auxiliary
DESCRIPTION
How to implement auxiliary verbs in HPSG.TRANSCRIPT
AUXILIARY VERBS
BASIC ANALYSIS OF AUXILIARY VERBS IN HPSG
Maria Cieschinger, Anton Flügge, Hannes Schulz, ClaudiaThiessen
University of Osnabrück, Department of Cognitive Science
Feb 1st , 2005
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 1 / 19
OUTLINE
1 FEATURES OF AUXILIARIES
2 AUXILIARIES IN HPSG
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 2 / 19
WHY ARE AUXILIARIES INTERESTING?
Most extensively analyzed, because:
In all languages (→ Universal Grammar)
Closed word class
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 3 / 19
WHAT ARE AUXILIARIES?
Express notions of
Time (will)
Necessity (must)
Possibility (could)
Obligation (should)
Permission (may)
. . .
HELPING WORDS
Be, do, have
MODALS
Can, could, may, might, must,shall, should, will, would
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 4 / 19
FEATURES OF AUXILIARIES
EXAMPLE: AUXILIARIES
Kim could have been attending the reception.
Optionality
Determination of form offollowing verb
Precedence of non-aux verb
Possibility of coocurrence(fixed order)
No iteration of auxiliaries ofgiven type
MORE EXAMPLES
Kim could have attended. . .
Kim could attend. . .
Kim attends. . .
* Kim could have being. . .
* Kim could have been attend. . .
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 5 / 19
FEATURES OF AUXILIARIES
EXAMPLE: AUXILIARIES
Kim could have been attending the reception.
Optionality
Determination of form offollowing verb
Precedence of non-aux verb
Possibility of coocurrence(fixed order)
No iteration of auxiliaries ofgiven type
MORE EXAMPLES
Kim could have attended. . .
Kim could attend_. . .
Kim attends. . .
* Kim could have being. . .
* Kim could have been attend. . .
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 5 / 19
FEATURES OF AUXILIARIES
EXAMPLE: AUXILIARIES
Kim could have been attending the reception.
Optionality
Determination of form offollowing verb
Precedence of non-aux verb
Possibility of coocurrence(fixed order)
No iteration of auxiliaries ofgiven type
MORE EXAMPLES
* Kim attending . . . could have.
* Kim could attending . . . been.
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 5 / 19
FEATURES OF AUXILIARIES
EXAMPLE: AUXILIARIES
Kim could have been attending the reception.
Optionality
Determination of form offollowing verb
Precedence of non-aux verb
Possibility of coocurrence(fixed order)
No iteration of auxiliaries ofgiven type
MORE EXAMPLES
* Kim have could been. . .
* Kim been have could. . .
* Kim could been have. . .
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 5 / 19
FEATURES OF AUXILIARIES
EXAMPLE: AUXILIARIES
Kim could have been attending the reception.
Optionality
Determination of form offollowing verb
Precedence of non-aux verb
Possibility of coocurrence(fixed order)
No iteration of auxiliaries ofgiven type
MORE EXAMPLES
* Kim could would have been. . .
* Kim could have had been. . .
* Kim could have been being. . .
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 5 / 19
CHOMSKY’S CFG
CFG-RULE EXAMPLE
S → NP AUX VP; AUX → (M)(PERF)(PROG)
Kim
NP
could
M
have
PERF
been
PROG
AUX
attending the reception
VP
S
Problem: No account for determination of form of following verb andnot compatible with HPSG structures.
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 6 / 19
FEATURES OF AUXILIARIES
EXAMPLE: AUXILIARIES
Kim could have been attending the reception.
Optionality
Determination of form offollowing verb
Precedence of non-aux verb
Possibility of coocurrence(fixed order)
No iteration of auxiliaries ofgiven type
MORE EXAMPLES
Kim could have attended. . .
Kim could attend. . .
Kim attends. . .
* Kim could have being. . .
* Kim could have been attend. . .
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 7 / 19
OPTIONALITY
ic-srv-lxm auxv-lxm
srv-lxm
verb-lxm
srv-lxm
ARG-ST
⟨
1 ,
SPR⟨
1
⟩
COMPS 〈〉
⟩
auxv-lxm
SYN[
HEAD[
AUX +]
]
But what about the following verbs form?
* Kim could have attending
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 8 / 19
OPTIONALITY
ic-srv-lxm auxv-lxm
srv-lxm
verb-lxm
srv-lxm
ARG-ST
⟨
1 ,
SPR⟨
1
⟩
COMPS 〈〉
⟩
auxv-lxm
SYN[
HEAD[
AUX +]
]
But what about the following verbs form?
* Kim could have attending
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 8 / 19
FEATURES OF AUXILIARIES
EXAMPLE: AUXILIARIES
Kim could have been attending the reception.
Optionality
Determination of form offollowing verb
Precedence of non-aux verb
Possibility of coocurrence(fixed order)
No iteration of auxiliaries ofgiven type
MORE EXAMPLES
Kim could have attended. . .
Kim could attend_. . .
Kim attends. . .
* Kim could have being. . .
* Kim could have been attend. . .
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 9 / 19
DETERMINATION OF FORM OF FOLLOWING VERB
Specification of complement VP in the lexical entry:
*
can,
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auxv-lxmSYN [HEAD [FORM fin]]
ARG-ST
*
X,
2
6
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6
4
SYN
2
6
6
4
HEAD
2
6
4
verbINF -FORM base
3
7
5
3
7
7
5
SEM [INDEX s2 ]
3
7
7
7
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7
5
+
SEM
2
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6
4
INDEX s1
RESTR
*
2
6
4
RELN canSIT s1ARG s2
3
7
5
+
3
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5
3
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+
*
have,
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auxv-lxm
ARG-ST
*
X,
2
6
6
6
4
SYN
2
4HEAD
"
verbFORM psp
#
3
5
SEM [INDEX s2 ]
3
7
7
7
5
+
SEM
2
6
6
6
6
4
INDEX s1
RESTR
*
2
6
4
RELN haveSIT s1ARG s2
3
7
5
+
3
7
7
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7
5
3
7
7
7
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+
*
be,
2
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auxv-lxm
SYN
2
6
6
6
6
6
4
HEAD
2
6
6
4
verbAUX +
AGR 0
3
7
7
5
VAL [SPR <[AGR 0 ]>]
3
7
7
7
7
7
5
ARG-ST
*
3 ,
2
6
6
6
6
6
4
SYN
2
6
6
4
HEAD [PRED +]
VAL
"
SPR < 3 >COMPS <>
#
3
7
7
5
SEM [INDEX s]
3
7
7
7
7
7
5
+
SEM
2
6
4
MODE propINDEX sRESTR <>
3
7
5
3
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5
+
EXAMPLE
Kim could have been attending thereception.
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 10 / 19
FEATURES OF AUXILIARIES
EXAMPLE: AUXILIARIES
Kim could have been attending the reception.
Optionality
Determination of form offollowing verb
Precedence of non-aux verb
Possibility of coocurrence(fixed order)
No iteration of auxiliaries ofgiven type
MORE EXAMPLES
* Kim attending . . . could have.
* Kim could attending . . . been.
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 11 / 19
PRECEDENCE OF NON-AUX VERB
Why do auxiliary verbs always precede the non-auxiliary verb?
Verbs do not take AUX as complements
AUX are no modifiers
AUX do take verbs as complements
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 12 / 19
FEATURES OF AUXILIARIES
EXAMPLE: AUXILIARIES
Kim could have been attending the reception.
Optionality
Determination of form offollowing verb
Precedence of non-aux verb
Possibility of coocurrence(fixed order)
No iteration of auxiliaries ofgiven type
MORE EXAMPLES
* Kim have could been. . .
* Kim been have could. . .
* Kim could been have. . .
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 13 / 19
POSSIBILITY OF COOCURRENCE IN FIXED ORDER
EXAMPLE SENTENCE
Kim could have been attending the reception.
*
can,
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auxv-lxmSYN [HEAD [FORM fin]]
ARG-ST
*
X,
2
6
6
6
6
6
4
SYN
2
6
6
4
HEAD
2
6
4
verbINF -FORM base
3
7
5
3
7
7
5
SEM [INDEX s2 ]
3
7
7
7
7
7
5
+
SEM
2
6
6
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4
INDEX s1
RESTR
*
2
6
4
RELN canSIT s1
ARG s2
3
7
5
+
3
7
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5
3
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+
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 14 / 19
POSSIBILITY OF COOCURRENCE IN FIXED ORDER
EXAMPLE SENTENCE
Kim could have been attending the reception.
*
have,
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auxv-lxm
ARG-ST
*
X,
2
6
6
6
4
SYN
2
4HEAD
"
verbFORM psp
#
3
5
SEM [INDEX s2 ]
3
7
7
7
5
+
SEM
2
6
6
6
6
6
4
INDEX s1
RESTR
*
2
6
4
RELN haveSIT s1
ARG s2
3
7
5
+
3
7
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5
3
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+
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 14 / 19
POSSIBILITY OF COOCURRENCE IN FIXED ORDER
EXAMPLE SENTENCE
Kim could have been attending the reception.
*
be,
2
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auxv-lxm
SYN
2
6
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4
HEAD
2
6
4
verbAUX +AGR 0
3
7
5
VAL [SPR <[AGR 0 ]>]
3
7
7
7
7
5
ARG-ST
*
3 ,
2
6
6
6
6
6
4
SYN
2
6
6
4
HEAD [PRED +]
VAL
"
SPR < 3 >COMPS <>
#
3
7
7
5
SEM [INDEX s]
3
7
7
7
7
7
5
+
SEM
2
6
4
MODE propINDEX sRESTR <>
3
7
5
3
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+
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 14 / 19
POSSIBILITY OF COOCURRENCE IN FIXED ORDER
EXAMPLE SENTENCE
Kim could have been attending the reception.
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 14 / 19
FEATURES OF AUXILIARIES
EXAMPLE: AUXILIARIES
Kim could have been attending the reception.
Optionality
Determination of form offollowing verb
Precedence of non-aux verb
Possibility of coocurrence(fixed order)
No iteration of auxiliaries ofgiven type
MORE EXAMPLES
* Kim could would have been. . .
* Kim could have had been. . .
* Kim could have been being. . .
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 15 / 19
NO ITERATION
Iteration is not possible:
form of following verbgiven
following form alwaysdifferent from currentone
EXAMPLE
Kim
could
"
FORM finAUX +
#
have
"
FORM baseAUX +
#
been
"
FORM pspAUX +
#
attending the office
VP[prp]
VP[psp]
VP[base]
VP[fin]
S[fin]
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 16 / 19
SUMMARY
Features of auxiliaries can be represented in HPSG.
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 17 / 19
NO ITERATION
EXAMPLE
Kim
could
"
FORM finAUX +
#
"
FORM baseAUX +
#
VP[psp]
VP[base]
VP[fin]
S[fin]
NO ITERATION
could
"
FORM finAUX +
#
have
"
FORM baseAUX +
#
been
"
FORM pspAUX +
#
attending the office
VP[prp]
VP[psp]
VP[base]
DETERMINATION OF FORM OF FOLLOWING VERBSpecification of complement VP in the lexical
*
can,
2
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auxv-lxmSYN [HEAD [FORM fin]]
ARG-ST
*
X,
2
6
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4
SYN
2
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6
4
HEAD
2
6
4
verbINF -FORM base
3
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5
3
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5
SEM [INDEX s2 ]
3
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+
SEM
2
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INDEX s1
RESTR
*
2
6
4
RELN canSIT s1ARG s2
3
7
5
+
3
7
7
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7
5
3
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+
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auxv-lxm
ARG-ST
*
X,
2
6
6
6
SYN
2
4HEAD
"
verbFORM psp
#
3
5
3
7
7
7
+
3
7
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7
7
7
7
*
be,
2
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auxv-lxm
SYN
ARG-ST
SEM
DETERMINATION OF FORM OF FOLLOWING VERB
6
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4
6
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7
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SEM
2
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INDEX s1
RESTR
*
2
6
4
RELN canSIT s1ARG s2
3
7
5
+
3
7
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7
5
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*
have,
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auxv-lxm
ARG-ST
*
X,
2
6
6
6
4
SYN
2
4HEAD
"
verbFORM psp
#
3
5
SEM [INDEX s2 ]
3
7
7
7
5
+
SEM
2
6
6
6
6
4
INDEX s1
RESTR
*
2
6
4
RELN haveSIT s1ARG s2
3
7
5
+
3
7
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5
3
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+
*
be,
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ARG-ST
SEM
EXAM
Kim couldreception.
DETERMINATION OF FORM OF FOLLOWING VERB
base
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+
#
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+
*
be,
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auxv-lxm
SYN
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HEAD
2
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4
verbAUX +
AGR 0
3
7
7
5
VAL [SPR <[AGR 0 ]>]
3
7
7
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7
7
5
ARG-ST
*
3 ,
2
6
6
6
6
6
4
SYN
2
6
6
4
HEAD [PRED +]
VAL
"
SPR < 3 >COMPS <>
#
3
7
7
5
SEM [INDEX s]
3
7
7
7
7
7
5
+
SEM
2
6
4
MODE propINDEX sRESTR <>
3
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3
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E