automated systems what is an automated system typically automated systems have an input process...

Automated SystemsAutomated Systems

What is an Automated SystemWhat is an Automated System

Typically automated systems have anTypically automated systems have an

InputInput

ProcessProcess

OutputOutput

What is an Automated SystemWhat is an Automated System

The input may be manual or automaticThe input may be manual or automatic

The process will be carried out by the The process will be carried out by the machinemachine

Finally the output is producedFinally the output is produced

Examples of Automated SystemsExamples of Automated Systems

In the homeIn the home

ToastersToasters

DVD playersDVD players

Washing machinesWashing machines

Central heating controlsCentral heating controls


Out and aboutOut and about

Traffic lights Traffic lights

Automatic doorsAutomatic doors

Drinks vending machineDrinks vending machine

Parking ticket dispensersParking ticket dispensers


In the work placeIn the work place

CNC lathesCNC lathes

Robot armsRobot arms

Mobile robotsMobile robots

watch a clip of an automated system

Why use automated systemsWhy use automated systems

SafetySafety

AccuracyAccuracy

FasterFaster

FlexibilityFlexibility

EfficiencyEfficiency

RepetitionRepetition

SafetySafety

Dangerous or unhealthy tasks are carried Dangerous or unhealthy tasks are carried out by machinesout by machines

Spray painting carsSpray painting cars

Working with toxic chemicalsWorking with toxic chemicals

Operating in dangerous environmentsOperating in dangerous environments

AccuracyAccuracy

Automated systems are more accurate Automated systems are more accurate than human beingsthan human beings

They do not get tiredThey do not get tired

They do not get boredThey do not get bored

They do not lose their concentrationThey do not lose their concentration

FasterFaster

Automated systems can work faster than Automated systems can work faster than human beingshuman beings


Automated systems can be very flexible in Automated systems can be very flexible in what they can dowhat they can do

Robots are reprogrammableRobots are reprogrammable

Robots can have their end effectors Robots can have their end effectors changed to do new taskschanged to do new tasks


Automated systems are more efficient Automated systems are more efficient than human beings because:than human beings because:

They work 24 hrs a day without breaksThey work 24 hrs a day without breaks

365 days a year without holidays365 days a year without holidays

Are never sick, do not strike and never ask Are never sick, do not strike and never ask for a pay rise once they are purchasedfor a pay rise once they are purchased


Lots of tasks carried out in factories are Lots of tasks carried out in factories are very repetitivevery repetitive

These are best carried out by These are best carried out by programmable machines that will programmable machines that will continually repeat actions over and over continually repeat actions over and over again without deviationagain without deviation

Why use automated systemsWhy use automated systems

SafetySafety

AccuracyAccuracy

FasterFaster




Types of controlTypes of control

Open loop control system gives out control Open loop control system gives out control information information

Control computer

Instructions

Output


This does not involve feedbackThis does not involve feedback

Control computer Output

Open Loop Diagram

Instructions


Closed loop control system uses feedback Closed loop control system uses feedback from a sensorfrom a sensor

Control computer

Instructions

Output

Traffic sensor

Sensor provides feedback

sensorfeedback

control information

output

Closed Loop Diagram

Control Computer

Watch a video clip


The sensor provides information to the The sensor provides information to the control computer. This is called feedback.control computer. This is called feedback.

The control computer can (The control computer can (not willnot will) alter ) alter the instructions to the output device.the instructions to the output device.

decision

sensorfeedback

control informationoutput

Closed Loop Diagram


The difference between open and closed The difference between open and closed loop controlloop control

An open loop system carries on regardless An open loop system carries on regardless no matter what the circumstancesno matter what the circumstances

A closed loop system uses feedback to A closed loop system uses feedback to alter the control informationalter the control information

Watch a video clip

RoboticsRobotics

Two types of robotsTwo types of robots

Stationary (Robot Stationary (Robot arms)arms)

MobileMobile

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The anatomy of stationary robotsThe anatomy of stationary robots

Wrist

Elbow

Shoulder

Waist

End Effector

waist

shoulder

elbow

end effector

wrist

watch a video clip

This could be drawn like this

RobotsRobots

Stationary RobotsStationary Robots

End Effectors can be of various types:End Effectors can be of various types:

GripperGripper

Suction cupSuction cup

Paint sprayPaint spray

Welding electrodeWelding electrode

Watch a video clip

Mobile RobotsMobile Robots

Autonomous guided vehiclesAutonomous guided vehicles

Remote controlled vehiclesRemote controlled vehicles


AGV keep the production line in parts by AGV keep the production line in parts by fetching and carrying them from the warehouse fetching and carrying them from the warehouse to the assembly lineto the assembly line


AGV travel using:AGV travel using:

a magnetic guidance system a magnetic guidance system

a light guidance systema light guidance system


All AGV will be fitted with sensors to detect All AGV will be fitted with sensors to detect unexpected objects in their pathunexpected objects in their path

AGV will stop immediately if something is AGV will stop immediately if something is detecteddetected

Communication with the control computer Communication with the control computer will be in real timewill be in real time


RCV are used in RCV are used in places where it is not places where it is not safe for humans to go safe for humans to go and are used in:and are used in:

Bomb disposalBomb disposalNuclear power Nuclear power stationsstationsToxic areasToxic areasDeep sea explorationDeep sea exploration


RCV will be fitted with a variety of sensors RCV will be fitted with a variety of sensors and may include robot armsand may include robot arms

RCV are usually guided by a human using RCV are usually guided by a human using an optical sensor (camera)an optical sensor (camera)

RobotsRobots

Each movable part of a robot is powered Each movable part of a robot is powered by an actuator which can be:by an actuator which can be:

ElectricalElectrical

Hydraulic (liquid pressure)Hydraulic (liquid pressure)

Pneumatic (air pressure)Pneumatic (air pressure)

Robot arm movementRobot arm movement

One of the most important specifications of One of the most important specifications of a robot arm is the number of degrees of a robot arm is the number of degrees of freedom it hasfreedom it has

The number of ways the arm can move its The number of ways the arm can move its movable jointsmovable joints


The human armThe human armThe wrist can move up and down and left The wrist can move up and down and left to right - two degrees of freedomto right - two degrees of freedomThe elbow moves in one plane only but The elbow moves in one plane only but the forearm can cross over- two degrees the forearm can cross over- two degrees of freedomof freedomThe shoulder can move in three planes The shoulder can move in three planes and up and down – four degrees of and up and down – four degrees of freedomfreedom


The robot arm The robot arm has also got a has also got a waist which waist which allows left to right allows left to right movement – one movement – one degree of degree of freedomfreedom

waist

Degrees of freedomDegrees of freedom

This is a measure of the number of movements This is a measure of the number of movements which the joints can move.which the joints can move.

This example has 6 degrees of freedomThis example has 6 degrees of freedom

Rotates base of arm

Pivots base of arm

Bends elbow

Moves wrist up and down

Moves wrist left and right

Rotates wrist


The terms roll, pitch and yaw are used to The terms roll, pitch and yaw are used to describe different types of movementdescribe different types of movement

Yaw is movement from side to sideYaw is movement from side to side

Pitch is up and down motionPitch is up and down motion

Roll is rotationRoll is rotation

RobotsRobots

Robots are connected to a computer by a Robots are connected to a computer by a device known as an interfacedevice known as an interface

An interface allows analogue and digital An interface allows analogue and digital devices to communicate with each otherdevices to communicate with each other

Interface- Analogue to DigitalInterface- Analogue to Digital

Analogue signal

Interface

Digital signal

Sensors provide analogue data

Computers use only digital data

InterfacesInterfaces

Analogue and digital conversionAnalogue and digital conversion

Movement and sensor readings are Movement and sensor readings are analogue - a variable signalanalogue - a variable signal

Computers are digital 0’s and 1’s Computers are digital 0’s and 1’s

Conversion must take placeConversion must take place

InterfacesInterfaces

A to D converters change the continuously A to D converters change the continuously varying analogue signal to digitalvarying analogue signal to digital

D to A converters allow the computer to D to A converters allow the computer to send instructions to analogue devicessend instructions to analogue devices

Transducers + DigitisersTransducers + Digitisers

A transducer is a device which changes A transducer is a device which changes external physical input into an analogue external physical input into an analogue signal e.g. temperature sensorssignal e.g. temperature sensors

A digitiser converts a visual image from a A digitiser converts a visual image from a video or television camera into a digital video or television camera into a digital formform

Programming robotsProgramming robots

Can be reprogrammed to do different Can be reprogrammed to do different tasks there are two ways to instruct a tasks there are two ways to instruct a robot:robot:

Using a high level language – a control Using a high level language – a control language (this is done remotely)language (this is done remotely)

Lead through methodLead through method

watch a video clip

Mobile robotsMobile robots

Mobile robots may not be in contact with a Mobile robots may not be in contact with a control computercontrol computer

They will have control programs which are They will have control programs which are stored on ROM chips (Read Only Memory)stored on ROM chips (Read Only Memory)

SimulatorsSimulators

Simulators a developed to realistically Simulators a developed to realistically recreate a real life situationrecreate a real life situation

These can be a model of a real life These can be a model of a real life situation, testing a car or walking through situation, testing a car or walking through a new buildinga new building

Or used for training – flying a plane or Or used for training – flying a plane or driving a cardriving a car

video

SimulatorsSimulators

Virtual RealityVirtual Reality

Virtual Reality Virtual Reality is a method of producing is a method of producing the outside world digitallythe outside world digitally

VR may require the user to wear a VR may require the user to wear a headsetheadset, which will have earphones and , which will have earphones and goggles and goggles and data gloves data gloves to inputto input

Users respond to computer generated Users respond to computer generated graphics called graphics called AvatarsAvatars

Video

Virtual RealityVirtual Reality

Implications of Automated SystemsImplications of Automated Systems

Social implicationsSocial implications

Job losses- less workers neededJob losses- less workers needed

Job securityJob security

New jobs- maintenance of A.S.New jobs- maintenance of A.S.

New skills- programmingNew skills- programming

System AnalysisSystem Analysis

A systems analyst will determine what A systems analyst will determine what processes can be automatedprocesses can be automated

What machines will be best suitedWhat machines will be best suited

What computer systems and software are What computer systems and software are neededneeded

A systems analyst will also detail the design and layout of the factory


Maintenance, testing and reprogramming of robot arm can be carried out on site


Technical implications – SafetyTechnical implications – Safety

People and machines kept apart as much People and machines kept apart as much a possiblea possible

Special design or layout of factorySpecial design or layout of factory

Safety barriers and robot only pathsSafety barriers and robot only paths


A typical automated car factory. Notice that there are no people about.


Technical implications – SafetyTechnical implications – Safety

Moving parts of machines coveredMoving parts of machines covered

Mobile robots move slowly and are fitted Mobile robots move slowly and are fitted with sensors to detect obstacles with sensors to detect obstacles

Robots only carry out tasks when Robots only carry out tasks when component is in position e.g. painting component is in position e.g. painting when car is in positionwhen car is in position


A factory layout for an automated systemA factory layout for an automated system


Quality controlQuality control

Using automated systems the quality of Using automated systems the quality of the product can be kept consistentthe product can be kept consistent

Manager monitor the system making Manager monitor the system making changes if necessary changes if necessary


Economic Economic

Expensive to installExpensive to install

Complete new factories may have to be Complete new factories may have to be builtbuilt

Long term “cheaper” than humansLong term “cheaper” than humans

Productivity is increasedProductivity is increased

The FutureThe Future

““Intelligent robots”Intelligent robots” ?

Expert systems will combine with Expert systems will combine with robots allowing “thinking” machines robots allowing “thinking” machines which will apply rules more which will apply rules more consistently than humans, explain consistently than humans, explain their decisions and learn from their their decisions and learn from their mistakesmistakes

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automated systems what is an automated system typically automated systems have an input process...

Documents

feedback slide

automated system slide

deviation slide

concentration slide

video clip slide

input process output

examples of automated

faster automated systems