aw ter in aquaculture systems - universitas...
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To a great extentwater qualitydetermines thesuccess or failureof a fish farmingoperation
WATER IN AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS
To a great extentwater qualitydetermines thesuccess or failureof a fish farmingoperation
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Fish perform allbodily functions in water
• Eat
• Breathe
••• Take in and lose salts
WATER IN AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS
• Eat
• Breathe
••• Take in and lose salts
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Water Balance in Freshwater Fish
Salts
Water
Large quantitiesof dilute urine
Ammonia
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Water Balance in Saltwater Fish
Water
Drinkssea water
Small quantities ofconcentrated urine
Ammonia
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Water Resources
• Water quality
• Water quantity
• Water sources
• Water quality
• Water quantity
• Water sources
Inadequate water quality causes moreInadequate water quality causes morelosses than any other problem!losses than any other problem!
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WATER IN AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS
Physical
Temperature
••
Chemical (“No effect” limits)
Physical
Temperature
••
Chemical (“No effect” limits)
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Physical Characteristicsof Water
•
• “Universal solvent”
–
WATER IN AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS
•
• “Universal solvent”
–
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Dissolved Oxygen
• Importance– highest cause of mortality
• Solubility– variables
•••
• Safe levels– > 5mg/l
• Importance– highest cause of mortality
• Solubility– variables
•••
• Safe levels– > 5mg/l
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7
6
5
Measured values
Projected Dissolved OxygenLevels for Ponds
5
4
3
2
1
05 pm 10 pm 5 am
Projected values
mg/l
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Uniform dissolved O in pond2
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High dissolvedoxygen (warm)
Decomposingmaterials
Low dissolvedoxygen (cool)
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TurnoverTurnover
Low dissolved oxygen -possible fish kill
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Relationships
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Temperature (F) (pH) 7.0 8.0 9.0
50 0.19 1.83 15.7
68 0.40 3.82 28.4
86 0.80 7.46 44.6
Percent Ammonia
Percent of Total Ammoniain the Un-Ionized Form at
Various Temperatures and pH
Temperature (F) (pH) 7.0 8.0 9.0
50 0.19 1.83 15.7
68 0.40 3.82 28.4
86 0.80 7.46 44.6
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Nitrification
NONO33--NHNH33
1½ O1½ O22
nitrosomonasnitrosomonas nitrobacternitrobacter
1½ O1½ O22NONO22--
• Requires 3 moles oxygen to convert one mole ofammonia to nitrate
•
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Dissolved Gasses
• Problem gasses– Nitrogen (primarily)
•
• Problem sources– Wells and Springs
––
dorsal viewdorsal view• Problem gasses
– Nitrogen (primarily)•
• Problem sources– Wells and Springs
–– leaky pipeleaky pipe
Popeye/exophthalmiaPopeye/exophthalmia
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WATER IN AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS
Water quantity parameters
• Requirements are based on temperature-dependent and size-dependent standardmetabolic rates for fish
•
Water quantity parameters
• Requirements are based on temperature-dependent and size-dependent standardmetabolic rates for fish
•
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WATER IN AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS
Water quantity parameters
Suggested replacement times
Linear• Noncirculating –• Circulating
Suggested water velocity rates• Noncirculating –• Circulating -
Water quantity parameters
Suggested replacement times
Linear• Noncirculating –• Circulating
Suggested water velocity rates• Noncirculating –• Circulating -
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WATER IN AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS
Water quantity parameters
Flow measuring techniques
Flow meters••
Pond filling time – not very accurate
Water quantity parameters
Flow measuring techniques
Flow meters••
Pond filling time – not very accurate
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WATER IN AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS
Water quantity parameters
Weir gauges• Sharp-crested – if outfall consists of damboards
• V-notch
• Trapezoidal••
Water quantity parameters
Weir gauges• Sharp-crested – if outfall consists of damboards
• V-notch
• Trapezoidal••
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Pre-Use treatment
Sediment removal• Settling basin/pond –
• Filtration –
Gas stabilization (O2 and/or N2)• Slatted inflow boards••
WATER IN AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS
Pre-Use treatment
Sediment removal• Settling basin/pond –
• Filtration –
Gas stabilization (O2 and/or N2)• Slatted inflow boards••
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Pre-Use treatmentSterilization
• Ultraviolet –•• Chlorination-de-chlorination –•
Temperature control• Heating• Chilling
WATER IN AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS
Pre-Use treatmentSterilization
• Ultraviolet –•• Chlorination-de-chlorination –•
Temperature control• Heating• Chilling
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Water utilization• Open water systems
• Flow-through-Water enters pond or series of ponds andexits with/without treatment
-
-
WATER IN AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS
Water utilization• Open water systems
• Flow-through-Water enters pond or series of ponds andexits with/without treatment
-
-
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Water Sources
••• Rivers, lakes and streams
• Surface
••
••• Rivers, lakes and streams
• Surface
••
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Springs
• Advantages
–– few or no predators
– no pathogens
• Disadvantages
–
• Advantages
–– few or no predators
– no pathogens
• Disadvantages
–
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Wells• Types
––
• Advantages– no predators– no pathogens
• Disadvantages–– low O2
• Types––
• Advantages– no predators– no pathogens
• Disadvantages–– low O2
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Rivers, Lakes and Streams
• Advantages
– large volumes
– inexpensive
• Disadvantages
–– excessive nutrients
• Advantages
– large volumes
– inexpensive
• Disadvantages
–– excessive nutrients
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Surface
• Advantages
– inexpensive
• Disadvantages
– contaminates
–– 5-7 acre watershed
per surface acre ofwater
• Advantages
– inexpensive
• Disadvantages
– contaminates
–– 5-7 acre watershed
per surface acre ofwater
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Groundwater
• Advantages
–• Disadvantages
– hard to drain
•
• removal of fish
• Advantages
–• Disadvantages
– hard to drain
•
• removal of fish
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Municipal
• Advantages–– no predators–
• Disadvantages– disinfectants
•• chloramines
–
• Advantages–– no predators–
• Disadvantages– disinfectants
•• chloramines
–
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Water Quantity
• Ponds
• Raceways
• Cages
• Recirculating aquaculture systems
• Ponds
• Raceways
• Cages
• Recirculating aquaculture systems
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Ponds• Minimum requirement
– 13 gal/min or 50L/min peracre
• Rational
–– to replace evaporation
–
• Minimum requirement
– 13 gal/min or 50L/min peracre
• Rational
–– to replace evaporation
–
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Raceways• Minimum requirement
– 500 gal/min. or 1900L/min
• Rational
––
• Minimum requirement
– 500 gal/min. or 1900L/min
• Rational
––
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Recirculating Aquaculture Systems
• Minimum requirement– varies depending on size
of system–
• Rational– needed to backflush filtersduring harvesting–
–
• Minimum requirement– varies depending on size
of system–
• Rational– needed to backflush filtersduring harvesting–
–
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0.8
0.6
8
6NH
NO
NO
2
3
Time Requiredfor Bio-Filter to Mature
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.02 6 10 14 18 22
6
4
2
0
Ammonia(mg/l)
Nitrites &Nitrates(mg/l)
NHNO2
3
Time in Days