Atmosphere

Topic: AtmosphereTopic: Atmosphere

Objectives:Objectives:– I will know what an atmosphere isI will know what an atmosphere is– I will know atmospheric compositionI will know atmospheric composition– I will know how air pressure changes with I will know how air pressure changes with

altitudealtitude– I will know the 4 layers of our atmosphere I will know the 4 layers of our atmosphere

and that these layers are based upon and that these layers are based upon temperature changes temperature changes

AtmosphereAtmosphere Simply put, an atmosphere is a mixture of gases Simply put, an atmosphere is a mixture of gases

that surrounds a planetthat surrounds a planet Below is earth’s thin atmosphere and Mar’s thin Below is earth’s thin atmosphere and Mar’s thin

Carbon Dioxide rich atmosphereCarbon Dioxide rich atmosphere Our Atmosphere keeps us warm; without it, our Our Atmosphere keeps us warm; without it, our

planet would be a lot coolerplanet would be a lot cooler

What is an Atmosphere?What is an Atmosphere?

A mixture of gases that surrounds a planetA mixture of gases that surrounds a planet

Atmosphere CompositionAtmosphere Composition Take a breath!Take a breath! How much oxygen did How much oxygen did

you just take in?you just take in? What other gases did you What other gases did you

inhale?inhale? Every time you breathe, Every time you breathe,

you take in about a 21% you take in about a 21% oxygen and 79% oxygen and 79% NitrogenNitrogen

Other gases include very Other gases include very small amounts include: small amounts include: argon,argon, water vapor, water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, carbon dioxide, methane, and hydrogen, and smogand hydrogen, and smog

What Gases make up Earth’s Atmosphere?What Gases make up Earth’s Atmosphere?

Earth atmosphere is made Earth atmosphere is made up of:up of:

– ____ % Nitrogen(____ % Nitrogen(NN22))

– ____% Oxygen____% Oxygen(O(O2 2 ) )

– 1% argon, carbon 1% argon, carbon dioxide(COdioxide(CO22), water vapor, ), water vapor,

hydrogen and methanehydrogen and methane

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Air PressureAir Pressure Gravity keeps our Gravity keeps our

atmosphere and air from atmosphere and air from drifting out into space drifting out into space

Think of it as the weight Think of it as the weight of the air pushing down of the air pushing down on us on us

Where do you think air Where do you think air pressure is greatest, at pressure is greatest, at sea level, or high up on sea level, or high up on the top of a mountian? the top of a mountian?

What is Air Pressure?What is Air Pressure?

The weight of the air in The weight of the air in the atmosphere pressing the atmosphere pressing ____ on the Earth ____ on the Earth

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What are the 4 layers of our atmosphere?

Troposphere-0-10 km high,

contains our weather and 75% of our air

(air pressure is greatest)Temperatures decrease

Stratosphere-10- 50 km high,

Contains Ozone layer,Absorbs UV radiation, Temperatures increase

Mesosphere-50- 85 km high,

Temperatures decreaseMeteors burn up

Thermosphere-85km up to space

Temperatures increase,Space shuttle exists here

Summarize:Summarize:

Earth’s atmosphere is Earth’s atmosphere is divided up into layers divided up into layers that are based upon that are based upon their _______their _______

The ____ layer is found The ____ layer is found in the stratospherein the stratosphere

Please draw and fill In the Please draw and fill In the air composition pie graph to air composition pie graph to the right:the right:

Draw and label the 4 layers Draw and label the 4 layers of the atmosphere, starting of the atmosphere, starting with the bottom layer and with the bottom layer and working your way up:working your way up:

Answer BankMesosphere

OzoneTroposphereTemperatureStratosphere

OxygenThermosphere

Nitrogen1% Other stuff

Topic: AtmosphereTopic: Atmosphere

Objectives:Objectives:

– I will know how much radiation form the I will know how much radiation form the sun is either absorbed or reflected by our sun is either absorbed or reflected by our earthearth

– I will understand how the earth’s I will understand how the earth’s transfers heat by convection due to the transfers heat by convection due to the unequal heating between the equator unequal heating between the equator and poles and poles

Heat!Heat!

We all have a basic understanding of what We all have a basic understanding of what heat isheat is

If we touch something hot, it has heat! If we touch something hot, it has heat! Ouch!Ouch! Radiation is one form of energy, but heat is Radiation is one form of energy, but heat is

anther form of energyanther form of energy Heat always wants to move from something Heat always wants to move from something

hot, to something cold!hot, to something cold!

HeatHeat

HeatHeat is the energy that flow from an object is the energy that flow from an object with a higher temperature to an object with a with a higher temperature to an object with a lower temperaturelower temperature

When an object has no heat, this object is When an object has no heat, this object is cold cold

So, when radiation is being absorbed by our So, when radiation is being absorbed by our earth, it heats up through conduction or earth, it heats up through conduction or convection we heat convection we heat

What is Heat?What is Heat?

HeatHeat is the energy that flows from is the energy that flows from an object with a ____temperature an object with a ____temperature to an object with a to an object with a _____temperature_____temperature

Heat is transferred through Heat is transferred through conduction and convectionconduction and convection

Answer BankBump

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ConductionConduction The surface of the earth absorbs radiation, The surface of the earth absorbs radiation,

causing the molecules to rub into one another – causing the molecules to rub into one another – ConductionConduction

Conduction is the transfer of energy that occurs Conduction is the transfer of energy that occurs when molecules bump into one anotherwhen molecules bump into one another

If you have ever walked bare feet on hot asphalt, If you have ever walked bare feet on hot asphalt, on a hot summer day you know how hot the on a hot summer day you know how hot the surface can getsurface can get

Your feet heat up because of conduction, that is, Your feet heat up because of conduction, that is, hot molecules bump into molecules on your feethot molecules bump into molecules on your feet

The air above the asphalt is heated in exactly the The air above the asphalt is heated in exactly the same way, hot asphalt molecules bump into air same way, hot asphalt molecules bump into air molecules transferring heat and energymolecules transferring heat and energy

What is Conduction?What is Conduction?

Conduction is Conduction is the transfer of the transfer of energy that energy that occurs when occurs when molecules ____ molecules ____ into one into one anotheranother

ConvectionConvection Convection is the transfer of heat Convection is the transfer of heat

by the flow of a heated materialby the flow of a heated material Only occurs with gases and Only occurs with gases and

liquidsliquids

When gases and liquids are When gases and liquids are warmed, their molecules move warmed, their molecules move apart, increasing its volume and apart, increasing its volume and decreasing its density, causing it decreasing its density, causing it to rise to rise

Eventually, gas or liquid will start Eventually, gas or liquid will start to cool, causing it to fall back to cool, causing it to fall back down and the cycle repeats itselfdown and the cycle repeats itself

What is Convection?What is Convection?

Convection is the transfer of heat Convection is the transfer of heat by the _____of a heated material by the _____of a heated material such as a gas or liquidsuch as a gas or liquid

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Energy in our AtmosphereEnergy in our Atmosphere

Radiation enters our atmosphere from the Radiation enters our atmosphere from the sunsun

Radiation is the transfer of energy in the Radiation is the transfer of energy in the form of electromagnetic wavesform of electromagnetic waves

Examples include: Radio waves, Examples include: Radio waves, Microwaves, Infrared, Light, X-Rays, UV, and Microwaves, Infrared, Light, X-Rays, UV, and Gamma wavesGamma waves

Radiation can be harmless or even Radiation can be harmless or even dangerousdangerous

What is Radiation?What is Radiation?

Radiation is energy in the Radiation is energy in the form of form of Electromagnetic____Electromagnetic____

Ex: Radio waves, Infrared, Ex: Radio waves, Infrared, Light, X-rays, _____waves, Light, X-rays, _____waves,

Answer BankBump

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unequallyHigher

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Solar RadiationSolar Radiation

Some solar radiation is reflected by our Some solar radiation is reflected by our atmosphere and some is absorbed as heatatmosphere and some is absorbed as heat

100% radiation from the sun

50% radiation Is absorbed by the

Surface, land and sea& is converted to heat

20% radiation Is absorbed by the

Atmosphere & Clouds& is converted to heat

30% is reflected back into space

-10% by clouds & atmosphere-20% by land & sea

What happens to incoming solar What happens to incoming solar Radiation from the sun?Radiation from the sun?

If 100 % is entering our atmosphere then:If 100 % is entering our atmosphere then:– __% is absorbed by land and sea__% is absorbed by land and sea

– __% is absorbed by the atmosphere and __% is absorbed by the atmosphere and cloudsclouds

– __% is reflected back into space by our __% is reflected back into space by our atmosphere(5%), clouds(20%), and the land atmosphere(5%), clouds(20%), and the land sea surface(5%)sea surface(5%)

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Unequal HeatingUnequal Heating The sun heats up our The sun heats up our

earth unequally or earth unequally or unevenuneven

Solar radiation is Solar radiation is strongest or most strongest or most intense at the equatorintense at the equator

Solar Radiation is Solar Radiation is weakest and more weakest and more spread out at the spread out at the poles poles

This creates a This creates a temperature temperature imbalance—hot imbalance—hot equator and cold equator and cold polespoles

Unequal HeatingUnequal HeatingFlash light demo:Flash light demo:

Where is Solar Radiation the Strongest?Where is Solar Radiation the Strongest?Where is Solar Radiation the Weakest?Where is Solar Radiation the Weakest?

A

B

A

Heat TransferHeat Transfer

Our earth moves heat from the Our earth moves heat from the equator to the poles by means of equator to the poles by means of convection and conductionconvection and conduction

As a result, our wind and weather As a result, our wind and weather developsdevelops

ConvectionConvection

The earth is heatedThe earth is heated ____________by radiation from by radiation from the sunthe sun

Convection is the transfer Convection is the transfer of heat from the of heat from the __________(warm region)(warm region) to the to the ____ ____ (cold region)(cold region)

Wind and Wind and ______develops as a ______develops as a result of this heat transferresult of this heat transfer

How does earth transfer heat from How does earth transfer heat from the equator to the poles?the equator to the poles?

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30% is reflected Back into ____

SummarySummary

• The earth is heated ____The earth is heated ____

• As a result, convection transfers As a result, convection transfers heat from the ______ to the_____heat from the ______ to the_____

• This drives our ____and weatherThis drives our ____and weather

50% is absorbed By ____ 30% is absorbed

By ____

100% solar radiation from the sun

Answer BankLand & seaUnequallyEquator

windAtmosphere & clouds

Spacepoles

Topic: Wind systemsTopic: Wind systems

Objectives:Objectives:

– I will know the difference between sea I will know the difference between sea and land breezesand land breezes

– I will understand the coriolis effectI will understand the coriolis effect

– I will know the difference between he I will know the difference between he global wind patternsglobal wind patterns

Daily WindsDaily Winds Land and Water absorb heat differentlyLand and Water absorb heat differently During the day land heats up faster than water through During the day land heats up faster than water through

conduction, causing the air above it to riseconduction, causing the air above it to rise Cold air over the ocean fills in, creating a convection currentCold air over the ocean fills in, creating a convection current This creates a wind that flows from the Sea to Land – A sea This creates a wind that flows from the Sea to Land – A sea

BreezeBreeze

Sea BreezeSea Breeze

During the day a sea breeze develops due to During the day a sea breeze develops due to Uneven heating of land and water during the Uneven heating of land and water during the day; wind moves from water to landday; wind moves from water to land

Land BreezeLand Breeze During the night, the opposite happens, During the night, the opposite happens,

and a and a land breezeland breeze develops due to Uneven develops due to Uneven heating of land and water; wind moves heating of land and water; wind moves from water to landfrom water to land

What is the difference between a Sea What is the difference between a Sea and Land breeze?and Land breeze?

a a Sea BreezeSea Breeze develops during the _____ due to develops during the _____ due to uneven heating of land and water; wind moves uneven heating of land and water; wind moves from water to_____from water to_____

AA Land Breeze Land Breeze develops at ____due to uneven develops at ____due to uneven heating of land and water; wind moves from land heating of land and water; wind moves from land to _____to _____

Answer Bankday

LandUneven

seanight

Free moving objectsFree moving objects move in a straight linemove in a straight line

Non-Rotating EarthNon-Rotating Earth

Free moving objectsFree moving objects move in a curved linemove in a curved line

Rotating EarthRotating Earth

In the northern hemisphere objects In the northern hemisphere objects are deflected or curve to the rightare deflected or curve to the right

In the southern hemisphere objects In the southern hemisphere objects are deflected or curve to the leftare deflected or curve to the left

What is the Coriolis Effect?What is the Coriolis Effect?

The effect created by the The effect created by the ______earth that deflects all ______earth that deflects all free moving objects such as air free moving objects such as air and water to the ____north of and water to the ____north of the equator (Northern the equator (Northern Hemisphere) and to the ____ Hemisphere) and to the ____ south of the equator (Southern south of the equator (Southern Hemisphere) Hemisphere)

Answer BankRiseswestLeft60

East spinningEquator

30Right

90

Global WindGlobal WindPatternsPatterns

We just learned We just learned that earth that earth transfers heat transfers heat from the equator from the equator to the poles by to the poles by convectionconvection

As it turn's out, our earth has predictable wind As it turn's out, our earth has predictable wind patterns that form convection cells, moving heat patterns that form convection cells, moving heat from the equator, all the way to the poles from the equator, all the way to the poles

These are the prevailing wind patterns!These are the prevailing wind patterns!

DoldrumsHot air rises at the equator

TradewindsBetween 0-30°latitudeBlow from east to west

WesterliesBetween 30-60°latitudeBlow from west to east

EasterliesBetween 60-90°latitudeBlow from west to east

What are the Global winds?What are the Global winds?

_______ = hot air rises at the _______ = hot air rises at the equatorequator

_______ = between 0 - 30_______ = between 0 - 30° ° blow from east to westblow from east to west

_______ =between 30 - 60_______ =between 30 - 60° ° blow from ____ to eastblow from ____ to east

_______ = between 60 - 90_______ = between 60 - 90° ° blow from east to westblow from east to west

Answer BankRises

doldrumsLeft

East tradewindswesterlies

easterlies

Summarize:Summarize:

Please Draw & Please Draw & label:label:

A ______develops A ______develops during the day due to during the day due to uneven heating of land uneven heating of land and water; wind moves and water; wind moves from water to_____from water to_____

AA _______ _______develops at develops at night due to uneven night due to uneven heating of land and heating of land and water; wind moves from water; wind moves from land to _____land to _____

Answer BankSea breezeeasterlies

Landwesterlies

Land breezeUneven

tradewinds

????

????

????

????

????

????

Topic: Atmosphere Issues Topic: Atmosphere Issues

Objectives:Objectives:

– I will know what smog and how it is I will know what smog and how it is causedcaused

– I will know the current state of our ozone I will know the current state of our ozone layer layer

– I will understand how our oxygen rich I will understand how our oxygen rich atmosphere formedatmosphere formed

SmogSmog Smog is a type of pollutant that affects our Smog is a type of pollutant that affects our

atmosphereatmosphere What is smog made of?What is smog made of? Generally smog is made up of pollutants from Generally smog is made up of pollutants from

our car exhaust and industry pollutionour car exhaust and industry pollution These are usually unburned hydrocarbons and These are usually unburned hydrocarbons and

nitrogen oxides nitrogen oxides These pollutants mix with oxygen to and sunlight These pollutants mix with oxygen to and sunlight

to create a brown L.A. type of smogto create a brown L.A. type of smog

Causes of SmogCauses of Smog

Smog: Getting worse

or better?

What is Smog?What is Smog?

• Air pollutants from our ___ exhaust Air pollutants from our ___ exhaust and industry pollutionand industry pollution Answer Bank

CarThinner

Ultravioletphotosynthesis

Smog and OzoneSmog and Ozone Another component of smog is ozoneAnother component of smog is ozone Ozone is generally considered a beneficial Ozone is generally considered a beneficial

thing because it helps protect us from the thing because it helps protect us from the sun’s deadly rayssun’s deadly rays

However, ozone should be high in our However, ozone should be high in our atmosphere, in the stratosphereatmosphere, in the stratosphere

Unfortunately, ozone makes up smog and is Unfortunately, ozone makes up smog and is very damaging to our lungs and plantsvery damaging to our lungs and plants

Ozone Ozone (O(O33)) -- Good or Bad? -- Good or Bad?

Bad Ozone is found in smog Which can scar our lungs if we

Breathe it

Good Ozone is found up high in our atmosphere in the ozone layer Which protects us from the sun’s

Harmful UV rays

Formation of Formation of Stratospheric OzoneStratospheric Ozone

Holes in the Holes in the Ozone Layer Ozone Layer

Pollution and a chemical called CFC’s have Pollution and a chemical called CFC’s have created holes in the ozone layercreated holes in the ozone layer

CFC’s are a chemical released from aerosol CFC’s are a chemical released from aerosol spray cansspray cans

This allows for more ultraviolet (UV) radiation This allows for more ultraviolet (UV) radiation to pass through our atmosphereto pass through our atmosphere

As a result skin cancer and other health As a result skin cancer and other health problems have increasedproblems have increased

What is the Ozone Layer?What is the Ozone Layer?

layer made up of 3 oxygen atoms (Olayer made up of 3 oxygen atoms (O33) is protects us ) is protects us

from harmful _____ solar radiation (energy)from harmful _____ solar radiation (energy) Pollution and CFC’s have created holes in the ozone Pollution and CFC’s have created holes in the ozone

layerlayer

Answer BankCar

ThinnerUltraviolet

photosynthesis

Oxygen in our AtmosphereOxygen in our Atmosphere

(O(O2 2 ) Oxygen is produced by Plants and ) Oxygen is produced by Plants and

microscopic algae called Phytoplankton microscopic algae called Phytoplankton Through Photosynthesis, these organisms Through Photosynthesis, these organisms

release free oxygen into our atmosphere release free oxygen into our atmosphere 2.3 billion years ago2.3 billion years ago

Phytoplankton and cynanobacteria Phytoplankton and cynanobacteria released free oxygen into our atmospherereleased free oxygen into our atmosphere

Where does Oxygen in our Where does Oxygen in our Atmosphere come from?Atmosphere come from?

(O(O2 2 ) Oxygen is produced ) Oxygen is produced

by microscopic algae called by microscopic algae called Phytoplankton and Phytoplankton and cyanobacteria cyanobacteria

Through_____, these Through_____, these organisms release free organisms release free oxygen into our atmosphereoxygen into our atmosphere

Answer BankCar

ThinnerUltraviolet

photosynthesis

SummarySummary

Answer Bankoxygen

2.3 stratosphere

Smogholes

Good ozone is found high up in the Good ozone is found high up in the ____________

Bad ozone is found in ____ Bad ozone is found in ____ ____ in our ozone layer are caused ____ in our ozone layer are caused

by air pollutionby air pollution Our _____ rich atmosphere formed Our _____ rich atmosphere formed

___billion years ago through ___billion years ago through photosynthesis from phytoplankton photosynthesis from phytoplankton and cyanobacteria 2.3 billion yearsand cyanobacteria 2.3 billion years