Slide 1

Audience & purposeStep 1

These affect the way in which something is spoken and perhaps prepared for. Step 1

ContextStep 1

The social situation, including audience and purpose, in which language is used; this situation is an important influence on the language choices made by speakers and writers. Step 1

Adjacency pairsStep 2

Pattern of speech in which one utterance is followed by an appropriate linked response.

Typical ones:

A question followed by an answer A greeting followed by an appropriate response A statement followed by a statement of agreement/ disagreement A command followed by obedience or disobedienceStep 2

ChainingStep 2

The linking of a series of adjacency pairs to build up a conversation. Step 2

InterruptionStep 2

When a speaker begins to talk before the previous speaker has finished, in an attempt to take over the conversation and gain control. Step 2

OverlapStep 2

When a speaker begins to talk before the previous speaker has finished, perhaps because of their enthusiasm to join in the discussion or to show support for the speaker.

An overlap is generally more cooperative and supportive, and less competitive, than an interruption. Step 2

Turn-takingStep 2

The pattern of spontaneous interactive speech in which participants cooperate or compete for the roles of listener/ speaker.

CONSIDER:

Who dominates the turn- takingHow speakers get a turn and gain control of the conversation Who does not get a turn and why How speakers prevent others from taking a turn How speakers indicate that their turn is finished and they are ready to pass the turn onto another speaker

What happens when speakers deliberately flout the expectations we have about turn- taking.Step 2

RepairStep 2

A self-correction in spontaneous speech.

You may pick up signals from your audience that what you are saying is too difficult for them to understand or too boring, and so change or shorten what you are saying.

You may realise that what you are about to say may cause offence, and so adapt and amend your language.

You may suddenly think of a better or more interesting way to express yourself and so go back and cross out what you have started to say. Step 2

Side sequenceStep 2

A sequence of utterances inserted into a conversation, which causes the main topic of the conversation to be temporarily suspended. Step 2

Phatic utteranceStep 3

Words spoken to establish social contact and express friendly intentions towards another person, rather than to convey significant information

Nice day todayStep 3

Monosyllabic wordsStep 3

Words with only 1 syllableStep 3

Polysyllabic wordsStep 3

Words with more than 1 syllableStep 3

DialectStep 3

A variety of a particular language characterised by distinctive features of accent, grammar and vocabulary. Used by people from a particular geographical area or social group.

Indicative of a groupStep 3

HedgeStep 3

A word/ phrase such as maybe, perhaps, or sort of, used to soften the impact of whats said or to make a speech sound more polite. Step 3

AccentStep 4

The characteristic pronunciation, features and speech rhythms of a speaker, usually related to regional or social influences.

IndividualStep 4

ElisionStep 4

The running together of words or the omission of parts of words- gonna for going to or yknow for you knowStep 4

EllipsisStep 4

The omission of part of a sentence. Hope you get well soon is an example as the personal pronoun, I has been left out.

Can also be represented by ... to indicate the missing part of the sentence. Step 4

FillersStep 5

Sounds such as erm and um and er which speakers use to fill pauses in speech. Some speakers also use expressions such as yknow and like as verbal fillers. Step 5

MicropauseStep 5

An even shorter pause in a spoken text. Step 5

PauseStep 5

A short break in a spoken text, recorded in seconds.Step 5

Paralinguistic featuresStep 5

Non-verbal aspects of communication such as intonation/ pausing, which work alongside language to help a speaker convey meaning effectively. Step 5