AtmosphereWater and Air… the two essential elements on which life depends have

become global garbage cans

Essential StandardsEEn.2.5 Understand the structure of and processes within our atmosphere. • EEn.2.5.1 Summarize the structure and composition of our atmosphere. • EEn.2.5.2 Explain the formation of typical air masses and the weather systems that result from air mass interactions. • EEn.2.5.3 Explain how cyclonic storms form based on the interaction of air masses. • EEn.2.5.4 Predict the weather using available weather maps and data (including surface, upper atmospheric winds, and

satellite • imagery). • EEn.2.5.5 Explain how human activities affect air quality. EEn.2.6 Analyze patterns of global climate change over time. • EEn.2.6.1 Differentiate between weather and climate. • EEn.2.6.2 Explain changes in global climate due to natural processes. • EEn.2.6.3 Analyze the impacts that human activities have on global climate change (such as burning hydrocarbons, greenhouse

effect, • and deforestation). • EEn.2.6.4 Attribute changes to Earth’s systems to global climate change (temperature change, changes in pH of ocean, sea level • changes, etc.).

Atmospheric compositionStructure and processes

Assignment!• Create a chart for the next 2 weeks (Dec 20th will be the last day)• Each day we will observe the cloud types during your class• We will record the cloud types along with the weather each day• If the weather changes during the day – it is your responsibility to

change / add to the weather for that day• You will write a brief conclusion at the end stating if you see a

difference in the weather depending on the cloud type

Brief Review• What was the composition of the original atmosphere like?

• What evolved on Earth that drastically changed the composition?

• How did these organisms change the composition of Earth’s atmosphere?

Mostly methane, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. Deadly to living organisms today

Plants

Drastically increased the oxygen content

What is the structure of the atmosphere?• 4 layers from bottom to top• last layer sometimes divided in

half to make 5• Troposphere – lowest layer, weather

happens here• Stratosphere – next layer up, jets fly

here, ozone found here• Mesosphere – meteors burn up

here• Thermosphere – hottest layer, space

stations here• Ionosphere – where auroras take place• Exosphere – outer layer, space stations

How are layers divided?• According to temperature trends• Each layer is separated by a pause • Tropopause between troposphere and

stratosphere etc

• What happens to the temperature in each layer of the atmosphere?• Troposphere – temp decreases• Stratosphere – temp increases• Mesosphere – temp decreases• Thermosphere – temp increases

What is the atmosphere made of?• Mostly nitrogen (N) – about

78%• Oxygen (O) – about 21%• Carbon Dioxide (CO2) –

about .03%

Remember radiant energy?• Comes from the sun• In many forms• Represented by the electromagnetic spectrum!

• When it comes in contact with the ionosphere it can often create light shows called _________________.auroras

Assignment!• Draw the atmosphere on your own!• You will need:

• Large paper• Colored pencils• To label each layer • Draw an arrow at the bottom pointing to the right and label it temperature• Draw an arrow to the left side pointing up and label it altitude• Add ground• Label each layer of the atmosphere (place the ozone layer where it goes in green)• Draw a continuous line up your paper through each layer to indicate how the

temperature changes with elevation• Add in a picture in each layer to indicate what is special about it• Turn in

Assignment!• Layers of the atmosphere worksheet• Turn in when finished

How does air move?• In large pockets called air

masses• Air masses move based on

pressure• High pressure systems move

toward low pressure systems (high low)

How do air masses affect weather?• They pick up the

characteristics of the area in which they form• They are very large (up to

1600km) making weather fairly consistent • They carry temperature and

moisture over the area where they are moving

How are air masses classified?• Overall temperature• Where they formed• 4 major types• Polar –cold temps• Tropical –warm temps• Continental –dry air• Maritime – wet air (high

water vapor content)• Arctic – very cold and dry

• Type of air mass will consist of 2 words

What kind of air masses influence North American weather?• Mostly influenced by

maritime tropical (mT) and continental polar (cP)

air masses

What are continental polar air masses like?• Cold dry winters• Cool dry summers• Not associated with

precipitation• Subject to the “lake

effect” when crossing the Great Lakes• Pick up moisture from the

Great Lakes and may bring some precipitation

What are maritime tropical air masses like?• Warm and loaded with

moisture• Usually unstable• Source of most precipitation in

the Eastern US

What are maritime polar air masses like?• Come from the North

Pacific• Cold and dry turns into mild

and humid• Unstable• Accompanied by low clouds

and showers – snow in mountains

What are continental tropical air masses like?• Least influence in North

America• Hot and dry• Only occasionally affect

weather outside their source region

How do air masses move again?• Air pressure• Exerted in all directions

• Object pushes back on the air with exactly the same force• Measured using a barometer• Typical air pressure:• 1 atmosphere (ATM)• 760 mm Hg (mercury)• 980 millibars

weather and air pressure

How does pressure affect air masses?• Air masses move from ____________ ____________ pressure• Causes wind

• Unequal heating of Earth creates pressure differentials• How does land heat up compared to water?

• Solar radiation is the ultimate source of wind• 3 factors

• Pressure • Coriolis effect• friction

high low

Assignment!• Build a barometer• You will need• A beaker• A balloon• A rubber band• A sheet of notebook paper• A pencil

• We’ll check your barometer daily and compare it to actual barometric pressure

FrontsCome back to back

How can we tell where air masses are going?• Look for pressure • Red H is high pressure• Blue L is low pressure

• Sometimes pressure is shown on maps in isobars, similar to isotherms• Iso means equal• Isobars are lines showing equal pressure

High Pressure Low PressureType of phenomenon Weather systemDetermined by… Changes in air pressureMoving inward on isobars… Pressure Increases Pressure Decreases

Density of air Higher LowerRepresentation on a map H (typically blue) L (typically red)Motion of air Clockwise, air sinks Counterclockwise, air

rises

Also known as… Anticyclone CycloneMotion of air causes a zone of…

Divergence Convergence

Stability of atmosphere Stable Unstable

What is weather like in a high pressure system?• Sunny• Clear • Dry• High day and low night temperatures• Calm• Dew and frost• Fog and mist• Stable sinking air

What is weather like in a low pressure system?• Cloudy • Little sun• Wet• Mild temperatures for the time of year• Windy • Changeable weather• Unstable rising air

What is the difference in a cyclone and an anticyclone?Anticyclones • High pressure• Air pushes

together and sinks• Spin • Clockwise in

northern hemisphere• Counterclockwise

in southern

Cyclones • Low pressure• Air rises and

separates• Spin• Counterclockwise

in northern • Clockwise in

southern

A

B

C

D

D

What is a front?• The area where 2 air masses

meet• 4 kinds of fronts• Warm front• Cold front• Stationary front• Occluded front

• Each front has a symbol• Side of the line the symbols are

on indicate direction of movement

What does each front mean?• Warm front – warm air is

replacing cold air• Cold front – cold air is

replacing warm air• Stationary front – air masses

are not moving due to similar pressures• Occluded front – warm air is

pushed up due to cold air moving in from both directions

front animation

What happens when cold and warm air meet?• Cold air sinks and warm air

rises• Warm air carries moisture • Moisture condenses• Clouds form• Once air is saturated with

moisture, precipitation in some form occurs

What happens before and after a warm front?Before• Cool or cold temps• Falling barometer• Increasing, thickening clouds• Light to moderate precipitation• Temp and dew point get closer

together

After • Warm and more humid• Clearing clouds• Rising barometer• Temp and dew point are close

What is dewpoint?• The temperature at which

air is saturated enough for water to condense• High dewpoint –

temperature and dewpoint are close together• Low dewpoint –

temperature and dewpoint are far apart• ALWAYS a dewpoint

What happens before and after cold fronts? Before • Warm • Falling barometer• Increasing clouds• Short period of precipitation• Temp and dew point close

together

After • Lower temps• Rising pressure• Showers then clearing skies• Temp and dewpoint get further

apart

What to expect from a stationary front?• Changing winds and temperatures when crossing from one side of the

front to the other• Similar pressure in air masses keeps them from moving

What can you expect from an occluded front?• Developing cyclones usually have a warm front and a faster moving

cold front to wrap around them• Occluded fronts form when cold air catches up to a warm front that is

trapped behind a cold front already in place• Change in temp, dewpoint, or wind possible

jet stream

Assignment!• Predicting weather• Edheads weather prediction• We’ll do this as a group

Assignment!• Complete the forecasting weather map worksheet• Put in the box when you are finished

CloudsHow they form and what they mean

What happens as water evaporates?• Humidity – the amount of water in

the air• Amount of water vapor increases =

higher humidity• Air pressure increases as amount of

water vapor increases• Air is saturated when water entering

air = water returning to surface• Warm air contains more vapor than

cold air

How is humidity measured?• Using a hygrometer• Relative humidity – ratio of

actual amount of water in the air compared to the amount of water air can hold at that temperature and pressure• If amount of water vapor is

constant, what will happen to the humidity if you raise the temperature? Lower it?

So how do clouds form?• Temperature can change

without heat input or loss• These changes are called

adiabatic temperature changes• Happens when air is

compressed or expanded• Expansion cools• Compression warms

What happens to air and vapor as it rises?• Overall, air resists lifting• 4 factors make air light enough to be lifted• Oographic lifting• Frontal wedging• Convergence• Localized convective lifting

What is oographic lifting?• Elevated terrain blocks air from

moving forcing it to go up and over• Causes the rainshadow effect• Wettest places on the windward

side of mountain• Lifting air reaches dew point and

condenses clouds form air is pushed higher and forced to release moisture as precipitation

• By the time air gets to the other side of the mountain the moisture has mostly been lost

What is frontal wedging?• Air masses collide in flatter areas• Area between two air masses is a front• Cooler air sinks and warmer air rises condenses forms clouds

Brief Review• What is a front?

• What are the 4 different types of fronts?

• Draw each front as it appears on a weather map.

• How does weather change as each front moves through?

What is convergence?• Air in lower atmosphere collides

together and is forced upward• Air converging from 2 different

directions must go somewhere, down is not an option• Example• Ocean winds blow toward the

shore• In Florida, this happens on both

sides of the state so air flows together• Produces many afternoon storms

What is localized convective lifting?• Due to unequal heating of

Earth’s surface• Causes pockets of air to be

warmer than surrounding air• Example: parking lots

• Warm air will rise creating thermals• Birds and hang-gliders use these

to glide higher with less energy

• Warm air rises reaches dewpoint clouds form

Assignment!• Answer questions 1-7 on page 516 in your textbook• Use the chapter and your note sheets to help you answer the

questions• Turn in when you are finished

What is the difference in stable and unstable air?• Air is forced to rise and its

temperature is lowered by expansion• Cooler air sinks to its original

position – stable• If it does not sink to its original

position – unstable• Bad weather

• stable vs. unstable air

What’s the difference in stable and unstable air rising?• Stable air resists vertical movement but some factors force it to rise• What are the 4 things that can make air rise?

• When stable air rises – clouds are widespread and thin• Unstable air rising – clouds are thick and cover a small area• thunderstorms

What makes air density different?

• Temperature• Warm – rises

• Like hot air balloons• Cool – sinks

• Elevation • High – air is less dense

• Particles far apart• Low – air is more dense

• Particles close together

How does water condense to make clouds?• Usually a surface for cooling

water to condense on• Bacteria• Small particles – dust, soot,

particles of pollution

• Small surfaces are called condensation nuclei

Assignment!• Hurricane sheet• Read through the packet and answer the questions• Honor’s - choose 1 of the following• write a realistic fictional story about a hurricane or tornado • Create a tri-fold brochure on hurricane safety• Use graph paper to create a bar graph showing the 20 strongest hurricanes on

record

Cloud types

How are clouds categorized?• Based on height and form• 3 main types• Stratus• Cumulus• Cirrus

What are cirrus clouds?• High, white, and thin• Patches or wispy fibers – may

appear feathery• 3 types• Cirrus• Cirrostratus – flat layers• Cirrocumulus – fluffy masses

• Usually signify nice weather• When replaced by cirrocumulus

clouds and increased coverage – sign of bad weather approaching

What are cumulus clouds?• Piles of clouds• Rounded cloud masses• Normally with flat base in domes or

towers• middle clouds • 2 other types of middle clouds• Alto – prefix meaning middle• Altocumulus – rounded masses that are

larger and more dense than cirrocumulus• Altonimbus – uniform white – greyish

sheet, sun or moon visible as a bright spot• Often snow or rain accompany these

What are stratus clouds?• Low clouds• Sheets or layers• No distinctive cloud masses• 2 other types of low clouds• Stratocumulus – long parallel

with a rolling bottom• Nimbostratus – main

precipitation markers form in stable conditions

Are there any clouds that reach through several cloud layers?• Low bottoms with tops that

reach into the high regions• From unstable air• Cumulonimbus• Usually grown from cumulus

clouds and signify storms

Do clouds ever touch the ground?• Fog is a cloud with its base on

or near the ground• No physical difference with any

other cloud• Difference is in placement and

formation• Usually the result of warm air

moving over a cooled surface• Can form when cool air moves

over warm water – steamy appearance• Forms when enough water vapor

brings about saturation

How does precipitation form in cold clouds?• Supercooling and supersaturation –

Bergeron process• Cloud droplets do not freeze at 0°C,

instead it must be about -40°C - supercooled• Freezing nuclei cause water droplets to freeze

• Greater than 100% humidity – supersaturated• Ice and water cannot exist together in clouds• Evaporating water quickly produces

snowflakes or ice

How does precipitation form in warm clouds?• Rainfall in clouds is well

below freezing – even in tropics• Collision – coalescence

process – water absorbing particles remove moisture forming large droplets• Drops collide and mix with

smaller slower droplets

Does ice form in warm clouds?• Hail • Forms in cumulonimbus

clouds• Starts small• Updrafts carry hail

through supercooled layers repeatedly• Forms layers

Assignment!• Cloud types and formation worksheet • Turn in when you finish

Climate and Climate Change

Something wicked this way comes...

Group Assignment!• Each group will be assigned 2 topics• 1 natural source of climate change• 1 human induced source of climate change

• Create a poster • Tell what each source is• What do they do to cause climate change• 3 ways to counteract the effects of natural climate change• 3 ways to reduce impact from the human induced problems• What additional problems does this cause for the biosphere (at least 2)

• Due the day before test day (Dec 19)

What is the difference in climate and weather?• Weather• State of the atmosphere at a

given time• What atmospheric layer does

this happen in?

• Climate• Average weather patterns over a

LONG period of time

How is climate classified?• Köppen classification• 3 major climate systems• Temperate• Tropical • polar

What is a temperate climate?• Moderate changes between seasons• Distinct summers and winters• Between 20 and 65 degrees north and south of the equator

What is a tropical climate?• Constant warm

temperatures with high precipitation• Around the equator

between 0 and 25 degrees

What is a polar climate?• Constant cold temperatures• 24 hours of daylight in summer and 24 hours of dark in winter• Treeless tundras or glaciers

How are humans causing climate change?• Burning fossil fuels and cutting

down trees increases gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ammonia in the atmosphere• These gases act as a blanket and

retain radiation from the sun in the form of heat – the greenhouse effect• Gases responsible for this effect are

greenhouse gases

• Some CO2 is necessary to keep Earth warm enough for life

greenhouse effect - Futurama

Isn’t CO2 absorbed by the ocean?• Yes by diffusion• Some of this carbon reacts

with water to form weak carbonic acid• Makes the shells of marine

creatures thinner • Increases vulnerability• Decreases our food source

• How will increased CO2 affect sea level?

Are there natural phenomena that cause climate change?• Yes• Sunspots• Volcanic activity• El Niño and La Niña• Shifts in orbit• Naturally fluctuating CO2 levels

How do sunspots cause climate change?• Controversial• Sunspots are dark spots on the

surface of the sun• Increase in sunspots correlates to an

increase in temperature and vise versa • Spots are cooler spots in the sun and

area around them warms to make up for the difference• Less spots = more solar wind = more

clouds = less sun hitting Earth

How do volcanic eruptions cause climate change?• Massive amounts of gas, ash,

and aerosol released into the atmosphere• Ash falls rapidly • Gas stays in the upper

atmosphere• Sulfer dioxide reflects light back

into space – causes cooling• CO2 causes warming –

greenhouse effect

How do El Niño and La Niña influence climate change?• What are trade winds like in a typical

year on the western coast of continents?• What do these winds do to warm water?• Temporary change in Pacific Ocean

around the equator• Affects Northern hemisphere’s winter• Area of typical thunderstorms moves

eastward• Due to a reduction of upwelling in the

eastern ocean

What about La Niña?• Opposite of El Niño• Caused by cooler surface temperatures

What are the results of El Niño?• Wet winters in southeast US• Droughts in Indonesia and

Australia • Weaker winds to further

reduce upwelling and cause El Niño to grow – positive feedback• Irregular but generally

happen every 3-7 years

How does a shift in Earth’s orbit produce climate change?• What is precession? How does it

affect climate?• What is nutation? How does it

affect climate?• Eccentricity – distance between

Earth and Sun• Varies slightly as the barycenter of

the sun changes position

• Long term effects – triggers beginnings and ends of ice ages

How does CO2 fluctuation change climate?• Higher levels of CO2

contribute to the greenhouse effect• Higher levels = higher

temperatures• Natural as well as human

influenced• Volcanoes and burning fossil

fuels• Seasonal – higher levels in the

winter… why?

Do gases do anything else to affect climate?• Some dissolve easily

in water to make acid rain• Nitrogen oxide• Sulfur dioxide

• Can be carried far by winds and affect areas far away from where it developed

Are there any other human affects on our atmosphere?• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) – only

created by humans, found in old aerosol cans (hairspray etc…)• Destroy ozone• 1 CFC can destroy thousands of

ozone particles• No longer used or made in America• Created a large hole in ozone over

Antarctica – conditions here have begun to improve

What are aerosols and what do they do?• Small particles suspended

in the atmosphere• In high amounts they can

scatter sunlight and prevent it from reaching Earth• Common in any aerosol can

(hair spray, cool whip, can cheese etc…)• Also natural – volcanoes,

meteors

How is climate change affecting the biosphere?• If the climate warms faster than organisms can adapt to it they will

become extinct • Mass extinction if we lose many species within a few centuries

• Ecosystems will lose balance as organisms die• Insects are able to migrate to higher elevations – mosquitos • Agriculture will become difficult as weather warms and rains decrease

What can you do to stop climate change?• Decrease dependence on fossil fuels • Walk or ride a bike• Eat seasonal or locally grown produce• Eat less meat• Be energy efficient – turn off lights/water• Choose renewable power• Recycle – reduce – reuse • Travel less• Stay informed• Stay involved• Support and donate to politicians who are in favor for environmental

regulations

Game board review• Create a game board using each topic in the game board• You will need at least 4 game pieces to play• Incorporate spaces that will send you ahead or back in the game • Example, land on a volcanic eruption and go back 5 spaces – land on wind

turbines and go forward 5 spaces• Lose a turn spaces – only get off if you answer a question etc…

• Question cards • To be answered before you can move ahead in the game – give each card a

number of spaces to go forward if answered correctly

Resources• http://www.vtaide.com/png/atmosphere.htm• http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/99826/• http://www.ux1.eiu.edu/~cfjps/1400/atmos_origin.html• http://www.yorku.ca/eye/spectru.htm• http://earth.usc.edu/~stott/Catalina/WeatherPatterns.html• http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/synoptic/airmass.htm• http://capone.mtsu.edu/cdharris/GEOL100/weather/wthr-sum11.htm• http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met130/notes/chapter11/mp.html• http://hendrix2.uoregon.edu/~imamura/102/section2/chapter13.html• http://weather.about.com/od/imagegallery/ig/Weather-Image-of-the-Day/Barometer-Diagram.htm• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I0C4QR0OEH0• http://www.kidsgeo.com/geography-for-kids/0087-wind-movement.php• https://www.umass.edu/newsoffice/article/portuguese-fulbright-schuman-scholar-give• http://geology.csupomona.edu/drjessey/class/Gsc101/Fronts.html• http://www.siriusxm.ca/Weather-Services/XM-WX-Data/Surface-Analysis-Weather-Maps.aspx• http://angelinaanguish.blogspot.com/• http://www.opc.ncep.noaa.gov/product_description/keyterm.shtml• https://www.meted.ucar.edu/sign_in.php?go_back_to=http%253A%252F%252Fwww.meted.ucar.edu%252Ffire%252Fs290%252Funit7%252Fprint.htm##• http://cosscience1.pbworks.com/w/page/8286084/Lesson%207-05%20Pressure%20Centers%20and%20Winds• http://tnvalleywx.com/2012/08/20/what-the-heck-is-a-dew-point-anyways-tell-me-what-the-humidity-is/• http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/af/frnts/wfrnt/def.rxml• http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/High_School_Earth_Science/Changing_Weather• http://weather.about.com/od/imagegallery/ig/Weather-Map-Symbols/Cold-Fronts-Approaching.htm• http://www.crh.noaa.gov/lmk/?n=basic-fronts• http://www.kidsgeo.com/geography-for-kids/0129-stationary-fronts.php• http://ec.gc.ca/meteoaloeil-skywatchers/default.asp?lang=En&n=149C159E-1• http://www.rossway.net/occludedfrnt.htm• http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/af/frnts/ofdef.rxml• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidity• http://www.exo-terra.com/en/products/analog_hygrometer.php• http://www.crh.noaa.gov/lsx/?n=summerweathersafetyweek

Resources• http://www.kidsgeo.com/geography-for-kids/0070-adiabatic-temperature-changes.php• https://www.google.com/search?q=adiabatic+temperature+change&espv=210&es_sm=93&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=m9qhUrGiHdKfkQfX7oC4Dw&ved=0CAkQ_AUoAQ&biw=1366&bih=642#facrc=_&imgdii=_

&imgrc=LKTzpOxCNyoFaM%3A%3BEiJB4D4AlOL4IM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fapollo.lsc.vsc.edu%252F~wintelsw%252FMET1010LOL%252Fchapter06%252Fadiabatic01.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fapollo.lsc.vsc.edu%252F~wintelsw%252FMET1010LOL%252Fchapter06%252F%3B472%3B475

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Resources• http://www.weather-climate.org.uk/13.php• http://www.klccconventioncentre.com/Malaysia-@-Climate.aspx• http://madmikesamerica.com/2012/03/climate-change-something-wicked-this-way-comes-2/• http://www.earthtimes.org/climate/north-south-polar-ecology-racking-embargoed/1235/• http://florida.sierraclub.org/miami/clim_GEGW.asp• http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/earth/natural_disasters/volcano• http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~imamura/122/lecture-3/stellar_spectra.html• http://www.egu.eu/medialibrary/image/14/karymsky-volcano-2004/• http://www.gma.org/surfing/weather/elnino.html• http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2008/lanina.html• http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/la-nina/38971• http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/students/iceage/iceage2.htm• http://www.louisg.net/astronomie.htm• http://johncarlosbaez.wordpress.com/2011/02/04/carbon-dioxide-puzzles/• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2taViFH_6_Y• http://www.tokresource.org/tok_classes/enviro/syllabus_content/5.8_acid_deposition/index.htm• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletion• http://climatechange.wikispaces.com/5.+Aerosols• http://mcbi.marine-conservation.org/what/ocean_acidification.htm• http://evergreenpower.wordpress.com/• http://www.davidsuzuki.org/what-you-can-do/top-10-ways-you-can-stop-climate-change/