembly, Ferdinand and Marie returned to Bucharest, where they were met by general mirth: "a day of 'wild, delirious enthusiasm', with the bands crashing and the troops marching and the people cheering".3.2. Queen Marie as CommanderMaria was quickly adopted by the Army, which in very short time, especially after she was named commander of The Cavalry Regiment 4 Rosiori, the Army began to deify her"I felt absolutely at home amongst our soldiers. I had the happy sensation that they accepted me unconditionally, without restraint. Nationality did not separate us, no reserves weremade[] to me, the army seemed like a big and devoted family of which I was a specially welcome and honored member."The spiritual connection between Marie and the army was very.During the Balkan War, Princess Marie has worked in the health service, caring for the sick in Cholera camps, risking her live unreservedly. Then during World War Ithough now she was queen, she cared for the sick people with typhus in Moldova. Arthur Gould Lee described these gestures of Queen Marie: "People were excited about her exuberance and they admired her spirit, especially the incredible courage shown during the Balkan wars of 1913, when not only she had indifferent passed through the frontline trenches, through fire, but she had also showed a fearless and unusual contempt, for the contagious diseases from the hospitals. Without worrying about the risks, she was next to the young soldiers, who were dying of cholera, shedding tears for each of them.In October 1917, on the front of Moldova, the Queen was pictured wearing an officers uniform, in the first sector named Ciresoaia, in front of the sign of altitude 443, in the first line, 200 meters from enemy.During the time she lived at Cotroceni, at a precise time, the Queen used to watch from her window the parade organized in her honor. It is interesting to note that the figure of Queen Marie was never altered by the communist regime, and the army continued to promote the old spirit of worshiping our heroes. In the closed circuit lessons of the Ministry of Defense and Ministry of Interior, historians like Michael E. Ionescu, Talpes or RazvanTheodorescuused to hold lectures with the topic: The life and work of Queen Marie of Romania accomplisher of the Romanian nation.Before being driven from Cotroceni Palace on her last way, the queen wasgreeted by the soldiers with their bayonets stuck in the ground and the buttsof their arms upwards,a unique gesture that the army had not offered to any other man.

3.3. Paris Peace ConferenceBecause Ferdinand had refused to sign the Treaty of Bucharest and because Romania had been hostile towards the Central Powers until the end of the war, its place among the winning countries during the Paris Peace Conference was guaranteed. By now known as the Soldier Queen, she famously declared, Romania needs a face, and I will be that face. Hoping to resolve the situation, Saint-Aulaire suggested that Marie should be sent to the conference instead.Marie arrived in Paris on 6 March 1919. She was immediately popular with the French people, due to her boldness during the War. After staying in Paris for a week, Marie accepted George V and Queen Mary's invitation and crossed the English Channel. Hoping to acquire as much goodwill for Romania as possible, Marie became acquainted with many important political figures of the time, including Lord Curzon, Winston Churchill and Waldorf and Nancy Astor.After the end of her visit in England, Marie returned to Paris.Marie shocked many officials by waving all her ministers aside and leading negotiations herself. On this, she would later comment, "Never mind, you'll all just have to get used to accepting me with the faults of my virtues." Marie left Paris with numerous supplies for Romania's relief and later that year, the conference resulted in the international recognition of Greater Romania.This led Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia, to conclude that "by her charm, beauty, and ready wit, [Marie] could obtain anything she desired".

3.4. CoronationAn elaborate set of jewelry and clothing was made especially for the coronation. The crown was made entirely out of Transylvanian gold. The crown had two pendants on the sides; one contained an image of the royal arms of Romania and the other, the arms of the Duke of Edinburgh, which Marie had used as her own arms prior to her marriageThe ceremony was conducted by the Metropolitan of All Romania, MironCristea. After placing his crown on his own head, Ferdinand crowned Marie, who had knelt before him. The following day, Ferdinand and Marie triumphantly entered Bucharest. The splendour of the coronation was subsequently cited as evidence of Marie's theatricality. Marie would be received into the Romanian Orthodox Church in 1926, mentioning a desire to be closer to her people.

3.5. Visit to America

Upon her arrival, Marie was welcomed enthusiastically by the American people, with "whistle of steamers, roar of guns in white smoke puffs against gray fog, voices cheering in a stinging rain".Marie viewed the tour as an opportunity to "see the country, meet the people and put Romania on the map".She travelled by ship across the Atlantic Ocean and disembarked in New York, on 18 October 1926, accompanied by Prince Nicholas and Princess Ileana.During their time in America, Marie, Nicholas and Ileana undertook tours of several cities, including Philadelphia. They were very popular, and were greeted with equal enthusiasm in each city they visited. On 24 November, Marie and her children were seen off by a delegation from Washington, D.C., as they prepared to leave by ship from New York. She wrote in her diaries: "both my children and I have but one dream: to return! To return to that stupendous New World[] I know, as long as I live, breathe and think, the love for America will beautify my life and thoughts ... Perhaps Fate will allow me one day to go back to America."Chapter 4: Widowhood (192738)

Prince Carol sparked a dynastic crisis when he officially renounced his rights to succeed Ferdinand on 5 January 1926, simultaneously waiving all parental rights over Prince Michael, who had been proclaimed heir. Both Marie and Ferdinand were reluctant to leave the country in the hands of a five-year-old boy, even overseen by a regency, for fear that the lands gained during World War I would be reclaimed by neighbouring countries and that political disturbances might lead to civil unrest. He died on 20 July, in Marie's arms. She later wrote: I am so tired were his last words.Michael automatically succeeded as king upon Ferdinand's .In May 1928, Carol, attempted to return to Romania.. He was prevented from doing so by English authorities. After refusing to be part of the regency council in 1929, Marie was accused by the press, and even by Princess Helen, of plotting a coup.

4.1. Carol's ReignOn 6 June 1930, Carol usurped the throne from his son, becoming King Carol II. Upon hearing of Carol's return, Marie, who was abroad, was relieved. She viewed Carol's return as the return of the Prodigal Son. However, as soon as she arrived in Bucharest, she became aware that things would not go wellDesolate and almost stripped of her belief, Marie turned to the religious teachings of the Bah' Faith, which she found "vastly appealing".With Carol's mistress hated throughout the country, it was only a matter of time before opposition to the King emerged. This opposition most prominently came under the form of the Iron Guard. After Carol turned to Ion Duca for help, the Iron Guard assassinated Duca in December 1933. After Duca's death, Carol's popularity plummeted and there were rumours that an attempt would be made on his life at the annual independence parade. In order to avoid this, he instead had Marie attend the parade, in what would be her final public appearance.After the parade, Carol set out to destroy his mother's popularity among Romanians and tried to push her out of the country. Marie, however, did not comply, instead retreating to either of two locales. The first was Bran Castle. The other was Balchik, where she had built a palace and a small chapel called Stella Maris and tended to her garden. She also visited Ileana and her children in Austria. Ileana rarely received permission from Carol to visit Romania; this irritated Marie greatly. She also spent some time in Belgrade with her daughter "Mignon" and her son-in-law, King Alexander.4.2. Illness and Death

During the summer of 1937, Marie fellill.In February 1938, she was sent to a sanatorium in Italy, in hopes that she might recover. There, she was visited by Nicholas and his wife, whom Marie eventually forgave for her transgressions. She was also visited by Princess Helen, whom she had not seen in nearly seven years, and Waldorf Astor. Marie was eventually transferred to a sanatorium in Dresden. Growing weaker and weaker, she requested that she be taken back to Romania, in order to die there. Carol denied her a journey by aeroplane, and she declined a medical flight offered by Hitler, instead choosing to return to Romania by train. She was brought to Pelior Castle.Marie died on 18 July 1938, at 5:38 p.m.Although Maries official biographies say she died of internal haemorrhages after spending several months in hospitals, other sources claim it was during an argument between Carol and Nicholas that Marie perished. She died after being accidentally shot by her younger son while covering the elder one with her body. Nobody knows for sure what exactly happened between the three of them. Some historians have accepted that the gun was fired by accident.Two days later, on 20 July, Marie's body was brought to Bucharest, where she lay in state in the white drawing room at Cotroceni Palace. Thousands of people filed by Marie's bier during the three-day lying in state and, on the third day, the palace was opened for factory workers. Marie's funeral cortege made its way to the train station, passing under the Arch of Triumph. Her coffin was taken to Curtea de Arge Monastery, where she was interred. Marie's heart, according to her own wishes, was placed in small golden casket embellished with the emblems of the Romanian provinces and interred in her Stella Maris chapel in BalchikMarie was the last Queen consort of Romania. She was one of Queen Victoria's five reigning granddaughters and one of three to retain their position as consort after the conclusion of World War I.

4.3. The British Influence of the Queen on RomaniaMarie was a new kind of queen, the accepted model of queenship was Marie's grandmother, Victoria, who sat sedately upon the British throne for more than sixty years.She is the only woman in Romania who has risen to the very heights. Her remote origin may have been a positive assetshe came from another world and was somehow a different being.Even before her ascension as queen, Marie had succeeded in establishing her public image as that of "one of the best-looking and richest princesses in Europe". She was known primarily for her talent in horse-riding, writing, painting, sculpting, dancing and for her beauty. After she had become mother-in-law and grandmother, she was still coquettish, still beautiful.In early 1895, Marie, was included in The Cavalry Regiment 4 Rosiori, following the example of other princesses and queens of the royal houses of Europe.She was the honorary commander of this unit.In Romania, Marie is known by the nickname Mother of the Wounded, or simply as "Queen Marie".It is certain that the queen did not limit herself to the traditional feminine role of "mother of the wounded". She was the living consciousness of Romanian unity, the symbol of confidence in final victory.ConstantinArgetoianu writes thus:"Whatever Queen Marie's errors before and after the war, the war remains her page, the page of which she may boast, the page that will seat her in history's place of honor. [...] We find her in the trenches among the combatants, in forward positions; we find her in the hospitals and all the medical units; among the wounded, among the sick; we find her present wherever people met to try to do some good. She knew no fear of bullets and bombs, just as she knew no fear or disgust at disease, or impatience with the often useless efforts provoked by her desire for something better. Queen Marie fulfilled her duty on all the multiple fronts of her activity."4.4. Her LegacyIn the 1920s, Marie embarked on a career of her own as Romania's greatest publicist. She ventured into print in syndicated columns for foreign newspapers with her opinions about men, marriage, fashion, beauty and, more seriously, women's rights and the lives and aspirations of Romanians. She, also, published 34 books and short stories, both in Romanian and English, during her lifetime. This included her critically acclaimed autobiography, The Story of My Life by Marie, was published in 1934 and was reviewed by Virginia Woolf in Time and Tide on 1 December. It is reprinted in The Moment. Woolfs says that:She is royal, she can write, no royal person has ever been able to write before [...] Queen Marie of Roumania, has done what had never been done before; she has opened the door of the cage and sauntered out into the street [...] she had an unusual power of following her feeling until she had coined the word for it.Queen Marie of Roumania was particularly attached to two places, on which she left her unique mark and of which she used to say, Balcic and Bran are my dream homes, they are my heart.. But she has always been extremely and heartily attached to Pelisor too, where after she died the rooms suddenly burst with the smell of violets, recognized by the old caretakers as a particular favorite of the queen.Formula As team charged with finding paranormal facts.These apparitions, extremely rare, are, as a matter of fact, almost angelic. "At Pelisor, from time to time, in certain rooms, one could smell, without any explanation, the Queen Marie's perfume". Queen Marie, as she has been described, seemed quite capable of offering this kind of after-death surprises: preoccupied to stage her own funeral, she instructed that violet be worn at her funeral.In accordance with her will, her heart was kept in a cloister at the Balchik Palace which she had built. In 1940, when Balchik and the rest of Southern Dobrudja were returned to Bulgaria, Queen Maries heart was transferred to Bran Castle.

ConclusionIn this paperIintended to show and demonstrate what this English princess, who later became queen, had meant for Romania.Despite criticism, Queen Mariecertaintydid what she thought was appropriate for her adoptive country. The way in which she influenced the political, economical and social life in Romania, support this statement.The purpose of this work is to remind us of a real historical personality in Romania and observe the tremendous influence that she dedicated to the country and people and to emphasize the impact she had on the development of this country. The royal family remains part of our history as a story from long ago. If any royal personality has maintained a certain connection, however shaky, within the people of my country, especially the older generation and historians Marie is probably the one. I am tended to believe that the most beloved monarch in Romanian history, Queen Marie, is as popular now as she ever was. The films and documentaries about her life that can be found on the internet are widely appreciated as well as her books still offer a fascinating lecture.Love, Faith, Courage with these three we can win the world. Queen Marie of Romania

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