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BA MALAYALAM2014 Admission onwards

III Semester

CORE COURSE

(CU CBCSS)

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

CALICUT UNIVERSITY P. O., MALAPPURAM DIST., KERALA,INDIA PIN: 673 635

544

School of Distance Education

\mSIw/ Xnc-¡Y Page 2

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONSTUDY MATERIAL

BA MALAYALAMIII SEMESTER

CORE COURSE

X¿m-dm-¡n-bXvtUm. PaoÂ AlvaZv(Akn. s{]m^kÀ,Kh. tImtfPv ae-̧ pdw)

Lay out : Computer Section, SDE©

Reserved



samUyqÄ 1 5

samUyqÄ 2 temI-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS B[p-\nI L«w 20

samUyqÄ 3 tIc-f-¯nsâ {]mtZ-inI \mS-I-]m-c-¼cyw 36

samUyqÄ 4 \mSIhpw kn\nabpw 49



samUyqÄ 1s]mXpsh kmln-Xy-̄ n\v Zriy-sa¶pw {ihy-sa¶pw cp hn`m-K-§-fp-v. AXnÂ

\mSIw, kn\na XpS-§n-bh Zriy-hn-̀ m-K-̄ n-emWv DÄs¸-Sp-I. A`n\bw, kw`mjWwF¶nhbneqsS a\pjyhym]mcs¯ t{]£Icnte¡v ]Icp¶ Zriy--þ{imhy IebmWv\mSIw. "Hcp ]qÀW{InbbpsS A\pIcWw' F¶mWv \mSIs¯ Acnkvtäm«nÂ\nÀhNn¨n«pÅXv. kmlnXyw, kwKoXw, \r¯w, Nn{XIe F¶n§s\ hn`n¶ IeIfpsSIq«m-bva-bm-b-Xn-\mÂ \mS-Is¯ k¦-c-I-e-sbt¶m k¼qÀW Ie-sbt¶m hnfn¡mw.\mSImhXcW¯nsâ kmlnXycq]amWv s]mXpth \mSIw ({Uma) F¶dnbs¸Sp¶sX¦nepw

Up (Do) F¶ ]Z¯nÂ\n¶mcw`n¨ "{Uma' \mSI¯nse {Inbmwi¯nte¡mWvhncÂNqp¶Xv. \mSIs¯ k¼qÀWambn DÄs¡mÅp¶ BwKteb]Zw XnsbäÀF¶XmWv. aebmf¯nÂ \mSIthZnsb¶pw \mSIIesb¶pw {]tbmKn¡mdpv.

\mSIIe, \mSIkmlnXyw F¶nhbnÂ GXmWp {][m\w F¶Xns\¡pdn¨vhyXykvX A`n{]mb§Ä \nehnepv. kmlnXy¯n\p {]m[m\yw Iev]n¡p¶hÀ\mSIkmlnXy¯n\mWv {]m[m\ysa¶pw asämcp Iq«À \mSIIebv¡SnØm\ambn HcpkmlnXyIrXn AXy´mt]£nXasÃ¶pw Hcp kmlnXyIrXnsbbpw Ahew_n¡msX\mSI¯n\v cq]w\evIm\pw Ac§¯v BhnjvIcn¡m\pw km[n¡psa¶pw IcpXp¶p.\mSIkmlnXys¯bpw \mSIIesbbpw Hcpt]mse a\Ênem¡nbn«pÅhcpwIemX¯zhmZnIfpamWv cmas¯ ho£WKXn h¨p]peÀ¯p¶Xv. F´mbmepwP\§tfmSv t\cn«v kwhZn¡p¶ Hcp Iesb¶\nebnÂ \mSI¯nsâ iàn hfschepXmWv. AXpsImmWv atäsXmcpIesb¡mfpw \mSIw P\IobIebmbn hfÀ¶Xv;]et¸mgpw Hcp kacmbp[w Xs¶bmbncp¶p AXv.temI \mSI Ncn{Xw

temIkmlnXy¯nse Gähpw ]g¡apÅ IeIfnsem¶v \mSIamWv. {]mNo\Ime¯v AXv HcpXcw A\pjvTm\ambncp¶p. a\pjyPohnXs¯bpw {]]©s¯bpw\nb{ń¡p¶ AZriyiànIÄ X½nÂ \S¶psImncn¡p¶ kwL«\wBwKy¯neqsSbpw \r¯Ne\§fneqsSbpw Km\¯neqsSbpw {]mNo\a\pjyÀBhnjvIcn¨hbmWv B A\pjvTm\§Ä. A¯cw aX-N-S-§p-IÄ ]e ]cnWma§fneqsShnIkn¨v \mSIcq]w {]m]n¨Xn\ptijamWv BZyIme \mSIIrXnIÄ DmbXv.A\pIcWhmk\bnÂ \n¶mWv \mSI¯nsâ Bcw`sa¶v IcpXs¸Sp¶Xpt]msekwL«\amWv \mSIIebpsS ASnØm\LSIsa¶pw IcpXs¸Sp¶p. CukwL«\kn²m´w ]mÝmXy \mSINn´bnse \nÀWmbILSIamWv. a\pjycpsS hn`n¶{]IrX§Ä X½ntem \·bpw Xn·bpw X½ntem hyànIÄ X½ntem kaql¯nsâ hn`n¶LSI§Ä X½ntem \S¡p¶ kwL«\§fpsS Iem]camb BhnjvImcamWv \mSIwF¶XmWv kwL-«-\-sa-¶-Xn-\ÀYw.

hnIknXamb \mSIIe BZyambn \nehnÂ h¶ cmPyw {]mNo\ {Kokv Bbncp¶p.AXns\¯pSÀ¶v A[nIImew Ignbp¶Xn\p ap¼pXs¶ Cýbnepw \mSIIecq]wsImp. {]mNo\{Koknse P\§Ä tZhXIÄ¡v _en AÀ¸n¡m³ tZhXm{]XnjvTIÄ¡p Npäpw AWn\nc¶v Bcm[\m]camb ]m«pIÄ ]mSpIbpw XmfmßIambnNphSph¨v \r¯w sNbvXpsImv {]XnjvTsb hewhbv¡pIbpw sNbvXph¶p. B NS§vIem]cambn hnIkn¨t¸mÄ Bcm[IÀ ]mSnbncp¶ KoX§fnÂ Hmtcm `mKhpwHmtcmcp¯À amdnamdn ]mSp¶ k{¼Zmbambn. {Ita-W, KoX¯nsâ GsX¦nepw Hcp `mKw]mSp¶bmÄ {]tXyI IYm]m{X¯nsâ `mhcq]§Ä ssIs¡mÅm³ XpS§n. C§s\\r¯w sN¿p¶hscÃmw hyXykvX IYm]m{X§fmbn¯ocpIbpw Hmtcmcp¯cpsSbpw\r¯cwK§Ä AhchÀ ]mSp¶ KoX`mK¯nsâ A`n\bambn cq]mćs¸SpIbpwFÃmhcpsSbpw A`n\bw IqSnt¨À¶v \nbXamb Hcp CXnhr¯¯nsâBhnjvIcWambn¯ocpIbpw sNbvXp. AtXmSpIqSn A\pjvTm\w \mSIambn¯oÀ¶p.Imemć¯nÂ C{]Imcw Hcp kwLw IemImc·mÀ IqSnt¨À¶v ]m«nepw kw`mjW¯nepwcwKNe\§fnepw IqSn CXnhr¯w AhXcn¸n¡p¶ \mSIIe cq]w{]m]n¨p. Cý-bnepwssN\bnepw P¸m\nepw CXpt]mse {]IrXniànIsf {]oXns¸Sp¯m³ \S¯nbncp¶\r¯mßIamb NS§pIfnÂ \n¶pXs¶-bmWv \mSIapmbXmbsX¶pw Icp-X-s -̧Sp-¶p.A§s\ Dmb Pm¸\okv \mSI§fpsS ]cnWnXcq]§fmWv P¸m\nÂ \ne\nÂ¡p¶'t\m', 'I_q¡n' F¶o ]c¼cmKX \mSI§Ä.



_n.kn. \mepw A©pw iXI§fnÂ {Koknse \mSIw ]qÀW hfÀ¨ {]m]n¨ncp¶p.\mSIcN\bpw \mSImhXcWhpw \mSIaÕchpw hn]peamb {]Nmcw t\SnbImeL«ambncp¶p AXv. kvtäUnb¯n\p kZrihpw hr¯mImchpamb Bw^n Xntb-äÀF¶-dn-b-s -̧Sp¶ Øe¯mWv AhXcWw \S¶ncp¶Xv. AXnsâ aq¶phi¯pw kZkyÀ¡v\mSIw Ccp¶pImWm\mbn ]ShpIÄ t]mepÅ Ccn¸nS§Ä \nÀan¨p. CXn\v taÂ¡qctbmAS¨psIt«m Dmbncp¶nÃ. ImWnIfpsS FXnÀhi¯v s]m¡tadnb cwKthZn\nÀan¡s¸«ncp¶p. B thZnbnÂ \n¶mWv \S·mÀ A`n\bw \S¯nh¶Xv. cwKthZnbpsSap³hi¯v Xmsg KmbIkwLw \mSImhXcWthfbnÂ \n¶p. \mSI¯nse Hmtcm cwKhpwAhkm\n¡pt¼mÄ AXnse kw`h§tfmSv {]XnIcn¨psImv KmbIkwLw Km\§ÄBe]n¡mdpmbncp¶p. Cu kwLs¯ tImdkv F¶mWv Cu Kmb-I-kw-L-§Ä¡v]dªncp¶Xv. \mSIaÕc§fnÂ hnPbn¡p¶hÀ¡v k½m\§Ä \ÂIpI ]Xnhmbncp¶p.\mS-I-̄ n\v Ht«sd cq]-t`-Z-§-fp-v. `mc-Xob kmlnXy BNm-cy-·mÀ Ahsb Zi-cq-]-I-§ÄF¶p hnfn-¡p-¶p. \mS-Iw, {]I-c-Ww, `mWw, {]l-k-\w, Unaw, hymtbm-Kw, ka-h-Im-cw,hoYn, A¦w, Culm-arKw F¶n-§-s\-bm-W-h. \mS-I-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw AXnsâ hnhn[ LS-I-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw hni-Z-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p¶ {KÙ-§Ä {]mNo-\-Im-ew-sXmt« Fgp-X-s -̧«-«p-v.Ah-bnÂ Gähpw ]g-b-XmWv `c-Xsâ \mSy-im-kv{Xw.

ae-bm-f-¯nse BZy-Ime \mS-I-§ÄtIc-f-̄ nÂ {]mNo\ kwk-vIrX \mS-I-]m-c-¼-cyhpw \mtSmSn \mSI ]mc-¼-cyhpw

Dv. Iq¯v IqSn-bm-«w, IY-I-fn, XpÅÂ F¶nh tIc-f-̄ nse ]e-Xcw \mS-I-cq-]-§-fpsS{]I-S-§-fm-Wv. B«-{]-Im-cw, {Ia-Zo-]nI XpS-§nb \mS-I-]mT {KÙ-§fpw tIc-f-̄ nÂ cNn-¡-s -̧«n-«p-v. Im¡m-cnÈn \mS-Iw, ]mh \mS-Iw, kwKo-X-\m-S-Iw, shÅ-cn-\m-SIw XpS§n \mtSmSnP\-{]nb \mS-I-]m-c-¼-cyhpw tIc-f-̄ n-ep-m-bn-«p-v. k¼-¶-amb Hcp Zriy-Iem ]mc-¼cywtIc-f-̄ n-\pv. \mtSm-Snbpw ¢mÊn-¡-ep-amb A\-h[n cwK-I-e-IÄ ]e ssIh-gn-I-fn-eq-sSbpwtIcf kwkvIm-c-̄ nÂ ]SÀ¶p-In-S-¡p-¶p. IqSn-bm«w, IY-I-fn, sX¿w, Xnd, ]S-bWn XpS-§nb sshhn[yw \ndª Ie-I-fnÂ \mS-I-¯nsâ Awi-§Ä Aen-ªp-In-S-¡p-¶p-v.F¦nepw B[p-\n-I-amb AÀY-̄ nÂ \mSIw F¶ Ie tIc-f-̄ nÂ hn]p-e-am-Ip-¶Xv bqtdm-]y³ kzm[o\w hgn-bm-Wv. bqtdm-]y³ \mS-I-§sf A\p-I-cn¨v ]mÀkn-IÄ cq]-s¸-Sp-̄ nbkwKo-X-{]-[m-\-amb \mS-I-§fpw Ahsb A\p-I-cn¨v Xan-gÀ cq]-s¸-Sp-¯nb Xangv kwKoX\mS-I-§fpw tIc-fo-bsc kzm[o-\n-¨p. A§-s\-bmWv ae-bmf kwKoX \mS-I-§Ä Dm-Ip-¶-Xv. kam-´-c-am-bn-̄ s¶ kwkvIrX \mS-I-§-fp-sSbpw Cw¥ojv \mS-I-§-fp-sSbpw hnhÀ¯-\-§fpw ae-bm-f-̄ n-ep-m-bn.

ae-bm-f-¯nse hnhÀ¯\ \mS-I-§ÄCw-¥ojv ]T-\hpw B[p-\nI s]mXp-hn-Zym-̀ ymk k{¼-Zm-bhpw KZy-km-ln-Xy-̄ n-sâbpw

]{X-am-kn-I-I-fp-sSbpw {]N-c-W-̄ n\v B¡w-Iq-«n. FÃm C´y³ `mj-I-fnepw kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-̄ nsâ XÀP-a-I-fm-bn-«mWv C¡m-e¯v \mSIw {]Xy-£-s -̧«p-Im-Wp-¶-Xv. tIc-f-hÀa hen-b-tIm-bn-̄ -¼p-cm³ 1882 Â tIc-fob imIp-́ fw {]kn-²o-I-cn-̈ -Xn\p tijw kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-§-fpsS [mcmfw hnhÀ¯\-§Ä ae-bm-f-̄ n-ep-m-bn. Nm¯p-¡p«n a¶m-Sn-bm-cpsS Pm\-Io-]-cn-Wbw (1889) D¯-c-cma NcnXw (1892) sI \mcm-bW tat\msâ amf-hn-Im-án-an{Xw (1890)sIm«m-c-̄ nÂ i¦p-®n-bpsS hn{I-tamÀh-iobw, ame-Xo-am-[hw (1892) sImSp-§-ÃqÀ Ipªn-¡p-«³ X¼p-cmsâ BÝ-cy-Nq-Vm-aWn (1893) ]´fw tIc-f-hÀa-bpsS thWo kwlmcw (1916), FBÀ cmP-cm-P-hÀa-bpsS A`n-Úm-\-im-Ip-´fw (1913) amf-hn-Im-án-an{Xw (1916) kz]v\-hm-k-h-Z-¯w, Nmcp-Z-̄ ³ (1917) F¶nh DZm-l-c-W-§-fm-Wv.

kmln-Xy-]-c-amb Hcp hymbmaw F¶-XnÂ Ihnªv CXnse ]e XÀP-a-IÄ¡pw \mS-I¯n\p-th KpW-§-fp-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. AXn-\mÂ Cu Ime-L-«-̄ nÂ Xs¶ ]pcm-W-§sfD]-Po-hn¨v kzX{´ \mS-I-§fpw Nne Ncn{X \mS-I-§fpw cNn-¡-s -̧Sp-I-bp-mbn. kmaq-ln-I-hn-j-b-§-fnepw A]qÀh-ambn cN-\-I-fp-m-bn. sImSp-§-ÃqÀ Ipªn-¡p-«³ X¼p-cmsâ e£-Wm-kw-Kaw (1891) N{µnI (1892) tXm«-bv¡m«v am[-hn-b-½-bpsS kp`{Zm [\-RvPbw (1891) ]nsI sIm¨o-̧ ³ Xc-Isâ adn-bm-½m \mSIw (1892) sImSp-§-ÃqÀ sIm¨p-®n-̄ -¼p-cmsâIeymWn \mSIw (1892) I-̄ nÂ hÀKokv am¸n-f-bpsS F{_m-b-¡p«n (1893) sI kn tIi-h-¸n-Å-bpsS e£van IeymWw XpS-§nb \mS-I-§Ä ae-bmf \mS-I-{]-Øm-\¯n\v BZy-Im-e-§-fnÂ DuÀPw \ÂInb {it²-b-amb cN-\-I-fm-Wv.



sIm¨p-®n-̄ -¼p-cmsâ IeymWn \mSIw `mcym-`ÀXr-_-Ôs¯ Ipdn-̈ m-Wv. e£vanIeymWw Xd-hmSv apSn-¡p¶ BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§sf ]cn-ln-kn-¡p-¶p. Ch-bnÂ Gsd {it²-b-am-bXv adn-bm½m \mS-I-am-Wv. {InkvXy³ IpSpw-_-̄ nsâ ]Ým-¯-e-̄ nÂ A½m-bn-b½t¸mcm-Wv Cu \mSIw ssIImcyw sN¿p¶ hnj-bw. Ht«sd cwKm-h-X-c-W-§Ä Cu \mS-I-¯n\v e`n-̈ p. 1891 Â hb-kvIc aqÊv Fgp-Xnb at\m-ca hnP-bhpw 1892 Â N§-\m-tÈcn chn-hÀa Fgp-Xnb Ihn-k-̀ m-c-RvP-\hpw s]mXp-{i² ]nSn-̈ p-]-änb kmaq-lnI {]m[m-\y-apÅ \mS-I-§-fm-Wv. kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-§sf A\p-I-cn-̈ mWv Ch-bnÂ ]eXpw Fgp-X-s -̧«-Xv. A\p-I-c-W-\m-S-I-§-fpsS Cu ae-sh-Å-̧ m-̈ nÂ Ac-§p-X-IÀ¯-t¸mÄ Ahsb Bt£-]n-̈ p-sImv 1893Â ap³jn cma-¡p-dp¸v N¡oN¦cw F¶ \mS-I-sa-gp-Xn. CXnse IYm-\m-b-I-\mb N¦-c\pwIpw`m-WvU\pw X½n-epÅ kw`m-j-̄ n-eqsS hnI-e-c-N-\-IÄ \nÀh-ln-¡p¶ \mS-I-Ir-̄ p-¡sf IW-¡äp ]cn-l-kn-¡p-¶p-v.

Cw¥ojv hnZym-̀ ym-khpw ]mÝmXy kmlnXy k¼À¡hpw hgn A¡m-e¯v ]eCw¥ojv \mS-I-§-fpw ae-bm-f-̄ n-te¡v XÀP-a-sN-¿-s -̧«p, Ipªn-¡p-«³ X¼p-cm³ lmwe-äv,I-̄ nÂ hÀKokv am¸n-f-bpsS Ie-ln-\o-Z-a-\-Iw (tjIvkn-]n-b-dpsS ssSanwKv Hm^v Z {jq),F tKmhn-µ-̧ n-Å-bpsS enbÀ \mSIw, IÃqÀ D½³ ]nen-t¸m-knsâ BÄam-dm«w (tjIvkv]n-b-dpsS tImaUn Hm^v FtdÀkv F¶ \mS-I-̄ nsâ kzX{´hnhÀ¯\w) kn. tKmhn-µ³ Ff-bn-S¯v cNn¨ kp\µm kc-k-hocw AYhm sImSp-¦mäv (sSws]Ìv) sImSp-§-ÃqÀ Ipªn-¡p-«³X¼p-cmsâ lmwse-äv, Znhm³ _l-ZqÀ F tKmhn-µ-̧ n-Å-bpsS InwKv enbÀ, saÀsNâv Hm^vsh\okv F¶nh Ah-bnÂ {][m-\-amWv. Kuc-h-]qÀh-ambn \mS-Is¯ kao-]n-¡p¶ kZ-Ên-\p-ap-¼nÂ Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡-s¸-«-XmWv Ch-bnÂ ]eXpw.{]l-k-\-§Ä

{]l-k-\-§Ä F¶ Hcp {]tXyI lmky-\m-SI k{¼-Zmbw ae-bm-f-̄ n-te¡v IS-¶p-h-cp-¶Xv ]mÝmXy kzm[o\w hgn-bm-Wv. kn hn cma³]n-Å-bmWv C¯cw \mS-I-§Ä cNn-̈ -h-cnÂ {]ap-J³. Cw¥ojv \mS-I-Ir-̄ p¡-fmb sjdn-UWpw tKmÄUv kvan¯pw {^©v \mSIIr¯mb tamfn-tbbpw kn. hn. sb kzm[o-\n-̈ n-«p-v. N{µ-apJohnemkw (1884), F¶ {]l-k\w Ah-X-c-W-X-e-̄ nepw {i²n-¡-s¸-«p. kwkvIrX þ kwKoX \mS-I-{]-Øm-\-§-fnÂ \n¶pthdn« cwKm-h-X-c-W-am-bn-cp¶p AXv. a¯-hn-em-kw, Ipdp-̧ n-ÃmIfcn, XpS-§nb {]l-k-\-§fpwkn. hn bptS-Xm-bn-«p-v. {]mtZinI Po-hnXcoXn-Ifpw Cw¥ojv hnZym-̀ ym-k-¯nsâ KpW-tZm-j-§fpw tNÀ¶v bph-X-e-ap-dsb Gsd BIÀjn¨ ae-bmf {]l-k-\-§-fnÂ C. hn IrjvW-]nÅbpsS cN-\-Ifpw ap¼n-em-Wv. Ihn-X-t¡-kv, s]®-c-ip-\m-Sv F¶o cN-\-IÄ C¡p-«-̄ nÂs]Sp-¶p. F³. ]n sNÃ-̧ ³ \mbÀ, Sn F³ tKm]n-\m-Y³ \mbÀ, PKXn F³ sI BNmcn XpS-§n-b-hcpw {]l-k-\-c-N-\-bnÂ kw`m-h-\-I-fÀ¸n-¨p.kwKoX \mS-I-§Ä

]mÀkn Xntb-ä-dnsâ kzm[o-\-̂ -e-ambn cq]-s¸« Xangv kwKoX \mS-I-§Ä tIc-f-̄ n-ep-S-\ofw Ifn-̈ p-h-¶n-cp-¶p. IeymW cma-¿³ skäv, cmapUp skäv XpS-§nb Xangv \mSI I¼-\n-IÄ Kpte_¡m-h-en, ]mÀkn efn-Xmw-Kn, tImh-e³ Ncn-Xw, \Ã-X-¦mÄ F¶o \mS-I-§ÄAh-X-cn-̧ n-̈ p. tIc-f-̄ nsâ hS-¡³ {]tZ-i-§-fnÂ IÀWm-S-I-̄ nÂ \n¶pÅ \mS-I-I-¼-\n-Ifpw \mS-I-§Ä Ah-X-cn-̧ n-̈ n-cp-¶p. lpºn hoc-®sâ kZm-cm-a AXnÂ {][m-\-am-Wv. Ch-bv¡p-mb kzm[o-\X Xan-gv\m-S-I-§sf A\p-I-cn¨v ae-bmf kwKo-X-\m-S-I-§Ä cNn-¡p-hm³{]tNm-Z-\-am-bn. sI kn tIi-h-]n-Å-bpsS kZm-cma F¶ ae-bmf kwKo-X-\m-S-I-amWv CXnÂBZy-t¯-Xv. kmln-Xy-Kp-W-̄ nepw kwKo-X-Kp-W-¯nepw Cu \mSIw kwKo-X-\m-S-I-§-fpsSIq«-̄ nÂ anI-hp-ä-Xm-Wv. Sn kn ANyp-X-ta-t\msâ kwKoX ss\j[w, Fcp-h-bnÂ N{I-]mWnhmcn-b-cpsS lcn-Ý{µ NcnXw, cpÜmw-KZ Ncn-Xw, hÅn-b-½mÄ Ncn-Xw F¶o \mS-I§fpwsIm¨o-̧ ³ Xc-Isâ adn-bm½m \mS-Ihpw kwKo-X-\m-S-I-§-fpsS a«n-emWv Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-«-Xv.hS-¡³ tIc-f-̄ nÂ hnZzm³ ]n tIfp-\m-b-cpw, Ip«-a¯v Ihn-Ifpw Cu taJ-e-bnÂ {]i-kvX-cm-bn-cp-¶p. tZiob kzmX{´y ka-c-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« ]cm-aÀi-§Ä kwKo-X-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bn-te¡v sImp-h-¶Xv tIfp-\m-b-cm-Wv. ]mZpI ]«m-`n-tj-Iw \mS-I-amWv CXnÂ {]tXyIw ]cm-aÀin-t¡--Xv. tIc-f-¯nse PmXn-hy-h-Ø-s¡-Xnsc ]m¡-\mÀ NcnXw F¶ \mS-IhpwAt±lw cNn-̈ p. alm-Ihn Ip«-a-̄ nsâ kwKo-X-\m-S-I-amWv _me-tKm-]m-e³. 1882 Â tIc-f-hÀa hen-b-tIm-bn-̄ -¼p-cmsâ A`n-Úm-\-im-Ip-´fw XÀPa Xncp-h-«mÀ \mcm-b-W-̧ nÅ F¶\Ssâ t\Xr-Xz-̄ nÂ at\m-tam-l\w \mS-I-I-¼\nbmWv Ah-X-cn-̧ n¨Xv. 1930 Â kzman {_Ò-{h-X³ Ipam-c-\m-imsâ IcpW F¶ Imhyw kwKo-X-\m-S-I-am¡n Ah-X-cn-¸n-̈ -Xv tIc-f-̄ n-ep-S-\ofw {i²n-¡-s¸-«p.



IÃqÀ D½³ ^nent¸mkv sjbvIvkv]nbÀ IrXnbnÂ\n¶v ]cn`mjs¸Sp¯nbBÄamdm«amWv (tImaUn H^v Ftdgvkv) aebmf¯nse BZy\mSI hnhÀ¯\ IrXnsb¶vIcpXp¶p (1866). tIcfhÀ½ henbtImbn¯¼pcmsâ A`nÚm\imIp´fw (Imfn-Zm-k³)hnhÀ¯\s¯ cmat¯Xmbpw IW¡m¡p¶p. 1882Â {]IminXambimIp´fhnhÀ¯\¯n\p ap¼v tIcf¯nÂ \mSIw F¶t]cnÂ Adnbs¸«ncp¶Xv Xangv\m«nÂ \n¶pw tIcf¯nÂ h¶v AhXcn¸n¨ncp¶ kwKoX\mSI§fmbncp¶p.kmlnXytemI¯v N{IhÀ¯n]Zw Ae¦cn¨ncp¶ tIcfhÀ½bpsShnhÀ¯\]cn{iaw Cu ZnibnÂ {]hÀ¯n¡phm³ aebmfnIfmb kmlnXyImc·msct{]cn¸n¨p.kwkvIrX¯nÂ\n¶p hnhÀ¯\w sNbvX Cu IrXn hfscb[nIw BkzmZIsck¼mZn¨p.

]n¶oSv H«\h[n kwkvIrX \mSI hnhÀ¯\§fpw kzX{´ \mSIIrXnIfpw]pd¯nd§nsb¦nepw ]eXpw cwK¯v AhXcn¸n¨ncp¶nÃ. kwkvIrX¯nÂ \n¶vamfhnImKv\nan{Xw, hn{ItamÀhiobw, ameXoam[hw, NmcpZ¯w, kz]v\hmkhZ¯w,]©cm{Xw, A`ntjI\mSIw, AhnamcIw, a[yahymtbmKw, thWokwlmcw, arÑISnIw,cXv\mhen, \mKm\µw XpS§nb \mSI§Ä aebmf¯nte¡v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿s¸«p.CwKvfojnÂ \n¶v Nne sjbvIvkv]nbÀ IrXnIfpw t]mÀjym kzbwhcw, Ieln\oZa\Iw,enbÀ \mSIw, kp\µmkckhocw, lmwseäv, sh\oknse hym]mcn, hmkńImkz]v\wF¶o t]cpIfnÂ aebmf¯nse¯n. H¸w kmaqlnI{]iv\§Ä AhXcn¸n¡p¶aebmf¯ntâXmb \mSI§fpw {]lk\§fpw ]s¯m¼Xmw \qämns\mSphnÂ{]Xy£s¸«p. N{µnIm\mSnI (Ipªn¡p«³ X¼pcm³ - 1891); F{_mb¡p«n (I¯nÂhÀKokv am¸nf - 1893); a¯hnemkw (kn.hn. - 1893); N¡oN¦cw (ap³jn cma¡pdp¸v - 1894)F¶nhbmbncp¶p Ah.

hni-Z-]-T-\-¯n\v1. CuUn-̧ kv cmPmhv. tkmt^m-¢okv

hnhÀ¯\w kn sP tXmakv{Ko¡v \mSIw

e`y-amb sXfn-hp-IÄ sh¨v temI-̄ nse Gähpw BZys¯ \mSIthZn {InkvXphn\pap³]v 534 Â GY³knÂ \S¶ncp¶ Zpc´\mSI aÕcam-Wv. B \mSIaÕc§fnsehnPbnbmbncp¶ sXkv]nkv BWv Adnbs¸«n«pÅXnÂ h¨v BZys¯ \S\pw\mSIIr¯pw. GY³knse At{Imt]mfoknse UtbmWnkkv Xn¿ädnÂ h¨mbncp¶p{Ko¡pImÀ \mSI§Ä AhXcn¸n¨ncp¶Xv. Cu UtbmWnkknÂ 14000 t]À¡v \mSIwImWm³ kuIcyw Dmbncp¶p. ChnsS A`n\bn¡p¶ thZnsb HmÀ¡kv{S F¶mWv-hnfn¨ncp¶Xv. {Ko¡v \mSI§sf {][m\ambpw aq¶v Xc¯nÂ hn`Pn¨ncn¡p¶p.Zpc´\mSIw({SmPUn), Bt£]lmky \mSIw (skä-bÀ), ip`mý \mSIw(tImaUn)F¶nhbmWv- Ah. CXnÂ Zpc´\mSI§fmWv hninãamb \mSIcq]ambn IcpXs¸«ph¶Xv

CukvInekv, tkmt^mIvfokv, bqdn¸nUnkv, Acnkvtäm^\nkv XpS§nbAhnkvacWobcmb \mSIIr¯p¡fpsS km¶n[yw {]mNo\ bh\ \mSIthZnsb\mSIIebpsSbpw kmlnXy¯nsâbpw kÀhImeamXrIbm¡n. {]mNo\ {KoknÂ{SmPUnIfpw tImaUnIfpw Hcpt]mse t{]mÕml\amÀPn¡pIbpw hnIkn¡pIbpwsNbvsX¦nepw {SmPUnIfmWv ]nev¡me¯v IqSpXÂ kamZcWob§fmbn¯oÀ¶Xv.{Ko¡p{SmPUnIÄ hnhn[ cq]§fnÂ ]nev¡me \mSIkmlnXys¯ kzm[o\n¨n«pv.s]mbänIvkv F¶ AXn{][m\amb {KÙw cNn¨ Acnkvtäm«nÂ F¶ bh\NnÍ³{SmPUnbnse CXnhr¯§Ä¡mWv ]ca{]m[m\yw Iev]n¡p¶Xv. {SmPUnbnse aq¶pXcwsFIyw AXy´mt]£nXamsW¶v Acnkvtäm«nÂ {]kvXmhn¨n«pv. kabw kw_Ôn¨sFIyw BWv AhbnÂ H¶mat¯Xv. cmat¯Xv Øe]camb sFIyamWv. ap¶mat¯Xv{Inbmwi¯nsâ sFIyw.

]mÝmXy \mSI Ncn-{X-¯nse F¡m-e-s¯bpw anI¨ Zpc-́ -\m-SIamWv CuUn-̧ kvcmPm-hv. {Ko¡v \mS-I-Ir-¯mb tkmt^m-¢okv BWv CXv cNn-̈ -Xv. _n kn 465 Â GX³kn-\-Sp-̄ pÅ sImtfm-k-kn-emWv tkmt^m-¢okv P\n-¨-Xv. bphm-hm-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ Xs¶ Iem-cw-K¯v {]th-in-¨p. _n kn 480 Â t]Àjy-¡m-tcmSv hnP-bn¨ {Ko¡p-ImÀ BtLm-j-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS `mK-ambn \S-̄ nb \rt¯m-Õh¯nÂ tkmt^m-¢okv {][m\ Iem-Im-c-\mbn ]s¦-Sp-¯p. tkmt^m-¢okv cNn¨ Ggp \mS-I-§-fnÂ Gähpw {]kn-²-amb aqs¶®w CuUn-¸kv



cmPm-hv, CuUn-̧ kv sImtfm-W-knÂ, Bân-KWn F¶n-h-bm-Wv. kn sP tXmakv BWv Cu\mSIw ae-bm-f-̄ n-te¡v hnhÀ¯\w sNbvX-Xv. tkmt^m-¢o-knsâ \mS-I-̄ n\v thsdbpwae-bm-f-hn-hÀ¯-\-§-fp-m-bn-«p-s-¦nepw kn sP bpsS hnhÀ¯\w AXnsâ `mjm-]-c-ambiàn-sImpw kzm`m-hn-I-X-sImpw {it²-b-am-Wv.

kn sP tXmakv (1918 þ 1960)Iq¯m-«p-Ip-f¯p P\n¨ kn sP tXmakv AÑsâ B{K-l-{]-Imcw bmtIm-_mb k`m-

]p-tcm-ln-X-\m-Im\mWv Hcp-§n-b-sX-¦nepw hnip-²-hkv{Xw Xnc-kvI-cn¨v \mS-I-cw-K¯v kPo-h-am-hp-I-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv. \mS-I-im-kv{X-s¯-Ip-dn-¨pÅ \ncq-]-W-§Ä, hntZ-i-\m-S-I-§-fpsS XÀP-a-IÄ, kzX-{´-\m-S-I-§Ä F¶n-§s\ aq¶v taJ-e-I-fn-emWv ae-bmf¯n\v kn sP bpsSkw`m-h-\-IÄ. Db-cp¶ bh-\nI (1950) BWv \mS-I-\n-cq-]-W-§-fnÂ {]ap-J-am-b-Xv. ]mÝmXy\mS-I-th-Zn-bnse ]pXnb ]co-£-W-§Ä ae-bm-f-¯n\v ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶-XnÂ kn. sP ]¦p-h-ln-̈ p. Ch³ Fsâ {]nb-]p-{X³, [n¡m-cn-bpsS ImXÂ F¶o {KÙ-§Ä kmlnXy þ kmaq-lnI cwK-§-fnÂ NÀ¨m-hn-j-b-am-bn. Ah³ hopw hcp-¶p, 1128 Â ss{Iw 27, item-an, Ba\p-jy³ \o Xs¶, hnj-hr-£w F¶n-h-bmWv {]kn² \mS-I-§Ä. 1128 Â ss{Iw 27 ae-bm-f-¯nse BZy ]co-£W \mS-I-ambn Adn-b-s -̧Sp-¶p. {Ko¡v {SmP-Un-Isf ae-bm-f-̄ n\v ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-̄ pI F¶ e£y-t¯msS Bân-K-Wn, CuUn-̧ kv, enkn-kv{Smä XpS-§nb \mS-I-§ÄhnhÀ¯\w sNbvXp. B[p-\nI \mS-I-̄ nsâ ]nXm-hmb C_vsk³ sâ Z tKmÌv F¶\mSIw `qXw F¶ t]cn-emWv hnhÀ¯\w sNbvX-Xv. tamfn-tb-bpsS ]nip-¡sâ Ieym-Ww,Nm¸Iv ktlm-Z-c-·m-cpsS IoS-P-·w F¶n-hbpw kn sP bpsS hnhÀ¯\ \mS-I-§-fnÂ s]Sp-¶p.

Acn-tÌm-«nÂ Xsâ \mS-I-hn-i-I-e-\-̄ n\v amXr-I-bmbn kzoI-cn-̈ Xv tkmt^m-¢o-knsâ CuUn-̧ kv cmPmhv F¶ \mS-I-s¯-bm-Wv.

Zpc´\mSI k¦Â]wFÃm {Ko¡v Zpc´\mSI§fpw an¯pIsf ASnØm\am¡n cNn¡s¸«n«pÅh

bmbncp¶p. AXnse tI{µIYm]m{Xw BZymhkm\w H¶n\p]ndtI H¶mbn Zpc´§fmÂth«bmSs¸Sp¶h\mbncp¶p. km[mcW a\pjytc¡mÄ {]mKev`yhpwkz`mhsshinãyhpapÅ hyànIÄ X§fpsS kz`mh¯nepÅ GsX¦nepsamcp ZuÀ_eyw(slÀtajy) aqew ]cmPbs¸SpIbpw ]cnlmkycmbn¯ocpIbpw AhcpsS PohnXw]qÀWamb XIÀ¨bnÂ Iemin¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ IYbmWv {SmPUnbnÂNn{XoIcn¡mdpmbncp¶Xv. CuUn¸kv cmPmhnsâ IYbmWv D¯tamZmlcWw. {Ko¡vZpc´ \mSI§fnÂ Hcp-k-a-b¯v thZnbnÂ aq¶v {][m\ A`nt\Xm¡Ä am{XtaDmbncp¶pÅq. Hmtcm IYm]m{X§Ä¡v A\pkcn¨v Cu A`nt\Xm¡Ä apJwaqSnAWnbpIbmbncp¶p ]Xnhv. am{XhpaÃ \mSI§fnÂ kv{XoIÄ¡p]Icw ]pcpj·mÀ kv{Xothj¯nÂ A`n\bn¡pIbmbncp¶p. Zpc´ \mSI§Ä Iv hnImcXcfnXcmbn¯ocp¶t{]£IcpsS lrZb§fnÂ hnImchntcN\w (I¯mÀknkv) \S¡p¶p F¶mWv{SmPUnIsf hymJym\n¨psImv {KÙsagpXnb Acnkvtäm«nÂ tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«pÅXv.

CukvIn-ekv BWv {Ko¡nÂ Pohn-̈ n-cp¶ BZy Zpc-́ -\m-S-Ir¯v. asämcpZpc´\mSIIr¯mbncp¶ tkmt^m¢okv {In.ap. 465 þÂ GY³knÂ P\n¨p.CukvInekns\ At]£n¨v \mSILS\bnepw hnImk¯nepw \mSIm´y¯nepwanI¨hbmbncp¶p tkmt^m¢okn³sd \mSI§Ä. tkmt^m¢okmWv- thZnbnÂIYm]{X§fpsS F®w cnÂ \n¶pw aq¶m¡n DbÀ¯nbXv. Ct±l¯n³sd Gähpw{]kn²amb Zpc´\mSIamWv CuUn¸kv cmPmhv. hpa¬ Hm^v {Sm¡okv, Ce{Îm, ^ntemIssääkv, APmIvkv XpS§nbh tkmt^m¢oknsâ aäp {][m\ \mS§Ä. {In.ap. 480 - IfnÂP\n¨ asämcp {Ko¡v Zpc´\mSIIr¯mbncp¶p bqdn¸nsUkv. kzm`mhnIX Bbncp¶pAt±l¯n³sd \mSI§Ä¡pÅ {][m\ KpWw. a\ximkv{X]camb kao]\¯neqsSt{]£Isc ckn¸n¡m³ At±l¯nsâ \mSI§Ä¡v Ignªncp¶p. aoUnb, AÂskÌnkv,lnt¸msseävkv, B³s{Uma¡n, Ctbm¬, sskt¢m]vkv F¶nhbmWv- bqdn¸nsUkn³sd{][m\ \mSI§Ä.

CukvInekv, tkmt^m¢okv, bqdn¸nsUkv F¶nhÀ {Ko¡v \mSI¯nse{XnaqÀ¯nIÄ F¶v Adnbs¸Sp¶p.



CuUn-¸kv cmPm-hnsâ ]qÀh-IYXn_vknse cmPm-hmb teb-kn\v k´m-\-̀ m-Ky-ap-m-Im-̄ n-\mÂ UÂ^n-t£-{X-̄ nse

shfn-̈ -̧ m-Smb Hdm-¡n-fns\ kao-]n¨v A\p-{Klw tXSp-¶p. F¶mÂ AÑs\ sIm¶v A½sbhnhm-lw-I-gn-¡p¶ i]n-¡-s¸« ]p{Xsâ ]nXm-hm-Im-\m-Ws{X cmPm-hnsâ hn[n. Xma-kn-bmsX]p{X³ P\n-̈ p. P\n-̈ -bp-Ss\ B ss]X-ensâ Imep-I-fnÂ Ba-an«v In¯-tdm¬ Ip¶n³sNcp-hn-ep-t]-£n-¡m³ Hcp ]«m-f-¡m-cs\ GÂ]n-¨p. hn[nsb amäm-\m-hn-Ã-tÃm. Ip«n-bnÂIcpW tXm¶nb ]«m-f-¡m-c³ Ahs\ Hcp ]c-tZ-in¡p \ÂIn. a¡-fn-Ãm¯ sImdn-´nsecmPm-hmb s]mfn-_-kn\v Ip«nsb ssIam-dp-I-bmWv ]c-tZin sNbvX-Xv. IW-¦m-ep-IÄ ho§n-bn-cp-¶-Xn-\mÂ CuUn-̧ kv (s]cp-¦m-e³) F¶ t]cn«v Ahs\ cmPmhv sIm«m-c-̄ nÂhfÀ¯n.

Ime-§Ä \o§n. CuUn-̧ kv bphm-hm-bn. sIm«m-c-̄ nse hncp-¶n-\n-S-bnÂ IpSn¨pe¡p-sI« Hcp hncp-¶p-Im-c³ CuUn-̧ kv s]mfn-_-knsâ hfÀ¯p-]p-{X³ am{X-am-sW¶kXyw hnfn-¨p-]-d-ªp. `b-¶p-t]mb CuUn-¸kv kXyw tXSn UÂ^n-bn-te¡p bm{X-bm-bn.AÑs\ sIm¶v A½sb thÄ¡p¶ i]n-¡-s¸« IpªmWv Xms\¶v a\-Ên-em-¡nb At±lwsImdn-́ n-te¡p aS-§msX t\sc Xn_vkns\ e£y-am¡n \S-¶p. \S-¶p-\-S¶v UÂ^n¡pwZuf-tÊ-¡p-an-S-bnÂ ]ncn-bp¶ ]mX-bn-se-̄ n. hgn-am-dn-s¡m-Sp-̄ p-sh-¦nepw ]Ã-¡nÂ Fgp-s¶-Ån-bhcp¶ {]`p-hnsâ AI-¼-Sn-¡m-c-\mb sldmÄUv AIm-c-W-ambn CuUn-̧ -kns\ ASn-̈ p.CuUn-̧ kv Xncn-̈ -Sn-̈ p. ]Ã-¡n-en-cp¶ {]`phpw CuUn-̧ -kns\ ASn-¡m³ XpS-§n. CuUn-̧ kvtZjyw aq¯v {]`p-hn-s\bpw AI-¼-Sn-¡m-scbpw hI-h-cp-̄ n. Hcp-h³ am{Xw c£-s -̧«p.CuUn-̧ kv \S¶p Xo_vkn-t\m-S-Sp-̄ -t¸mÄ a\p-jy-kv{Xo-bpsS Xebpw knwl-̄ nsâ DS-ep-apÅ hnNn{X P´p-hmb kv^nwKvkv At±-ls¯ t\cn-«p. Xsâ tNmZy-̄ n-\p-̄ cw ]d-bmsXapt¶m-«p-\o-§m-\m-hn-sÃ¶v `oj-Wn-s -̧Sp-̄ nb kv^nwKvkn\v D¯cw \ÂIm³ At±lw X¿m-dm-bn. tNmZy-an-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. cmhnse \mep-Im-enep D¨¡v cp-Im-enepw sshIp-¶cw aq¶p-Im-enepw \S-¡p-¶-Xmcv F¶ tNmZy-̄ n\v a\p-jy³ F¶ D¯cw tI«-tXmsS kv^nwKvkv Ah-km-\n-̈ p. CuUn-̧ kv Xo_vkn-se-̄ n. cmPm-hsâ A`m-h-̄ nÂ Ipg-̧ -§Ä ImWn-̈ n-cp¶kv^nwKvkns\ Ah-km-\n-¸n¨ CuUn-̧ -kns\ Xo_vkp-ImÀ c£-Im-\m-bmWv kzoI-cn-¨-Xv.BZyw cmPyhpw ]n¶oSv tbm¡mÌm dmWn-sbbpw AhÀ CuUn-̧ -kn\v \ÂIn BZ-cn-¨p.

Chn-sS-ap-X-emWv tkm^vtfm-¡o-knsâ CuUn-̧ kv \mSIw Bcw-̀ n-¡p-¶-Xv.kpJ-km-{µ-amb \nc-h[n hk-́ -§Ä ]n¶n-«-tijw cmPy¯v alm-tcm-K-§Ä ]SÀ¶p-

]n-Sn-¡m³ XpS-§n. kv{XoIÄ Nm¸n-Å-Isf s]äp. ]pcp-j³amÀ s]mSp-¶s\ hoWp-a-cn-̈ p.I¶-Im-en-IÄ Ip¶n³ sNcp-hp-I-fnÂ Ns¯m-Sp-§n. P\-§Ä `b-hn-lz-e-cm-bn. \mSnsâ Zpcn-X-¯n-\pÅ Imc-W-a-dn-bm³ `mcym-k-tlm-Z-c-\mb t{Ibs\ CuUn-̧ kv ZÂ^n-bn-te-¡-b-̈ p.teb-Êns\ sIm¶-bmÄ \m«n-eps¶pw Ahs\ Is¯n sIm¶p-I-f-bp-Itbm \mSp-I-S-̄ p-Itbm sN¿msX Zpcn-X-§Ä \o§p-I-bn-sÃ¶pw shfn-̈ -̧ mSp IÂ]n-¨p. sIme-bm-fnsb Ip-]n-Sn¨p {]Xn-Imcw sN¿p-sa¶v CuUn-̧ kv P\-§Ä¡p ap¼nÂ {]Xn-Ú-sb-Sp-̄ p. P·\mAÔ\pw {Xntem-I-Úm-\n-bp-amb sSbvtd-kn-b-Êns\ £Wn-¨p-h-cp¯n D]-tZiw tXSnbCuUn-̧ -kn-t\mSv sIme-bm-fnsb IqSp-XÂ At\z-jn¨v h³ B]¯v £Wn-̈ p-h-cp-t¯F¶m-bn-cp¶p At±lw ]d-ª-Xv. ]t£. P\-§Ä¡p \ÂInb hmKvZm\w ]men-¡m³ _²-s¸« CuUn-̧ kv sSbvtd-Ên-b-Êns\ Ipä-s¸-Sp-̄ p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. \nhr-̄ n-bn-ÃmsX h¶At±lw CuUn-̧ -knsâ PmXIw hmbn-̈ p. AtXmsS AÑ\p aI\mbpw sIme-bm-fn-bmbpwA½bv¡v aI-\mbpw `À¯mhpw a¡Ä¡p AÑ-\mbpw ktlm-Z-c-\mbpw {]h-Nn-¡-s¸«- CuUn-¸kv Xs¶-bmWv \mSnsâ Zpcn-X-§Ä¡v Imc-W-¡m-c-\m-sW-¶-Xp-IqSn sXfn-bp-¶-tXmsSZpc´w ]qÀ¯n-bm-Ip-¶p. hmÀ[-Iy-̄ nÂ In¯-tdm¬ Ip¶n³sN-cp-hnÂ NmIm-\mWv Xsâhn[n-sb¶v At±lw Xncn-̈ -dn-bp-¶p. AtX-k-abw sImdn-́ nÂ \n¶v Hcp ZqX³ h¶v s]mfn-_kv acn-̈ -Xmbpw P\-§Â CuUn-̧ -kns\ cmPm-hm-¡m³ Xocp-am-\n-̈ -Xmbpw DÅ hnhcwAdn-bn-¡p-¶p.

im]w t]dp¶ Xm³ C\n sIdn-́ n-te-¡n-sÃ¶v CuUn-̧ kv Xd-̧ n¨p ]d-ªp. hÀj-§Ä¡p-ap¼v I -̄tdm¬ Ip¶nÂ sImdn-́ ysâ I¶p-Im-en-Isf ta¨n-cp-¶-t¸mÄ Xo_vkp-Im-c-\mb Hcp CS-b³ X\n-s¡mcp B¬Ip-ªns\ Zm\w \ÂIn-sb¶pw Ah-\mWv bphm-hmbCuUn-s¸-sÊ¶pw ZqX³ hni-Zo-I-cn-¨-t¸mÄ B CS-bs\ Xnc-ªp-]n-Sn¨v lmP-cm-¡m-\mbnCuUn-̧ -Ênsâ {iaw. Xo_vkn-te¡p hcp-¶-hgn BI-kva-In-I-ambn Xm³ Hcp CS-{]-̀ p-hp-ambnCS-ªXpw At±-l-s¯bpw Iq«m-fn-I-sfbpw h[n-̈ Xpw AXn\p Imc-W-amb kml-N-cyhpwCuUn-̧ kv tbm¡-Ìbv¡p hnh-cn-̈ p-sIm-Sp-̄ p. tebkv GXmv CuUn-¸-Ênsâ AtX Ñmb-bp-Å-h-\m-sW¶v dmWn hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I-IqSn sNbvXp. F¦nepw ]mc-¼-cy-s¯-¡p-dn¨v C§s\Npgn-ª-t\z-jn-¡p-¶Xv kam-[m\w sISp-̄ p-Itb sN¿p-I-bpÅq F¶v tbm¡mÌ D]-tZ-in-¨p. F¶mÂ `mcy-bpsS D]-tZiw CuUn-̧ kv hne-s¡-Sp-̄ n-Ã.



CS-b³ sIm«m-c-̄ n-te¡v B\-bn-¡-s -̧«p. Ah³ clkyw shfn-s -̧Sp-¯p-hm³ Iq«m-¡n-bn-Ã. aÀ±\w kln-¡m-\m-hmsX h¶-t¸mÄ ]d-bm-sa-¶m-bn. Ip«n teb-Ên-tâ-Xm-sW¶vk½-Xn-̈ p. ]t£, Ip«nsb Xs¶ GÂ¸n-̈ Xv cmÚn-bm-sW¶pw shfn-s -̧Sp-̄ n. _m¡n-sbms¡ kz´w `mcy-tbmSv tNmZn¨p a\-Ên-em-¡-W-sa¶v A`yÀYn-¨p. ad-¨p-sh-¡m-\m-hm¯hn[w kXyw shfn-s¸«t¸mÄ tbm¡mÌ \ne-hn-fn¨v InS-̧ -d-bn-te-t¡m-Sn. sI«n-̄ q§n Bß-l-Xy-sN-bvXp. ]ndsI HmSn-h¶ CuUn-¸kv IXIv Nhp-«n-s¸m-fn¨v AI-̄ p-I-S¶v hmfp-sImvIb-À apdn¨v `mcysb \ne-̄ p-In-S-̄ n. At¸m-tg¡pw AhÀ acn-̈ n-cp-¶p. B Zpc-́ -\m-b-I³`mcy-bmb A½sb Iptd-t\cw t\m¡n-bn-cp-¶p. ]ns¶, s]s«¶v AZr-iy-amb GtXm iàn-bm-bmÂ Iog-S-¡-s¸«v tbm¡m-Ì-bpsS DSp-̧ p-S-h-bnse ]n¶v Ducn-sb-Sp¯v kz´w I®nÂIp¯n-bn-d-¡n. Hcp ]pcp-j³ sN¿m³ Acp-Xm-¯-sXÃmw sNbvXp-t]mb Rm³ `qan-bnseImWm³ sImÅm-hp-¶-sXm¶pw ImWm³ sImÅ-cp-Xm-̄ -h-\m-sW¶v hne-]n¨v hopwhopw I®v Ip¯n-s¸m-«n-̈ p. I®nÂ \n¶ Hen-¨n-d-§nb càw apJ¯v hmÀs¶m-gp-In.CuUn-̧ -Êns\ I P\-§Ä `b¶v HmSn-a-d-ªp. Afn-b³ t{Ib³ h¶v CuUn-̧ -Êns\ Ac-a-\-bn-te¡v Iq«n-s¡m-p-t]m-Ip-¶-tXmsS \mSIw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.\mS-I-kw-{Klw

]qÀhm¦w Bcw-̀ n-¡p-¶Xv \ne-hn-fn-I-tfm-sS-bm-Wv. Zpc-́ -\m-S-I-§-fpsS s]mXp-hmb{]tXyIXI-fn-sem-¶m-Wn-Xv. Xo_vknse alm-Zp-cn-X-̄ nÂ hiw-sI« P\-§-fpsS \ne-hn-fn-bmWv CuUn-̧ kv \mS-I-¯nepw BZyw ImWp-¶-Xv. CuUn-̧ kv P\-§sf A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. P\-§Ä t\cn« Zpcn-X-̄ nÂ \n¶v Ahsc Ic-I-b-äp-sa¶v CuUn-̧ kv hmKvZm\w\ÂIp-¶p. At¸mÄ {Intbm¬ {]th-in-¡p-¶p. Cu a®nÂ ]nd-¶v, Cua-®nÂ ]peÀ¶v Cua®ns\ sISp¯p If-bp¶ Hcp \oN-h-kvXp-hns\ ]pd-̄ p-I-f-bmsX cmPy-¯nsâ kam-[m\w]p\-Øm-]n-¡-s -̧SnÃ F¶ shfn-̈ -̧ m-Snsâ hnhcw AbmÄ ssIam-dp-¶p. CuUn-̧ kv Xo_vkn-te¡p hcp-¶-Xn-\p-ap¼v Ahn-sS-bp-m-bn-cp¶ cmPm-hmb ebq-knsâ sIme-]m-X-In-bmWv B\oN-h-kvXp-sh¶v shfn-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶p-apv {Intbm¬. ebq-knsâ ac-Ws¯ kw_-Ôn¨vAhÀ¡v Hcphn-h-chpw CÃm-bn-cp-¶p. XoÀY-bm-{X-¡n-S-bnÂ sImÃ-s¸-«-Xm-sW¶p am{Xw Adn-bmw. sIm¶-Xm-cm-sWt¶m Fhn-sS-sh-¨m-sWt¶m am{Xw AdnªnÃ. sIme-]m-X-Insb Is-¯p-sa¶v Ahn-sS-sh¨v CuUn-̧ kv {]Xn-Ú-sb-Sp-¡p-¶p.cwKw H¶v

cwKw H¶v Bcw-̀ n-¡p-¶Xv CuUn-̧ Ênsâ {]`m-j-W-t¯m-sS-bm-Wv. sIme-]m-XIn P\-§-fnse Bsc-¦n-ep-am-sW-¦nÂ h¶v Iog-S-§m³ At±lw \nÀtZ-in-¡p-¶p. "Cu BÚsbAh-K-Wn-¡p-¶-hsc tZh³amÀ i]n-¡-s«, AhÀ¡v `qan Duj-chpw kv{XoIÄ hÔy-IfpwXn_vknse Zpcn-X-§-sf-¡mfpw henb Zpcn-X-§fpw Dm-Is«' F¶v CuUn-̧ kv i]n-¡p-¶p.Xsâ AÑ-s\-t¸mse At±-ls¯ Xm³ Icp-Xp-¶p-sh¶pw CuUn-̧ kv BW-bn-Sp-¶p-v.bYmÀY-̄ nÂ Cu im]w sN¶-̄ p-¶Xv CuUn-¸ÊnÂ Xs¶-bm-sW-¶-XmWv Zpc-́ w. ]t£,P\-§-fn-sem-cmfpw Ipäw Gsä-Sp-¡m³ X¿m-dm-bn-Ã. Úm\nbpw AÔ-\p-amb Xntd-kn-bm-Êns\ sIm«m-c-̄ n-te¡v CuUn-̧ kv B\-bn-¡p-¶p. "hnthIw kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. ]t£,hnthIw {]tbm-P-\-s -̧Sm-̄ n-S¯v hnthIn hyk-\n-¡p-¶p. Chn-tS¡v htc--Xn-Ãm-bn-cp¶p'F¶mWv Xntd-kn-bm-knsâ adp-]-Sn. X\n¡v cl-ky-a-dn-bm-sa¶pw ]t£, ]d-bn-sÃ-¶p-am-bn-cp¶p B Úm\n-bpsS \ne-]m-Sv. AXv CuUn-̧ Êns\ tIm]m-Ip-e-\m-¡p-¶p. AbmÄ IÅ-\m-sW¶pw sIme-]m-X-In-bnÂ\n¶v ssI¡q-en-hm-M-Mn-bn-«p-s¶pw hsc CuUn-̧ kv Btcm-]n-¡p-¶p. HSp-hnÂ KXy-́ -c-an-ÃmsX Xtd-kn-bm-kn\v C§s\ ]d-tb-n-h-¶p. "" A§v {]Jym-]n¨ B im]w hoWn-cn-¡p-¶Xv A§-bpsS inc-ÊnÂ Xs¶-bm-Wv. Cu cmPys¯ Xop¶B i]vX-hkvXp A§m-Wv. A§p-X-s¶-bmWv'' CXp-tI«v CuUn-̧ kv A´m-fn-¡p-¶p. CuUn-¸kv kwi-bw-XoÀ¡m³ hopw tNmZn-s¨-¦nepw B sIme-bmfn Xm³X-s¶-bmWv F¶vBhÀ¯n-¡p-I-bmWv Xntd-kn-bmkv sNbvX-Xv. am{X-aÃ CuUn-̧ -Ênsâ Zm¼Xyw ]m]-]-¦n-e-am-sW¶ kXyw-IqSn Xtd-kn-bmkv Xpd-¶p-]-d-bp-¶p. XIÀ¶p-t]mb CuUn-̧ kv XnXtd-kn-bm-kns\ Ipä-s¸-Sp¯n kzbw kam-[m-\n-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶p. am{X-aÃ CXv Afn-b-\mb {Intbm-Wnsâ D]-Nm-]-amtWm F¶p-hsc CuUn-̧ kv ktµ-ln-¡p-¶p-v. Xs¶ Iogvs¸-Sp-̄ m³ h¶knw^n-kn-s\-t¸mse b£n-bmWv Cu {XnIm-e-Úm-\n-bmb Xntd-kn-bmkv F¶p-hsc At±lwA]-l-kn-¡p-¶p. HSp-hnÂ Xntd-kn-bmkv CuUn-¸-kn-t\mSv ISp-̄ -̀ m-j-bn-emWv kwkm-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. a®n-\-Sn-bnepw apI-fn-ep-apÅ (acn-̈ -h-cpw Pohn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶-h-cpw) kz´w cà-t¯mSvt{Zmlw-sN-bvX-h-\mWv CuUn-̧ kv F¶v AbmÄ {]Jym-]n-¡p-¶p. kz´w A½-bp-sSbpw AÑ-sâbpw im]w Cu temI-̄ nÂ \n¶v Xs¶ Xq¯p-I-f-bp-sa¶v AbmÄ {]h-Nn-¡p-¶p.



"sXfnª I®p-IÄ A¶v Ipcp-p-t]m-Ipw.' F¶v B Úm\n CuUn-¸-kns\ i]n-¡p-¶p.Xntd-kn-bm-kn-t\mSv sIm«m-c-̄ nÂ \n¶v Cd-§n-t¸m-Im³ Akz-Ø-\mb CuUn-̧ kv BÚm-]n-¡p-¶p. "C¶v A§-bpsS P·-Zn-\-am-Wv, ac-W-\m-gn-Ibpw' F¶ ap¶-dn-bn¸v \ÂIn-s¡m-mWv Xntd-kn-bmÊv Xncn-̈ p-t]m-Ip-¶-Xv. AtXmsS H¶mw cwKw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.cwKw cv

{Itbm-Wnsâ kw`m-j-W-t¯m-sS-bmWv cwKw Bcw-̀ n-¡p-¶-Xv. CuUn-̧ kv X¶n-em-tcm-]n¨ Ipäw tIhew Ahm-kvX-hw -am-{X-am-sW¶v AbmÄ P\-§-tfmSv BW-bn-Sp-¶p. Ahn-tS¡vIS-¶p-h¶ CuUn-̧ kv {Itbm¬ X\n-s¡-Xnsc KqVm-tem-N\ \S¯n F¶ Btcm-]WwISp¯ `mj-bnÂ BhÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. AbmÄ {Itbm-Wnsâ ]nXm-hnsâ ac-W-s¯-¡p-dn¨vtNmZyw sN¿p-¶p. A¶v CtX Xntd-kn-bmÊv Pohn-̈ n-cp-¶n«pw F´p-sImv Xsâ t]cv ]d-ªnÃ F¶ tNmZy-̄ n\v {Intbm-Wn\v adp-]-Sn-bp-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. AhÀX-½nÂ hg-¡p-m-Ip-¶p. Xsâ \nc-]-cm-[nXzw sXfn-bn-¡m-\m-ImsX {Intbm¬ Ipg-§p-¶-Xn-\n-S-bnÂ Ahn-tS¡vCuUn-̧ -Ênsâ `mcy-bm-bn-am-dnb cmÚn {]th-in-¡p-¶p. shdpsX hg-¡-Sn-¡-cp-sX¶pw{Intbm¬ ]d-bp-¶-XmWv icn-sb-¶p-am-bn-cp¶p tbm¡m-kvXm-bpsS ]£w. AtXmsS CuUn-¸kv XWp-¡p-¶p. tIm]-̄ nepw im´-X-bn-ep-apÅ CuUn-̧ -Ênsâ Cu AXn-ssh-Im-cn-I-X-bmWv At±-l-̄ nsâ Zpc-´-Im-c-W-sa¶v {Intbm¬ kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶p-v. {Intbm¬ t]mb-tijw CuUn-̧ kv dmWn-bp-ambn kwkm-cn-¡th Xsâ `À¯m-hn-\p-mb shfn-]m-Sn-s\-¡p-dn-¨pÅ kw`-h-§Ä AhÀ shfn-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶p. C¯cw shfn-]m-Sp-IÄ hniz-kn-¡-cp-sX-¶m-bn-cp¶p ]d-ª-Xnsâ Npcp-¡w. ImcWw kz´w `À¯mhv aIsâ ssIbmÂ sImÃ-s¸-Sp-sa-¶m-bn-cp-¶tÃm {]h-N-\w, ]t£, At±lw ac-W-s -̧«tXm bm{X-¡n-S-bnÂ sImÅ-kw-L-̄ nsâssII-fm-epw. (A¯-c-samcp IY-bmWv Xo_vknÂ {]N-cn-̧ n-¡-s -̧«n-cp-¶Xv). ]v, B {]h-N\w Dm-b-k-a-b¯v P\n¨ Ipªns\ ImenÂ Xpf-bn«v _Ôn¨v hnP-\-amb ]Àh-X-̄ nÂac-W-̄ n\v hn«p-sIm-Sp-¯p-sh¶pw dmWn shfn-s¸-Sp-̄ n. AXn-\mÂ Xntd-b-Ênsâ shfn-]m-Sp-I-sf-¶Ã Hcp shfn-]mSpw hniz-kn-¡-cpXv F¶mWv tbm¡m-Ì-bpsS D]-tZ-iw. ebqkv cmPmhvsImÃ-s¸« aq¡q-«p-s]-cp-hgn Xo_vkn-te-¡pÅ hgn ]ncn-bp-¶-Xn\v sXm«p-ap-¼m-sW¶pw Bkw`hw \S-¶Xv Xm³ Xn_vkn-se-̄ p-¶-Xnsâ Znh-k-§Ä¡p ap¼m-sW¶pw Adn-ª-tXmsSCuUn-̧ Êv IqSp-XÂ kwi-bm-ep-hm-Ip-¶p. ebq-knsâ cq]-̀ m-h-§fpw IqsS-bp-Å-h-cpsS AS-bm-f-§fpw CuUn-̧ Êv tNmZn¨v a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶p. "Dbcw IqSn. Xe shÅn-t]mse \c¨v GI-tZiw A§-sb-t¸mse' F¶ tbm¡m-Ì-bpsS adp-]-Sn-bnÂ ]eXpw AS-§n-bn-«p-v. AtXmsSCuUn-̧ kv BsI XIÀ¶p-t]m-Ip-¶p. cmPm-hnsâ kwL-̄ nÂ \n¶v c£-s¸« Hcp ]S-bmfnXncn¨v Xo_vkn-se-̄ n-b-t¸mÄ knwlm-k-\-̄ nÂ CuUn-̧ -Êns\ I-tXmsS Hcp B«n-S-b-\mbn amdn cmPyw hn«p-t]m-sb¶pw dmWn shfn-s¸-Sp-̄ n. AtXmsS B B«n-S-bs\ ImW-W-sa-¶mbn CuUn-̧ -Ên-\v. tbm¡m-kvX-tbmSv kz´w `qX-Im-e-N-cnXw CuUn-¸Êv hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p. sImdn-́ n-se s]mfn-_-kmWv AÑ³, A½ tUmdn-kvImcn satdm-̧ nbpw. Hcp hncp-¶nÂsh¨v N§m-Xn-bmWv A\m-YXzw shfn-s¸-Sp-̄ n-b-Xv. HSp-hnÂ AÑ-\-½-am-c-dn-bmsX sUÂ^n-bn-te¡p t]mbn. AhnsS sh¨mWv AÑs\ sIm¶v A½sb hnhmlw sN¿p-sa¶ {]h-N\wBZy-ambn tI«-Xv. Ahn-sS-\n¶p t]mcp-t¼m-gmWv ebqkv acn¨ \mÂ¡-h-e-bn-se-̄ p-¶-Xv.AhnsS sh¨p-mb hg-¡nÂ Hcp kwL-hp-ambn Gäp-ap-«p-Ibpw ]e-scbpw sImÃp-IbpwsNbvXn-«p-v. Iq«-̄ nÂ Hcp Xe-\-c¨ hr²-{]-̀ p-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p. AXv ebq-km-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂhn[n X\n-s¡-Xn-cp-X-s¶. C\n C¡m-cy-̄ nÂ Hcp sXfn-hp-Iq-Snsb _m¡n-bp-Åq. A¶v t]mcm-«-̄ n-\n-S-bnÂ c£-s¸« ]«m-f-¡m-c³. AbmÄ B«n-S-b-\mbn ae-s©-cn-hp-I-fn-ep-s-¶m-WtÃm]d-b-s -̧Sp-¶-Xv. Abm-fmWv ebqkv sImÅ-¡m-cm-emWv h[n-¡-s -̧«Xv F¶ IY Xo_vknÂ]c-̄ n-b-Xv. Abmsf hnfn-̈ p-h-cp¯n kXy-a-dn-bp-I-Xs¶ hgn F¶ CuUn-̧ kv Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶-tXmsS cmw cwKw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.cwKw 3

cwK¯v tbm¡m-kvXm-bmWv XpS-¡-̄ nÂ kwkm-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. CuUn-̧ -Ên\v \Ã a\-Êp-J-an-sÃ¶v AhÀ ]uc-P-\-§sf Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. AtX kabw sImdn-́ nÂ \n¶pÅ ZqX³ hcp-¶p. CuUn-̧ -Êns\ sImdn-́ nse cmPm-hm-¡m³ P\-§Ä B{K-ln-¡p-¶pv F¶ hnhcwAdn-bn-¡m-\mWv AhÀ hcp-¶-Xv. Ahn-Ss¯ cmPm-hm-bn-cp¶ t]mfn-_-knsâ ac-W-hmÀ¯bpw AhÀ -A-dn-bn-¨p. CuUn-̧ -kn\v Cu hmÀ¯ Bizm-k-I-c-am-bn-cp-¶p. ImcWwXsâ bYmÀY ]nXmhv t]mfn-_kv BsW-¶m-bn-cp-¶tÃm At±lw hniz-kn-̈ n-cp-¶-Xv. ]nXm-hnsâ LmX-I-\m-bn-̄ ocpw Xms\¶ {]h-N\w CtXmsS s]mfn-ªp-sh¶v At±lw kam-[m-\n-¨p. kz´w aI-\mb Xs¶ ImWm-Xmb hnj-a-¯n-emWv At±lw ac-W-s¸-«Xv F¶-Xn-\mÂ



HcÀY-̄ nÂ aI³X-s¶-bm-Wv sIm¶Xv F¶v C\n {]hm-N-I-·mÀ hymJym\w Nabv¡pw F¶vAt±lw Ifn-bm-¡p-¶p. "GXm-bmepw shfn-]mSv A£-cw-{]Xn \nd-th-dn-bn-«n-Ã, AXv s]mfn-_-Ên-s\-t¸mse acn-̈ p-In-S-¡p¶p' F¶m-W-t±-l-̄ nsâ {]Xn-I-c-Ww. ]t£, kz´w A½bmbsatdm-̧ n-dmWn (s]mfn-_-Ênsâ `mcy) Pohn-̈ n-cn-̧ pv F¶-Xn-\mÂ {]h-N-\-̄ nsâ cmw-̀ m-K-¯n\v C\nbpw km[y-X-bpv F¶ hnjaw At±lw ZqX-\p-ambn ]¦p-sh-¡p-¶p. At¸m-gmWvsImdn-́ nse ZqX³ B kXyw shfn-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶-Xv, bYmÀY-̄ nÂ CuUn-̧ -kv kz´w AÑ-\mbn Icp-Xp¶ s]mfn-_kv At±-l-hp-ambn bmsXmcp cà-_-Ô-hp-anÃ F¶ ]c-a-ambkXyw. CuUn-̧ -Êns\ s]mfn-_-kn\v k½m-\n-̈ Xv Xm\m-sW¶v ZqX-\mbn h¶ BÄ ]d-bp-¶p.InY-tdm¬ ae-bnse Hcp hÅn-¡p-Sn-enÂ h¨m-Ws{X B Ipªns\ (CuUn-̧ -Êns\)AbmÄ¡p e`n-̈ -Xv. A¶v Abm-sfmcp B«n-S-b-\m-bn-cp-¶p-h-s{X. cmÚn sImÃp-hm³ thnImep-IÄ _Ôn¨v ae-s©-cn-hnÂ Dt]-£n¨ ss]X-ens\ c£-s¸-Sp-̄ p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p B CS-b³. Imep-IÄ hne-§n«v hnf-¡n-b-Xn-\mÂ Ip«n-¡m-ew-sXms« CuUn-̧ -Ênsâ Imep-I-fnÂAXnsâ Ie-I-fp-m-bn-cp-¶p. CuUn-̧ kv F¶ t]cnsâ AÀYhpw AXm-Wv. ebqkv cmPm-hnsâ ]cn-Nm-c-I-cnÂ Hcm-fmWv B Ipªns\ ae-s©-cn-hnÂ Dt]-£n-¨Xv F¶pw ZqX³ k½-Xn-̈ p. CsXÃmw tI«v tbm¡mkvX dmWn ]cn-{`-an-¡p-¶p. bYmÀY-̄ nÂ Ipªns\ Dt]-£n-¡m³ sImSp-̄ -b-̈ Xv dmWn-Xs¶ Bbn-cp-¶p. At\z-jWw aXn-bm-¡m³ AhÀ CuUn-̧ -Ên-t\mSv Bh-iy-s -̧Sp-¶p. "i]vX-\mb a\p-jym, kXy-a-dn-bp-¶-Xn\p ap¼v \n§Ä acn-̈ n-cp-s¶-¦nÂ' F¶p-hsc cmÚn hne-]n-̈ psImv AhÀ HmSn-a-d-bp-¶p. AtXmsS CuUn-̧ -Ên\v kXy-saÃmw shfn-s -̧Sp-Ibpw Xm³ amXm-hns\ hnhm-lw-I-gn-̈ -h-\m-sW¶pw ]nXm-hns\ sIm¶-h-\m-sW¶pw t_m[y-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. kXy-̄ nsâ Ah-km-\-I-Wn-Ibpw ]pd-̄ p-h-cs« F¶CuUn-̧ -Ênsâ {]Jym-]-\-t¯msS B cwKw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.cwKw 4

sNdn-sbmcp cwK-am-Wn-Xv. sImdn-ńse ZqX³ ]dª CS-bsâ BK-a-\-t¯msSbmWv\memw cwKw Bcw-̀ n-¡p-¶-Xv. ZqX³ ]dª AS-bm-f-§Ä AbmÄ HmÀan-¡p-¶p. X\n¡v HcpB¬Ip-«nsb GÂ]n¨ Imcyw ]d-ª-t¸mÄ am{Xw CS-b³ AXv \ntj-[n-¡p-¶p. ImcWwcmPmhv sImÃm³ GÂ]n¨ Ip«nsb ssIam-dn F¶-dn-ªmÂ in£-e-̀ n-¡p-sa¶v AbmÄ `b-¶n-cp-¶p. AbmÄ òj-Wn-s¸-Sp-̄ pw-hsc B kXyw k½-Xn-¡m³ Iq«m-¡n-bn-Ã. HSp-hnÂ ac-W-in£ `b¶v AbmÄ¡v FÃmw shfn-s¸-Sp-t¯-n-h-cp-¶p. dmWn-bmWv X\n¡v Ip«nsbsImÃm³ X¶-sX¶pw AXn\p ImcWw {]h-N-\-§-fm-sW¶pw AbmÄ Xpd-¶p-]-d-ªp.sImÃm-\pÅ iàn-bn-Ãm-bvI-bmÂ atä-sX-¦nepw cmPy¯p sImp-t]mbn hfÀ¯n-s¡m-Åp-sa¶v hnNm-cn-̈ mWv B Ipªns\ N§m-Xn¡v ssIam-dn-b-Xv. AtXmsS CuUn-̧ -Ênsâ At\z-jWw ]qÀ¯n-bm-Ip-¶p. "{]Im-i-ta, Rm\n\n Hcn-¡epw \nsâ apJ¯v t\m¡m-Xn-cn-¡-s«.]m]-̄ nÂ P\n-̈ p, hnhmlw ]m]-]-¦n-ew, Rm³ càw Nnń-bXpw ]m]w.. lm' F¶v CuUn-¸kv hne-]n-¡p-¶-tXmsS cwKw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.D -̄cm¦w

"Xo_vknse am\y ]uc-·m-sc, I®o-scm-gp-¡p-hn³... CukvsXÀ IS-ensebpw ^mko-_vXSm-I-̄ n-sebpw shÅ-a-{Xbpw t]mcm, Cu sIm«m-c-̄ n-e-Sn-ªp-Iq-Snbncn-¡p¶ amen-\y-a-{Xbpw Igp-In-¡-f-bm³' F¶ hnem-]-t¯msS ZmknbmWv cwK¯v BZyw {]Xy-£-s -̧Sp-¶-Xv.F¶n«v Zmkn dmWn-bpsS ac-W-hn-hcw ]uc-P-\-§sf Adn-bn¡p¶p. £p`n-X-bmbn cwK-̄ p-\n¶v adª dmWn A´-]p-c-̄ n-\-I¯v Ibdn hmXnÂ sIm«n-b-S-¨p. a¬a-dª ebqkv cmPm-hns\ hnfn¨v AhÄ Ae-ap-d-bn-«p. Xm³ KÀ`-̄ nÂ hln¨ aI-s\-tbmÀ¯pw AhÀ hne-]n-̈ p.aI\nÂ X\n-¡p-mb i]vX-cmb a¡-sf-tbmÀ¯pw AhÀ hne-]n-¨p. ]ndsI Ae-dn-s¡m-p-h¶ CuUn-̧ kv cmPmhv hmXnÂ XÅn-̄ p-d-¶p. hmÄsImv dmWn-bpsS arX-tZlw \ne-t¯¡v Adp-̄ n-«p. F¶n-«-t±lw cmÚn-bpsS hkvXw _Ôn-̈ n-cp¶ kqNn-sb-Sp¯v kz´wI®p-I-fnÂ Bªp-X-d-¨p. FÃm hmXn-ep-Ifpw Xpd-¡m-\m-Úm-]n¨v At±lw òI-c-cq]w]qv Ct§m«v \S-¶-Sp-¡p-I-bm-sW¶pw Adn-bn¨v Zmkn HmSn-t¸m-bn. At¸mÄ cwK-t¯¡vCuUn-̧ kv IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. ico-c-̄ nepw Bßm-hnepw Htc-t]mse thZ-\-b-\p-̀ -hn-¨p-sImvcwK-t¯¡p hcp¶ CuUn-̧ -kn-s\-Iv ]uc-P-\-§Ä `b-¶p-t]m-Ip-¶p. kz´w AÑ-s\bpwA½-sbbpw a¡-sfbpw ImWm-Xn-cn-¡m³ thn-bmWv Xm³ I®p-IÄ Ip¯n-s¸m-«n-¨-sX¶vCuUn-̧ kv Ae-dn-̧ -d-bp-¶p. Hmtcm ]uc\pw CuUn-̧ -Ênsâ ssII-fnÂ s]Sm-Xn-cn-¡m³ Hgn-ªp-am-dp-¶p. Ahn-tS¡v {Intbm¬ IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. At±lw Bt£-]n-¡p-Itbm FXnÀ¡p-Itbm sN¿msX ssZh-hn-[n-bpsS A\n-hm-cyX CuUn-̧ -Êns\ HmÀan-̧ n-¡p-I-am{Xw sN¿p-¶p.Xsâ t]cp-sIm-p-am{Xw kvacn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ InY-tdm¬ ae-I-fnÂ GIm-́ -\mbn Aeªv acn-¡m-\mWv CuUn-̧ kv B{K-ln-¡p-¶-Xv. ]t£ {Intbm¬ CuUn-¸-Êns\ sIm«m-c-̄ n-\p-Ån-te-¡p-X-s¶ B\-bn-¡p-¶-tXmsS \mS-I-̄ n\v Xnc-Èoe hogp-¶p.



2. kz]v\-hm-k-h-Z¯w (`mk³)]cn-`mj þ hÅ-t¯mÄ \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m³

`mk³kwkvIrX \mS-I-I-hn-bmWv `mk³. Imfn-Zm-k\pw apt¼ Pohn-̈ n-cp-¶p-sh¶v Icp-X-s -̧

Sp-¶p. {InkvXp-hÀjw H¶v þ cv \qäm-p-I-fmWv `mksâ Imew F¶mWv A\p-am-\w. Imfn-Zm-k-³t]mepw Nne-k-µÀ`-§-fnÂ `mks\ A\p-I-cn-̈ n-«pv F¶p- ]d-b-s -̧Sp-¶p. 23 \mS-I-§Ä At±lw cNn-¨n-«p-v. ]Xn-\-t©m-fta Is-̄ n-bn-«p-Åq. `mk³ F¶]qÀÆ{]kn²amb \mSIImcs\¡pdn¨v ]pcmX\Imew apXte ]e `mcXobcpw]cmaÀin¨ncps¶¦nepw At±l¯ntâXmbn Hscmä IrXnt]mepw e`yambncp¶nÃ. Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw ssIsb-gp¯v {KÙ-im-e-bnse DtZym-K-Ø-\m-bn-cp¶ tUm.Sn KW-]Xn imkv{Xn-IÄ1909 Â Z£n-W-tI-c-f-̄ nse ]ß-\m-̀ -]p-c-̄ n-\-Sp-¯pÅ aW-en-¡c aT-¯nÂ \n¶v `mksâ]¯p \mS-I-§Ä Is-Sp-̄ p. Bbneyw Xncp-\mÄ cmPm-hnsâ `c-W-Im-e-¯mWv (860 þ 1880)kz]v\-hm-k-h-Z¯w \mSIw Is-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv.

tIcf]mWn\nbpsS A`n{]mb¯nÂ {InkvXzÐw H¶mw \qämn\ptijamWp`mkIhn Pohn¨ncp¶Xv. kz]v\hmkhZ¯¯nsâ aqeIYbpsS {]mbw KWn¨mWv At±lwCu A`n{]mb¯nÂ F¯nbncn¡p¶Xv. KpWmVy³ cNn¨, ep]vXambnt¸msb¶phnizkn¡s¸Sp¶ _rlXvIY F¶ ss]imN{]mIrX{KÙ¯nepw AXnsâkw£n]vXcq]amb tkmatZh`«sâ IYmkcnÕmKcw F¶ kwkvIrXIrXnbnepwkz]v\hmkhZ¯¯nse \mbI\mb DZb\almcmPmhnsâ hniZamb PohnXIYIfpv.KpWmVy³ H¶mw \qämnÂ Pohn¨ncp¶ kmXhml\sâ kaImeo\\mbncp¶p F¶XmWvtIcf]mWn\nbpsS A\pam\¯n\v ASnØm\w.

Xsâ ImhyaoamwkbnÂ cmPtiJc³ F¶ `mc-Xob Be-¦m-cn-I³kz]v\hmkhZ¯s¯ `mksâ cN\bmbn GSp¯p ]dbp¶p. ImfnZmk\pw _mW\pw`mks\¡pdn¨v {]kvXmhn¨n«pÅXn\mÂ, AhÀ¡v ap¼mbncp¶p `mk³ Pohn¨ncp¶sX¶vA\pam\n¡mw. `mksâ {]XnÚmbuKÔcmbWw F¶ \mSI¯nse Hcp ]Zyw,{InkvXphÀjmcw`¯n\Sp¯p Pohn¨ncp¶ AiztLmjsâ _p²NcnXs¯B{ibn¡p¶Xn\mÂ AiztLmj\p tijhpw, iq{ZIsâ 'arÑISnIw' `mksâ"Zcn{ZNmcpZ¯³" F¶ A]qÀ®\mSIs¯ B{ibn¡p¶Xmbn IcpXs¸Sp¶Xn\mÂiq{ZI\p ap³]pw Bbncn¡Ww At±l¯nsâ Imew. Cu kqN\Isf B{ibn¨v,s]mXphÀjmcw`¯n\p tijw, \memw \qämn\¸pdw At±lw Pohn¨ncp¶XmbnA\pam\n¡s¸Sp¶p.

KW-]Xn imkv{Xn-I-fmÂ Is-Sp-¡-s¸« \mS-I-§Äs¡Ãmw s]mXphmb ]e{]tXyIXIfpv. D]tbmKn¨ncn¡p¶ `mj, \mSIw XpS§p¶ \mµn tÇmI¯nsâ cq]w,awKfmNcW¯nsâ {Iaw, \mSIw Ahkm\n¸n¡p¶ `cXhmIy¯nsâ LS\, FÃmIrXnIfnepw ImWmhp¶ cmP{]iwk XpS§nbh aäp kwkvIrX\mSI§fpsSs]mXpkz`mh§fnÂ \n¶p thdn«p\n¶p. ]mWn\nbpsS Nn«IÄ¡p ap¼pÅImet¯Xpt]mse `mjbnse {]mIrXmwiw {]ISambncp¶p. ]e tÇmI§fpw A¸msStbmAtX ssienbntem H¶ne[nIw {KÙ§fnÂ {]Xy£ambncp¶p. AXp IqSmsX,kwkvIrX¯nse ]pcmX\\mSI§Ä ]n´pScp¶ ]Xnhn\p hn]coXambn, Chbnsem¶nepw\mSIIr¯nsâ t]cpmbncp¶nÃ. F¶mÂ 13 \mSI§fnÂ H¶v, `mktâsX¶vkÀhk½Xamb kz]v\hmkhZ¯w Bbncp¶p. \mSI§Ä¡p s]mXphmbpÅcN\mssienbpw kz]v\hmkhZ¯w AhbnÂ H¶mbncp¶Xpw ]cnKWn¨v, 13 \mSI§fpw`mktâXmsW¶v KW]Xn imkv{Xn hmZn¨p. `mksâ Gähpw t{ijvTamb IrXnbmbn]cnKWn¡s¸Sp¶ ]pcmX\kwkvIrX\mSIamWv kz]v\hmkhZ¯w AYhm kz]v\\mSIw.Fs¶t¶¡pambn \ãs¸«pt]msb¶v hnizkn¨ncp¶ Cu cN\bpsS Hcp {]Xn 1910ÂtIcf¯nÂ \n¶pw IsSp¡s¸«p. tIcf]mWn\n F.BÀ. cmPcmPhÀ½ GXm\pwhÀj§Ä¡pÅnÂ Xs¶ aqe\mSIIrXnbpsS GItZiw bYmXYamb Hcp aebmfwXÀÖa cNn¡pIbpmbn. `mk\mSI§Ä ]cntim[n¨ \ncq]I·mÀ Ahsb H¶mbnXobnsednsª¶pw kz]v\hmkhZ¯w am{Xw B AKv\n]co£sb AXnPohns¨¶pw HcpIY {]kvXm-hn-¡-s -̧«n-«pv.



hÅt¯mÄ \mcmbW tat\m³aebmf almIhnbpw, tIcf IemaÞe¯nsâ Øm]I\pamWv hÅt¯mÄ

\mcmbWtat\m³. 1878 HtÎm_À 16-\v Xncqcn\p kao]w tImgn¸d¼nÂ Ip«n¸mdpA½bpsSbpw ISpt§m«p aÃntÈcn ZmtamZc³ CfbXnsâbpw aI\mbn P\n¨p. kwkvIrX]T\¯n\ptijw ssI¡pf§c cmahmcycnÂ \n¶v XÀ¡w ]Tn¨p. 1905-Â XpS§nbhmevaoIn cmambW hnhÀ¯\w 1907-Â ]qÀ¯nbm¡n. 1915-Â Nn{XtbmKw {]kn²oIcn¨p.AtX hÀjw tIctfmZb¯nsâ ]{Xm[n]\mbn .

B[p\nIaebmf Ihn{Xb¯nÂ Imhyssienbnse iÐkuµcyw sImpw,kÀ¤mßIXsImpw A\pKrloX\mb almIhnbmbncp¶p hÅt¯mÄ\mcmbWtat\m³. Ccp]Xmw \qämnsâ Bcw`¯nÂ aebmf IhnX¡p ]pXnsbmcpZnimt_m[w \evIm³ {]hcv¯n¨ IhnIfnÂ kamZcWob\mWv- At±lw.tZiobmht_m[¯ntâbpw kzmX{ý¯ntâbpw AeIÄ At±l¯nsâ IhnXIfnÂIWmhp¶XmWv-. almßPnbpsS BZÀi§fnÂ ASnbpd¨p hnizkn¡pIbpw, KmÔnPnsbKpcp\mY\mbn kzoIcn¡pIbpw sNbvX At±lw ssh¡w kXym{KlIme¯v (1924)KmÔnPnsb t\cn«pIp.

1958 amÀ¨v 13-\v Aćn¨p. sXm®qtdmfw IrXnIÄ {]Imin¸n¨n«pv-. _[nchnem]w,injy\pw aI\pw, KW]Xn, Nn{XtbmKw, kmlnXyaRvPcn, aKvZe\adnbw, sIm¨pkoX,AÑ\pw aIfpw F¶nh hfscb[nIw NÀ¨ sN¿s¸«hbpw P\IobX t\SnbhbpamWv-.

hnhÀ¯Is\¶ \nebnÂ hÅt¯mfnsâ kw`mh\IÄ al¯mWv. hnhn[hn`mK¯nÂs¸«hbmWv At±l¯nsâ ]cn`mjIÄ. hmevaoIncmambW¯n\v ]pdsaA`nÚm\imIp´fw, EtKzZw, amXwKeoe, ]Zva]pcmWw, amÀ¡tÞb]pcmWw,hma\]pcmWw, aÕy]pcmWw, XpS§nbhbpw At±lw hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXp.hnhÀ¯\wsImv 'tIcf hmevaoIn'sb¶p hÅt¯mÄ hnfn¡s¸«p. Imfn-Zmk \mS-I-§fpw aäp [mcmfw kwkvIrX Imhy-§fpw ae-bm-f-̄ n-te¡v ]cn-̀ m-j-s¸-Sp¯nb alm-I-hn-bmWv At±lw. `mksâ A©p \mS-I-§Ä¡v hÅ-t¯mÄ ]cn-̀ mj \nÀh-ln-̈ n-«p-v. kz]v\-hm-k-h-Z-s¯-¡q-SmsX Ducp-̀ w-Kw, a[y-a-hym-tbm-Kw, ]©-cm-{Xw, A`n-tj-Iw F¶n-h-bm-W-h.]Ým¯eIY

D¯c{]tZinse Iuimw_nbpsS Npäpw hym]n¨pInS¶ncp¶ {]mNo\cmPyambncp¶phÕcmPyw. ]mÞhhwi]c¼cbnÂs¸« DZb\³ F¶ almcmPmhmWv ChnSw`cn¨psImncp¶Xv. AXnkpµc\pw kwKoXmZn efnXIeIfnÂ AXymkà\pambncp¶p[ocefnX\mbI\mb DZb\³. At±l¯n\v hmkpIn \ÂInb tLmjhXn Fs¶mcphoWbpmbncp¶p. tLmjhXnbv¡v Im«nÂ\n¶p aZbm\Isf BIÀjn¡m³ t]mepwiàn-bpÅ iÐam[pcyw Dmbncp¶pht{X. th«, s]®v, aZyw XpS§nbk]vXhyk\§fnÂ Hmtcm¶pw Cu cmPmhnt\bpw _m[n¨ncp¶p. F¦nepwAXnkaÀ°cmb alma{ń buKÔcmbW³, tk\m]Xn cpaWzm³ F¶nhcpsSklmbapÅXn\mÂ cmPyw t£ssaizcy§tfmsS \ne\n¶p.

CtX Ime¯pv DÖbn\n F¶ cmPyw `cn¨ncp¶Xv NÞalmtk\³ F¶ A]-c-\maw IqSn Dmbncp¶ almtk\³ Bbncp¶p. Ct±l¯n\v AwKmchXn F¶cmÚnbnÂ tKm]meI³, ]meI³ F¶n§s\ cp ]p{X·mcpw hmkhZ¯ Fs¶mcp]p{Xnbpw P\n¨p. hmkhZ¯bv¡v A\ptbmPy\mb Hcp ]pcpj³ DZbtk\t\ DÅq F¶valmtk\\p t_m²yw h¶p. F¶mÂ Bßm`nam\hpw DXvIÀjmt_m[hpw aqewAt±l¯n\v DZb\s\ At§m«p sN¶p Iv I\ymZm\w \S¯m³ aSn tXm¶n.\b]cambn Imcyw \S¯m³, Xsâ aIsf hoWmhmZ\w ]Tn¸n¡m³ DZb\³DÖbn\nte¡p h¶mÂ sImÅmw Fs¶mcp ktµiw At±lw ZqX³ hiwIuimw_nbnte¡b¨p. F¶mÂ hoc\pw A`nam\¯n\v H«pw IpdhnÃm¯h\pamb DZb\³hmkhZ¯sb At§m«b¡m³ {]Xnktµihpab¨p. At\ym\yapÅ CuaÕc¯ns\mSphnÂ, almtk\³ Hcp b{´KPs¯ Dm¡n I¬sI-«psImv DZb\s\his¸Sp¯n DÖbn\nbnte¡p sImph¶p. F¶n«v aIsf DZ-b-tk-\-\cn-In-te¡v hoWm-`ym-k-\-̄ n\v ]d-ª-b-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AtXmsS AhÀ X½nÂ {]W-b-̄ n-em-bn. buK-Ô-cm-b-Wsâ \oXn-Iu-i-e-t¯msS XS-hnÂ\n¶p NmSn hmk-h-Z-̄ -sbbpw sImv DZ-b-tk-\³\oKq-V-ambn Iuimw-_n-bn-te¡p Xncn-̈ p-t]m-cn-Ibpw sNbvXp

{]Xn-Úm-bu-K-Ô-cm-bWw F¶ \mS-I-̄ n-sâ {]tabw Cu ]qÀh-I-Y-bm-Wv. AXn-\mÂ kz]v\-hm-k-h-Z¯w \mSIw {]Xn-Úm-\m-S-I-¯nsâ XpSÀ¨-bmWv F¶p a\-Ên-em-¡mw.



kz]v\-hm-k-h-Z¯wA§s\ ssI¡-em-¡nb `mcy-bmb hmk-h-Z-̄ -tbm-sSm¯v kkpJw hmgsh hÕ-

cmPyw ap¡mepw BcpWn F¶ i{Xp Iog-S-¡n. Abmsf Pbn-¡m³ ZÀi-I³ F¶ aK-[-cm-Pm-hnsâ klmbw AXym-h-iy-am-bn-cp-¶p. AXn\p ]t£, ZÀi-Isâ ktlm-Z-cn-bmb ]Zvam-h-Xnsb DZ-b-tk-\³ hnhmlw Ign-¡-Ww. F¶mÂ hmk-h-Z¯ Pohn-¨n-cns¡ DZ-b\³ AXn\pX¿m-dm-hp-I-bp-an-Ã. ]ßm-h-Xn-bm-Is« asämcp {]nb-bpÅ hÂk-cm-P-t\msSm¸w Pohn-¡p-I-bp-an-Ã. Cu {]Xn-kÔn ]cn-l-cn-¡m³ a{ń-am-cmb buK-Ô-cm-b-W\pw cpaWzm\pw hmk-h-Z¯acn-¨p-t]mbn F¶ sI«p-IY sa\ªv hmk-h-Z-¯-bpsS A\p-a-Xn-tbm-sS-̄ s¶ cmPmhpw]Zvam-h-Xnbpw X½n-epÅ hnhmlw \S-̄ m³ ]cn-]m-Sn-bn-Sp-¶p. buK-Ô-cm-b-W³ k\ym-kn-thjw [cn¨v Ah-́ n-cm-Py-kv{Xo-bpsS thjw [cn¨ hmk-h-Z-̄ bpambn t]mIp-¶p. AhsfXsâ ktlm-Z-cn-bm-sW¶ hymtP\ ]Zvam-h-Xn-sb-̄ s¶ GÂ¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. A§s\cmPmhv ]Zvam-h-Xnsb hnhmlw Ign-¡p-Ibpw i{Xp-hns\ tXmÂ]n¨v cmPyw hos-Sp-¡p-IbpwsN¿p-¶-tXmsS Imcy-§Ä Ie-§n-s¯-fn-bp-¶p.H¶m-a¦w

\mS-Im-cw-̀ -̄ n-epÅ {]mÀY-\-bmWv \mµn. FÃm `mk-\m-S-I-§-fnepw Cu Bcw`w Dv.\mµn-¡p-tijw kq{X-[mc³ {]th-in¨v ]Xn-hp-t]mse F´m-sWmcp i_vZw tIÄ¡p-¶XvF¶p ]dªv cwK-k-µÀ`w hnhcn¡p-¶p. ]Zvam-h-Xnbpw A\p-N-c-·mcpw B{i-a-hm-kn-Isfamän\ndp-̄ p¶ i_vZ-amWv tI«-Xv. XpSÀ¶v k\ym-kn-thjw [cn¨ buK-Ô-cm-b-W\pw Bh-ń-Im-thjw [cn¨ hmk-h-Z-̄ bpw {]th-in-¡p-¶p. C¯-c-samcp B{i-a-̄ nsâ im´-Xbv¡p`wKw-h-cp¯pw hn[w BcmWv _l-fw-sh-¡p-¶Xv F¶Xmbn-cp¶p buK-Ô-cm-b-Wsâ kwi-bw. Xs¶bpw amän-\n-dp-¯ptam F¶ `b-am-bn-cp¶p hmk-h-Z-̄ -bv¡v. ImcWw cmÚn-bm-WtÃm bYmÀY-̄ nÂ AhÄ. Pohn-X-̄ nÂ C¯cw Ib-än-d-¡-§Ä cY-N-{I-§-sf-t¸msekzm`m-hn-I-am-sW-¶m-bn-cp¶p a{ń-bmb buK-Ô-cm-b-Wsâ adp-]-Sn. Hcp lcn-¡m-c³ {]th-in¨v amdn-\nÂ¡m³ _l-fw-sh-¡p¶ kw`m-j-Is\ KpW-tZm-jn-¡p-¶p. ImcWw \K-c-̄ nseXnc¡p t]Sn¨v B{i-a-¯n-e-W-ª-hsc Ahn-sS-sh¨pw Xnc-¡p-Iq«n _p²n-ap-«n-¡-cp-X-tÃm.AXp-tI«v a{ńbpw cmÚnbpw Abm-fpsS ASp-t¯¡v \o§p-¶p. ZÀi-I-cm-Pm-hnsâ ktlm-Zcn ]Zvam-hXn cmPm-hnsâ A½sb B{i-a-̄ nÂ ImWm³ h¶n-cn-¡p¶ _l-f-am-WnXv F¶-hÀ¡p a\-Ên-em-hp-¶p. ]ßm-h-Xnsb I-t¸mÄ buK-Ô-cm-b-W\p Adn-bmsX a\-ÊnÂ_lp-am-\-ap-Zn-¡p-¶p. AhÄ Xsâ cmPm-hmb DZ-b-tk-\\p `mcy-bmbn `hn-¡p-sa¶ {]h-N\wa\-Ên-temÀ¯m-bn-cp¶p AXv. kpµ-cnbpw kpio-e-bp-amb Cu cmP-Ip-am-cnsb DÖ-b-\o-cm-Pm-hmb {]tZym-X-\³ hnhm-l-am-tem-Nn-¡p-¶ hnh-chpw AhÀ¡p e`n-̈ p. ]Zvam-hXn Xm]-k-·m-tcmSv BÀs¡-¦nepw Fs´-¦nepw klm-b-§Ä thtWm F¶m-h-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p. Ah-kcw apX-se-Sp¯v buK-Ô-cm-bW³ hmk-h-Z¯ Xsâ tkmZ-cn-bm-sW¶pw `À¯mhv Zqc-hm-k-̄ n\vt]mb-Xm-sW¶pw Ipd-̈ p-Imew cmP-Ip-am-cn-bpsS IqsS \ndp-̄ -W-sa¶pw Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p.X\n¡v [\w th, `£Ww th, ]n¨-sX-m-\Ã Imhn-apv [cn-¨-Xv. [oc-bpw [Àa-h-Xn-bpamb cmP-Ip-amcn ]Xn-{h-X-bmb Fsâ s]§sf Im¯p-c-£n-̈ mÂ am{Xw aXn (tÇmIw 9)F¶mWv At±-l-̄ nsâ Bh-iyw. AXn\p adp-]-Sn-bmbn "[\w Dbncv X]Êv XpS§n asä´pwsImSp-¡m³ Ffp-̧ -am-Wv. ]t£, F¶mÂ kq£n-¡m-t\Â¸n¨ hkvXp kwc-£n-¡p-I-bmWvGähpw {]bm-k-Icw' F¶mWv (tÇmIw 10) ]ßm-hXn ]d-bp-¶Xv.

]n¶oSv AhnsS h¶p-Iq-Snb Hcp {_Ò-Nm-cn-bnÂ \n¶v, DZ-b-\-cm-Pmhv \mbm-«n\pt]mb kµÀ`-̄ nÂ {Kma-̄ n\p Xo]n-Sn¨v hmk-h¯ acn-¨p-t]m-sb¶pw hmk-h-Z-̄ sb c£n-¡m³ XobnÂ NmSnb buK-Ô-cm-b-W³ F¶ a{ńbpw acn-¨p-sh¶pw cmPmhv `mcym-hn-tbm-K-¯mÂ XobnÂ NmSm-s\m-cp-§n-b-Xns\ a{ń-amÀ XSp-̄ p-sh¶pw AtXmsS cmPmhv BsIZpJn-X-\m-sW¶pw DÅ IY-IÄ hmk-h-Z¯ tIÄ¡p¶p. t_m[w sI« cmPmhv hmk-h-Z-¯sb hnfn¨p Ic-bp-I-bm-sW-¶p-IqSn tI«-tXmsS AhÄ¡pw Ic-¨nÂ h¶p. IY tI«v hyk-\n¨p Ic-bp-I-bm-sW-¶mWv Acn-In-ep-Å-h-À Icp-Xn-b-Xv. "AXp-t]mse Hcp N{I-hm-I-̧ -£n-t]mepw CWsb HmÀ¯v Ic-ªn-«p-m-hn-Ã. CXp-t]mse kv{Xosb kvt\ln-¡p¶ Hcp ]pcp-j-\p-ap-m-In-Ã. C¯cw `À¯m-hpÅ GsXmcp s]®pw `mKy-h-Xn-X-s¶. ]Xn-tbm-SpÅ kvt\lwaqew ChÀ XobnÂ Fcn-ªmepw sh´p-t]m-hp-I-bnÃ' (tÇmIw 13) F¶v {_Ò-Nmcn ]d-bp-¶p. cpa-Wzm³ F¶ a{ń-bmWv Ct¸mÄ cmPm-hns\ kam-iz-kn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv. XpSÀ¶v buK-Ô-cm-b-W³ ]ncn-ªp-t]m-Ip-¶p.



cmw A¦wDZym-\-̄ nÂ ]´pIfn¨p XfÀ¶ hmk-h-Z-̄ bpw ]Zvam-h-Xnbpw X½n-epÅ kw`m-j-W-

t¯m-sS-bmWv cmw cwKw Bcw-̀ n-¡-¶-Xv. hmk-h-Z¯ ]Zvam-h-Xn-bpsS kuµ-cys¯ ]pI-gv¯p-¶p. ]Zvam-hXn DÖ-bn-\n-bnse alm-tk-\-s\¶-dn-b-s -̧Sp¶ {]tZym-Xsâ `mcym-bm-hm³t]mIp-¶-h-fmWv F¶v AÀYw-sh¨v kwkm-cn-¡sh Ahfpw hÕ-cm-Pm-hmb DZ-b-\\pwX½nepÅ hnhmlw Dd-̈ p-I-gnªp F¶ hnh-c-amWv hmk-h-Z-̄ bv¡p e`n-¡p-¶-Xv. AXp-tI«vhmk-h-Z-̄ -bpsS a\Êv Ccp-fp-¶p-v.aq¶mw A¦w

hnhm-lm-tamZw \ndª \mep-sI-«nÂ ]Zvam-h-Xnsb DZ-b-t\m-sSm¸w hn«v GIm-́ bpwZpJn-X-bp-ambn hmk-h-Z¯ kv{XoI-fpsS DZym-\-¯n-se-̄ p-¶p. ]Zvam-h-Xn¡v ame-tImÀ¡m-\pÅ IÂ]-\-bp-ambn Zmkn-sb-̄ p-¶Xv hmk-h-Z-¯sb IqSp-XÂ hnj-an-¸n-¡p-¶p. Zmkn DZ-b-\sâ cq]-em-hWyw hÀWn-¡p-¶-Xp-t]mepw AhÄ¡v Ak-ly-am-hp-¶p-v. k]-Xv\n-amscXS-bp¶ Ahn-[-hm-l-cWw F¶ acp¶p]pjv]hpw ame-bnÂ tImÀ¡phm³ X¿m-dm¡nbn«pv. ]t£, AXp tImÀ¡m³ hmk-h-Z¯ k½-Xn-¡p-¶n-Ã. DZ-b-\sâ `mcy ac-W-s -̧«-Xm-WtÃm F¶ Imc-W-am-Wv AhÄ Zmkn-tbmSv ]d-bp-¶-Xv.\memw A¦w

Bcy-h-k-´-I³ F¶ hnZq-j-I\pw cmPmhpw X½nÂ ]qt´m«w Npän-¡-d-§m-\n-d-§p-¶Xpw hmk-h-Z-̄ bpw ]ßm-h-Xnbpw Ah-sc-¡v ad-ªp-\nÂ¡p-¶Xpw At¸m-gp-mbNne Xam-i-Ifpw tNÀ¶ Hcp cwK-am-Wn-Xv. DZ-b-\-cm-Pm-hn\v hmk-h-Z-̄ sb ad-¡m-\m-Ip-¶nÃF¶-Xnsâ kqN-\-I-fmWv {][m-\-ambpw Cu cwK-§-fnÂ shfn-hm-Ip-¶-Xv. cmPm-hns\ Hfn-ªp-Im-Wp-t¼m-tg¡pw hmk-h-Z-̄ bv¡p I®o-cp-s]m-Sn-bp-¶p-v. F¶m-eXv ]qs¼mSn I®n-te-ä-Xp-sIm-m-sW-¶mWv AhÄ IÅw ]d-bp-¶-Xv. AXn-\n-S-bnÂ hnZq-j-I³, ac-W-s¸« hmk-h-Z-̄ -sb-bmtWm ]pXp-̀ m-cy-bmb ]Zvam-h-Xn-sb-bmtWm cmPm-hn\v IqSp-XÂ {]nbw F¶ tNmZy-ap-¶-bn¨v IpSp-¡p-¶p. BZyw Hcp-̄ cw ]d-bm³ hnk-½-Xn¨ DZ-b-\-cm-Pmhv KXy-́ -c-an-ÃmsX"]Zvam-hXn kpµ-cnbpw k½-X-bp-am-sW¶pw am[p-cy-cq-]-Kp-W-§Ä XnI-ª-h-fm-sW¶pwF¦nepw X\n¡v hmk-h-Z-̄ -bnÂ Bg-̄ nÂ ]Xn-ªp-t]mb a\-Êns\ Xncn-s¨-Sp-¡m³ Ign-bp-¶nÃ F¶pw k½-Xn-¡p-¶p.' (tÇmIw 4) CXp-tI«v hmk-h-Z-̄ bpw ]Zvam-h-Xnbpw Hcp-t]mse kt´m-jn-¡p-¶p-v. cPmhv hnZq-j-I-t\mSpw AtX tNmZyw tNmZn-¡p-¶p. ]ßm-hXnkpµ-cn-bm-sW-¦nepw {]nbw hmk-h-Z-̄ -tbm-SmWv, ImcWw hmk-h-Z¯ CS-bv¡n-Sbv¡vX\n¡v CjvSw-t]mse hn`-h-§Ä `£n-¡m³ Xcp-sa-¶mWv hnZq-j-Isâ D¯-cw. Cu Xam-i-tI«v cmPmhv Nncn-¡p-Ibpw Cu adp-]Sn hmk-h-Z-¯-tbmSv ]d-bp-sa¶v Adn-bmsX ]d-ªp-t]m-hp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. hmk-h-Z-̄ -sb-¡p-dn-̈ pÅ Hcp Xami tI«-t¸m-tg¡pw cmPmhv ]gb Ime-¯n-te¡v Adn-bmsX aS-§n-t¸m-b-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. (tÇmIw 5). ZpJw If-bp-hm-\mWv Xm³t{]as¯ \«p-h-fÀ¯n-b-Xv. ]t£, AXp-sImpw ian-¡msX Xsâ k¦Sw hfÀ¶p-h-cn-I-bm-W-tÃm. acn-̈ p-t]mb {]nb-P-\-§-tfm-SpÅ IS-̧ m-Sp-IÄ I®o-cp-hmÀ¯p ho«p-hm-\mWv De-Insâ \S¸v F¶v cmPmhv hne-]n-¡p¶p. (tÇmIw 6) k¦Sw XoÀ¡m³ ]Zvam-hXn cmPm-hn-\-Sp-t¯¡v sNÃp-¶p. F¶mÂ hmk-h-Z-̄ -sb-t¸mse, ]qs¼mSn I®nÂ hoWmWv Xm³IcªXv F¶ IÅw BhÀ¯n-¡p-I-bmWv cmPmhv (tÇmIw 7) ]pXp-s]-®mb ]Zvam-hXnkXy-a-dn-ªmÂ Ic-ªp-t]mIpw F¶-Xp-sIm-mWv cmPmhv C§s\ IÅw ]-d-bp-¶-Xv.A©mw A¦w

kz]v\ hmk-h-Z¯w F¶ \ma-̄ n\v B[m-c-amb AwK-am-Wn-Xv. AXn-I-Tn-\-amb Xe-th-Z-\-bmÂ hnj-an-¡p-I-bmWv ]Zvam-h-Xn-sb¶pw AhÄ hmk-h-Z-̄ sb ImWm³ B{K-ln-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw Ct¸mÄ s]mbvIm-Kr-l-̄ nÂ hn{i-a-̄ n-emsW¶pw Hcp tXmgn Adn-bn-¡p-¶-tXm-sS-bmWv kw`hw Bcw-̀ n-¡p-¶Xv. hmk-h-Z¯ IY-IÄ ]dªv ckn-̧ n-¡p-t¼mÄ thZ\ad-¡p-a-tÃm. ]t£, AtX ka-b-̄ mWv cmPm-hn\v `mcym-kw-K-̄ n\v B{K-l-ap-Zn-¡p-¶-Xv. cmP-Ip-amcn s]mbvIm--Kr-̄ n-em-sW¶ hnhcw sh¨v hnZq-j-I³ cmPm-hns\ At§m«v B\-bn-¡p-¶p. s]mbvIm-Kr-l-̄ n-te¡p Ib-dm-s\m-cp-§sh taem-̧ nÂ \n¶v DXnÀ¶p-hoW tXmc-Ws¯Iv hnZq-j-I³ ]m¼m-sW¶v IcpXn `b-¡p-¶p. (XpSÀ¶v \S-¡m-\n-cn-¡p¶ kz]v\-Zr-iy-t¯mSv Cu ambm-\p-̀ hw tNÀ¯p-a-\-Ên-em¡mw) F¶mÂ ]ßm-hXn AhnsS h¶n-«n-sÃ¶vcmPm-hn\v a\-Ên-em-bn. ImcWw hncn Npfn-ªn-«n-Ã. InS¡ Ipgn-ªn-«n-Ã, s\än-bn-en« acp-¶nsâ Id Xe-bn-W-bnÂ ]än-bn-«n-Ã, tcmKn¡v thZ-\-b-dn-bm-Xn-cn-¡p-hm-\pÅ taem-̧ p-IÄXq¡n-bn-«n-«n-Ã. am{X-aÃ, tcmKn-bmb HcmÄ A{X s]s«¶v InS-¡-hn-s«-gp-t¶äv t]mhp-I-bp-anÃ(tÇmIw 4). AXn-\mÂ AtX InS-¡-bnÂ cmP-Ip-am-cnsb Aev]-t\cw Im¯n-cn-¡m-\mWv



cmPmhv Dt±-in-¡p-¶-Xv. t\cw-t]m-¡n-\mbn hnZq-j-I³ Hcp IY-]-d-bp-¶p. "DÖ-bn\n Fs¶mcp\K-cp-ap-v. AhnsS AXn-c-a-Wo-b-§-fmb Ipfn-¡-S-hp-I-fp-v....' DÖ-bn-\n-sb¶p tI«-am-{X-bnÂ cmPm-hn\v hmk-h-Z-¯sb HmÀa-h-cp-¶p. hmk-h-Z-̄ sb kz\-K-c-̄ nÂ \n¶v X«n-s¡m-p-h-cp¶ thf-bnÂ amXm-]n-Xm-¡-sfbpw _Ôp-¡-sfbpw shSnª k¦-S-̄ mÂ Ic-ª-t¸mÄ AXv Xsâ s\©nÂ hoW kµÀ`amWv HmÀ¡p-¶Xv (tÇmIw 5). hoWhmb\ ]Tn-̧ n-¡sh hmk-h-Z¯ Xsâ apJ-t¯¡v t\m¡n-bn-cp¶v hoW-¡-¼n-bnÂ sXmSmsX A´-co-£-¯nÂ ao«nb kw`-hhpw cmPmhv HmÀ¯p (tÇmIw 6). CXn-\mÂ thsd IY ]d-bp¶p hnZq-j-I³. IY XpS-csh cmPmhv Dd-§n-t¸m-Ip-¶p. DWÀ¯msX hnZq-j-I³ hnf-¡-W¨v ]pd-t¯¡pt]mb kµÀ`-̄ nÂ ]Zvam-h-Xn¡v acp-¶p-ambn hmk-h-Z-̄ bpw tXmgnbpw Ahn-tS¡v {]th-in-¡p-¶p. Ccp-«nÂ ]Zvam-h-Xn-bm-sW¶p IcpXn cmPm-hnsâ sXm«-cn-In-emWv hmk-h-Z¯ Ccn-¡p-¶-Xv. Dd-¡-̄ nÂ cmPmhv hmk-h-Z-̄ sb kz]v\w ImWp-¶p. cmPmhv hmk-h-Z-̄ sb kz]v\-¯nÂ Dds¡ hnfn-¡p-¶Xv tI«v hmk-h-Z¯ ]nS-sª-gp-t¶Â¡p-Ibpw Zqsc-\n¶v cmPm-hns\ I¬\n-dsb ImWp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. kz]v\-̄ nÂ cmPmhv hmk-h-Z-̄ -tbmSv tNmZn-¡p¶ tNmZy-§Ä¡v adp-]-Sn-]-d-bp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. InS-bv¡¡p ]pd-t¯¡v Xq§n-\nÂ¡p¶cmPm-hnsâ ssI ]Xps¡ icn-bm-¡n-sh¨v AhÄ Ahn-sS-\n¶v t]mIp¶p. hmk-h-Z-̄ -bpsSkv]Ài-ta-ä-tXmsS IXv kz]v\tam bmYmÀYytam F¶-dn-bmsX cmPmhv DW-cp-¶p. Xm³hmk-h-Z¯sb IXv kXy-am-sW¶pw cpa-Wzm³ \pW-]-d-ª-Xm-hm-sa¶pw cmPm-hn\vtXm¶p-¶p. CXp shdpw In\m-hm-sW-¦nÂ Rm\p-W-cm-Xn-cn-¡-s«, AÃ CXv {`m´m-sW-¦nÂCu {`m´v \oWmÄ amdm-Xn-cn-¡s« F¶mWv cmPmhv sImXn-¡p-¶-Xv. (tÇmIw 9). Cu aµn-c-¯nÂ ]mÀ¡p¶ Ah-́ n-kp-µcn F¶ b£n-sb-bm-bn-cn-¡Ww cmPmhv IXv F¶mWv hnZq-j-Isâ A`n-{]m-bw. kz]v\m-h-km-\-̄ nÂ DWÀ¶-t¸mÄ B Nmcn-{Xy-kw-c-£nWn (hmk-h-Z¯)bpsS apJ-am-Ip¶ Xma-cbpw \o apSnbpw ajn-sb-gp-Xm¯ I¬Ifpw Ip-sh¶vcmPmhv km£y-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶p. am{X-a-Ã, B kpµcn Fsâ ssI]n-Sn-̈ -t¸m-gp-mb tcmam©hpws\©n-Sn¸pw Ct¸mgpw Ah-km-\n¨n-«n-sÃ¶pw cmPmhv ImWn-̈ p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶p (tÇmIw 10, 11).

DSs\, DZ-b-\-cm-Pm-hnsâ a{´n cpa-Wzm³ henb ssk\ys¯ tiJ-cn¨v Bcp-Wn-tbmSvbp²w-sN-¿m³ ]pd-s -̧«p-h-cp-¶pv F¶ ktµiw e`n-¡p-¶p. bp²-̄ n-\mbn cmPmhpw ]pd-s -̧Sp¶tXmsS Cu \mS-I¯nse {][m\ cwKw Ah-km-\n¡p-¶p.A¦w Bdv

Xh-W-¡m-cn-bmb hnP-bbpw lcn-¡m-c\pw X½n-epÅ kw`m-j-W-t¯msS cwKw Bcw-`n-¡p-¶p. bp²w Pbn-¨p-h¶ cmPmhv Btcm tLmj-hXn F¶ hoW hmbn-¡p¶ i_vZw tI«vhmk-h-Z-̄ m-kvar-Xn-bmÂ ]pf-In-X-\m-Ip-¶p. \Àa-Zm-Xo-cs¯ hÅ-¡p-Sn-enÂ \n¶mWvAbmÄ¡v B hoW e`n-¨-Xv. AsX-Sp¯v aSn-bnÂ sh¨-tXm-Sp-IqSn cmPmhv t_m[wsI«p hogp-¶p. {ipXn-kp-J-t¯m-Sp-IqSn hmk-h-Z-̄ -bpsS aSn-bnepw amdnepw hn{i-an¨ \o Infn-IÄ s]mSn-bp-XnÀ¯ Xp-ambn sImSnb h\-̄ nÂ hkn-¨-sX-§ns\ F¶v cmPmhv hoW-tbmSv tNmZn-¡p¶p (tÇmIw 1). Ac-s¡-«nÂ hln-¨pw apdp¡n sI«n-̧ n-Sn-̈ pw £oWn-¡p-t¼mÄ amdnÂtNÀ¯v Xtem-Snbpw Fs¶s¨mÃn hnc-th-f-I-fnÂ hne-]n¨pw \ns¶ ao«p¶ t\c¯v ]p©n-cn-¨p-sIm-pÅ kwkm-c-§fpw FÃmw \o ad-¶p-I-f-ªtÃm F¶v \µn-bn-Ãm¯ hoW-tbmSvcmPmhv ]cm-Xn-]-d-bp¶p (tÇmIw 2). ]cn-¡p-]-änb hoWsb \¶m-¡n-sb-Sp-¡m³ inev]nsbGÂ¸n-¡p¶p hnZq-j-I³.

hmk-h-Z-̄ bpw amXm-]n-Xm-¡-fmb alm-tk-\\pw BwKm-c-h-Xnhpw ]d-ª-b¨ kµÀi-IÀ cmPm-hns\ ImWm³ h¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. Ahsc kÂ¡-cn-¡m³ cmPmhv ]vZam-h-Xn-sbbpwIq«p-¶p-v. aI-fpsS ZpÀa-c-W-hmÀ¯-b-dnª amXm-]n-Xm-¡Ä F´mWv ]d-bpI F¶v cmPm-hn\pw ]Zvam-h-Xn¡pw Bi-¦-bp-v. cmPmhv X«n-s¡m-p-h-¶-Xm-WtÃm aI-sf. "B\-bp-²-¯nÂ Fs¶ tXmÂ¸n-¨p, kz´w a¡-sf-t¸mse F¶n«pw Rm³ ]cn-N-cn-̈ p, Fsâ aIsfA]-l-cn-̈ p, Ahsf Im¯p-c-£n-¡m³ F\n¡v Ign-ª-Xp-an-Ã At¸m-sgm¶pw aa-X-hn«v s]cp-am-dm¯ Rm³ aI-fpsS ac-W-hmÀ¯ tI«pw aa-X-tbmsS hkn-¡p-¶p. Imc-Ww, hÕ-cmPywXncnsI e`n-¡p-¶-Xn\v \nan-̄ -am-bXv AXm-WtÃm' F¶mWv cmPm-hnsâ ktµ-iw. (tÇmIw 8)"]Xn-\mdv A´-]p-c-kv{Xo-I-fnÂ aq¯-h-fmb \K-c-¯n\v ]c-tZ-h-X-bm-b A½-dm-Wn¡v kpJw-X-s¶-b-Ãtbm F¶v cmPmhv At\z-jn¨p (tÇmIw 9). Bcv Bsc-bmWv ac-W-̄ nÂ \n¶v c£n-¡m³ Ign-hp-ä-h³, IbÀs]m«n InW-än-te¡p ]Xn-¡p¶ IpSs¯ Bcv XS-bpw, DeIw HcpImSp-t]m-se-bmWv Imem-Imew AXp sh«n-sh-Sn-̧ m-¡p-¶p, hopw apf-̈ p-b-cp-¶p. (tÇmIw 10)F¶mWv lcn-¡m-c³ cmPm-hns\ Biz-kn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv. C\n-sb-{X-P·w P\n-¨mepw hmk-h-Z-¯sb ad-¡m³ Ign-bn-sÃ¶v cmPmhv km£y-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶p.



hmk-h-Z-̄ -bpsS amXmhv DZ-b-\-cm-Pm-hns\ icn¡pw acp-a-I-\m-bn-̄ -s¶-bmWv IXvF¶ hkvXpX shfn-s -̧Sp-̄ p¶ ktµ-i-amWv [m{Xn-hiw \ÂIn-hn-«n-cp-¶-Xv. cmPm-hns\ DÖ-bn-\n-bn-te¡v hcp-̄ n-̈ Xpw aIsf hoW-b-̀ y-kn-¸n-¡m-s\¶ \mSy-̄ nÂ Hcp-an¨v Xma-kn-̧ n-¨Xpw {]W-b-Nm-]eyw aqew cmPmhv hmk-h-Z-̄ -tbm-sSm¸w hnhm-l-aw-Kfw BN-cn-¡msX IS-¶p-I-f-ªXpw A½ kvacn-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ AhÀ apd-{]-Imcw aI-fp-sSbpw acp-a-I-sâbpwinev]-§Ä ]WnXv hnhmlw \S-̄ n-sb¶v shfn-s¸-Sp-̄ p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. AXnsâ Nn{X-§ÄDZ-bs\ ImWn¨v taenÂ CXp-t\m¡n Biz-kn-̈ p-Po-hn-¡m³ Bh-iy-s -̧Sp-¶p. sXäpsN-bvXn-«p-t]mepw X§-fnÂ A{]oXn ImWn-¡msX {]nbw \ndª A½-bpsS Cu hm¡p-IÄ \qdpcmPyw Iog-S-¡p-¶-sX-¡mÄ kt´m-j-I-c-am-sW¶v cmPmhv A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«p. (tÇmIw 12). Nn{X-¯nse hmk-h-Z-̄ sb Iv CXv Bh-́ n-I-b-t¸mse Ccn-¡p-¶tÃm F¶v ]Zvam-hXn BÝ-cy-s -̧Sp-¶p. t]mse AÃ AhÄX-s¶-bm-sW-¶mWv cmPm-hnsâ {]Xn-I-c-Ww. Cu Nn{X-̄ n-ep-Å-Xp-t]m-epÅ Hcp s]¬Ip«n Xsâ IqsS Xma-kn-¡p-¶p-s¶pw Hcp k\ymkn kq£n-¡m-t\Â]n¨ s]§-fmWv Ah-sf¶pw ]ßm-hXn cmPm-hn-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. Htc hSn-hnÂ temI¯vH¶n-e-[nIw Bfp-I-fp-m-hm-\n-S-bp-tÃm F¶v kam-[m-\n-¡p-I-bmWv cmPmhv (tÇmIw 14).

At¸mÄ ktlm-Z-cnsb XncnsI hm§n-¡m³ {_mÒ-W-th-j-̄ nÂ buK-Ô-cm-b-W³{]th-in-¡p-¶p. {_mÒ-Wsâ i_vZw tI«v cmPm-hn\v ap³]cn-Nbw tXm¶p-¶p-v. cmPm-hnsâIÂ]-\-{]-Imcw hmk-h-Z¯ lmP-cm-Ip-¶p. cmPmhv hmk-h-Z-̄ sb Iv BËm-Z-Nn-̄ -\m-Ip-¶p. ap¼v Iv h©n-X-\m-b-Xp-t]mse Cu hmk-h-Z-̄ bpw hmkvX-htam kz]v\tam F¶m-W-t±-l-̄ n\p kwi-bw. (tÇmIw 17) kz]v\-hm-k-h-Z¯w F¶ \mS-I-\maw HmÀ¡pI. \S¶kw`-h-§-sfÃmw buK-Ô-cm-W³ cmPm-hns\ Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. tPyjvT-̄ n-bmb hmk-h-Z-̄ -tbmSv Hcp kJn-sb-t¸mse s]cp-am-dn-t¸m-b-XnÂ ]Zvam-hXn am¸p-tNm-Zn-¡p-¶p. Iuimw-_ncmPys¯ c£n-¡m-\mWv C¯-c-samcp BÄam-dm-«-̄ n\v Hcp-§n-¸p-d-̧ -«-sX¶pw ]Zvam-hXncmPm-hnsâ `mcy-bm-Ip-sa¶ ]pjv]-I-̀ -{Z-·m-cpsS {]h-N\w Adn-ª-Xp-sIm-mWv Ah-sc-¯s¶ kwc-£Ww GÂ¸n-̈ -sX¶pw Cu hnhcw cpa-Wzm\pw Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶pw buK-Ô-cm-b-W³ ]d-bp-¶p. almkq-{X-¡m-c³ F¶mWv cmPmhv cpa-Wzms\¡pdn¨v ]d-bp-¶-Xv.FÃm-hcpw Hcp-an¨v kt´m-j-t¯msS thZn-hn-Sp-t¼mÄ `c-X-hm-Iy-t¯msS \mSIw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.



samUyqÄ 2temI-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS B[p-\nI L«w

tdmam km{amPyt¯msSm¸w {InkvXpaXw bptdm¸v apgph³ hym]n¨Xv \mSIIebpsSXfÀ¨bv¡p ImcWambn¯oÀ¶p. s{sIkvXhk` aXhnizmknIsf A`n\b¯nÂ \n¶phne¡pIbpmbn. B ImeL«¯nse bqtdm]y³ \mSImhXcWw kmaqlnImtLmj§fnepw {]`p¡·mÀ AXnYnIÄ¡mbn Hcp¡nbncp¶ kXvImckZÊpIfnepapÅ kwKoXmem]\t¯mSp IqSnb \r¯\rXy§fnepw HXp§n\n¶p. AXn\mÂ A`n\b¯n\pthnbpÅ \mSIcN\ \maam{Xambn. anI¨ \mSI§Ä kmlnXy IrXnIÄ F¶\nebnemWv A¡m-e¯v {i²n¡s¸«Xv. a[yIme¯v \mSImhXcWw XpS§nbXv s{sIkvXhtZhmeb§fpsS DÅnembncp¶p. ]n¶oSv AXp ]Ånapät¯¡p amdn. N´Øe§fnÂ_q¯v kvtäPpIÄ {IaoIcn¨v \mSI§Ä AhXcn¸n¡p¶ ]Xnhpapmbncp¶p. KnÂUvlmfpIfpw \mSIthZnIfmbn amdn.

tdmamkm{amPy¯nsâ ]X\¯n\pw \thm°m\Ime¯n\panSbnepÅ GXmv ]¯v\qämpIÄ bqtdm]y³ \mSIthZnbpsS PoÀWImeL«ambncp¶p. a[yIme¯v bptdm¸nse\mSIthZnbnepmb FSp¯p]db¯¡ kw`hhnImkw s{sIkvXh aXhnizmkt¯mSv_Ôs¸« 'and¡nÄ t¹' bpsS BhnÀ`mhhpw {]NmchpamWv. Cu hn`mK¯nÂs¸Sp¶\mSIIrXnIfpw \mSImhXcW§fpw aXhnizmk{]NmcW¯n\v klmbIambncp¶p.ss__nfnse AZv`pXIYIÄ {]tabam¡p¶ and¡nÄ t¹bpsS AhXcWw FÃmbnS¯pwHcpt]mse Iem]cambncp¶nÃ. AhbpsS `mjbnepw cN\mcoXnbnepw AhXcWcoXnbnepwkw`hn¨ ]cnWmaw tZiobkz`mhapÅ \mSI§fpsS BhnÀ`mh¯n\v hgnsXfn¨p.and¡nÄ t¹ItfmsSm¸wXs¶ anÌdn t¹Ifpw Ac§nse¯n. I\yIm]p{X\mbn {InkvXpP\n¨Xv, {XnXz hnizmkw XpS§nb Kl\§fmb Znhyclky§sf B[mcam¡nbpÅhbmWv anÌdn t¹IÄ. kZvKpW§fpw ZpÀKpW§fpw IYm]m{X§fmbn hcp¶ samdmenänt¹Ifpw C¡me¯v AhXcn¸n¨p h¶p. CâÀeqUpIfmWv asämcn\w. Hcp \mSIw thZnbnÂ\S¡pt¼mÄ c¦§Ä¡nSbnepÅ kab¯v AhXcn¸n¡p¶Xn\pÅXmWv CâÀeqUv.CXv \mSIw XpS§p¶Xn\papt¼m ]nt¼m thWsa¦nepw AhXcn¸n¡mhp¶Xmbncp¶p. aäpIem]cn]mSnIÄ¡nSbnepw hncp¶pIÄ¡nSbnepw CâÀeqUn\v thZn Hcp§nbncp¶p.s{sIkvXhk`bpsS A\p{Klt¯msS hfÀ¶ a[yIme \mSIIebvs¡Xncmb Nne{]Xntj[§fpw A¡me¯pmbn. A[ym]Icpw A`n`mjIcpaS§nb _p²nPohnhÀKamWv AXn\v t\XrXzw \evInbXv.\thm°m\ \mSIw

{In.h. 1500 IfnÂ {Ko¡v tdma³ kmlnXy§fpsS NphSp]nSn¨v Cäen BØm\am¡nbqtdm¸nemsI cq]wsImXmWv- \thm°m\ XcwKw F¶dnbs¸Sp¶Xv. CXpaqew\mSIcwK¯pw amä§Ä DmhpIbpw AÀkvtäm«nen³sd t]mbänIvkv, slmtdknsâ BÀ«vHm^v s]mb{Sn F¶o IrXnIsf ASnØm\am¡n hfscb[nIw \mSI§Ä cq]wsImÅpIbpw sNbvXp. C¯cw {]Øm\§Ä \ntbm ¢mknIvknkw F¶v Adnbs¸Sp¶p.\thm°m\ImeL«¯nÂ an¡ bqtdm]y³ cmPy§fnsebpw \mSIw cq]]cambpwDÅS¡¯nsâ Imcy¯nepw ]e ]cnhÀ¯\§Ä¡pw hnt[bambn. Cäenbnembncp¶p\nÀWmbIamä§Ä BZyapmbXv. a\pjy³ F§s\bmbncn¡Wsa¶Ã F§s\bncn¡p¶p F¶v ImWn¨psImSp¡pIbmWv \mSI[Àaw F¶v {]Jym]n¨ Cämenb³ lyqa\nÌv\mSIIr¯p¡Ä kaImeo\ CäenbpsS Hcp ]cntOZwXs¶ Ac§nse¯n¨p. AXvbqtdm¸nemIam\w AÀY]qÀWamb Hcp \mSIthZnbpsS ]ndhn¡v \nan¯ambn. ip`m´ þZpc´ \mSI§Ä¡v ]pdta Cäenbnse \mSIaÕc§fnÂ, h\tZhXamcpw CSb·mcpwX½nepÅ {]Wbw hnjbam¡n AhXcn¸n¨ncp¶ Hcp \mSIcq]ambncp¶p ]mÌdÂ

{In.h. 1502 epw 1508 epambn cNn¡s¸« eptUmhns¡m AcntbmkvtämbpsSIrXnIfmb sF kt¸mknän, IÊmdnb F¶o \mSI§fneqsSbmWv- CäenbnÂ \mSI{]Øm\§fpsS Bcw`w F¶v IcpXs¸Sp¶p. Ct±l¯ns\ IqSmsX `cWm[nImcnbpwkmlnXyImc\pambncp¶ \nt¡mfmam¡n shÃn bpsS ip`m´ \mSIambncp¶emam³t{UmKebpw Cämenb³ \mSI{]Øm\¯nÂ {][m\ ]¦v hln¨ncp¶p. Knbm³KntbmKntbm {SnÌnt\m cNn¨ tkmt^m \nkv_ Cäenbnse BZyt¯Xpw {]ikvXhpambZpc´ \mSIambncp¶p. cmPkZÊpIfnÂ AhXcn¸n¨ncp¶ Hcp \mSIcq]ambncp¶pC³dÀsatÊm. {Ko¡v Zpc´ \mSI§fpsS ]p\chXcW {ia¯n³sd ^eambn {In.h. 1590-IfnÂ cq]w CäenbnÂ cq]wsIm asämcp \mSIcq]ambncp¶p Hm¸d. Imem´c¯nÂC³dÀsatÊm Hm¸dbpsS `mKamIpIbpw 1650 ItfmSv IqSn Hm¸dIÄ Cäenbnse GsdP\{]oXnbmÀÖn¨ \mSIcq]ambn amdpIbpw sNbvXp.



]mÝmXy \mSIthZnbnÂ cmasXmcp kphÀWbpKw BhnÀ`hn¨Xv CwKvfojv\mSIIr¯mb sjbvIvkv]nbdpsS cwK{]thit¯mSpIqSnbmWv. At±l¯nsâ cN\IÄBkzmZy§fmbncp¶p F¶p am{XaÃ XnI¨pw A`n\btbmKy§fpw Bbncp¶p. ]eXpwXpSÀ¨bmbn hfsc\mÄ Htc \mSIthZnbnÂ AhXcn¸n¡s¸«p. D¶XIpePmXÀ¡pwkm[mcW¡mÀ¡pw thn shtÆsd thZnIfnÂ \mS-I-§Ä Ah AhXcn¸n¡pI]Xnhmbncp¶p. sjbvIvkv]nbdpsS \mSIIrXnIsf {SmPUnIÄ, tImaUnIÄ,Ncn{X\mSI§Ä F¶n§s\ aq¶phn`mK§fmbn Xncn¡mw. {Ko¡p Zpc´\mSI§Ä¡p{]IrXyXoX iànIfpsS CSs]SÂ ImcWambncns¡, a\pjy kz`mh¯nÂ A´Àeo\ambsshIey§fmWv sjbvIvkv]ocnb³ {SmPUnIÄ¡p aqetlXp. sjbvIvkv]nbdpsS{SmPUnIÄ Øe]cambpw {Inbmwi kw_Ôambpw Imekw_ÔambpapÅ sFIyw]peÀ¯p¶hbÃ F¶XmWv Ahbv¡v {Ko¡v {SmPUnIfnÂ \n¶pÅ hyXymkw. Zv sSw]ÌvDÄs¸sS Nne \mSI§Ä CXn\v A]hmZambpv. sjbvIvkv]nbdpsS InMv enbÀ,amIvs_Xv, lmwseäv, HYtÃm XpS§nb ]e {SmPUnIfpw temIkmlnXy¯nsebpw\mSIthZnbnsebpw amÌÀ]okpIfmbn IcpXs¸Sp¶p.

sjbvIvkv]nbdnsâ kaImenIcmbncp¶p {InÌ^À amÀtembpw s_³ tPm¬kWpw.tUm. ^uÌv F¶ sFXnlyIYm]m{X¯nsâ IYsb Bkv]Zam¡n amÀsem cNn¨ \mSIw(tUmÎÀ t^mÌkv) {]tXyI ]cmaÀiaÀln¡p¶p. cN\minev]¯nsâ khntijXsImvCu \mSIw temI{]ikvXnbmÀPn¨p. Imev]\nIkmlnXy¯nsâbpw IebpsSbpwBcw`L«¯nÂ CtX IYm]m{Xs¯ tI{µam¡ns¡mv hnJymX sPÀa³ kmlnXyImc\mb sKbvsY cNn¨ Imhy\mSIhpw (^uÌv) temI{]ikvXn BÀPn¨n«pÅXmWv.]mÝmXy \mS-I-¯nsâ B[p\nIImew

bqtdm]y³ \mSIthZnbnse B[p\nI ImeL«¯n\v XpS¡w Ipdn¨Xv tamfntbF¶ {]ikvX {^©v \mSIIr¯mWv. {]lk\cq]¯nepÅ KZy\mSI¯nsâ hninãamXrIIfmWv At±l¯nsâ cN\IÄ. At±l¯nsâ ImeL«¯n\pap¼pmb\mSI§fnÂ `qcn]£hpw ]Zycq]¯nepÅhbmbncp¶p. KZy\mSI¯n\v cwKthZnbnÂhnPbn¡m³ Ignbpsa¶v tamfntbdpsS \mSI§Ä sXfnbn¨p. DÅS¡¯nepw cq]¯nepwAt±l¯nsâ \mSI§Ä¡pÅ khntijXIÄ aqew temI¯nse ]e`mjIfnepwC¯cw ^mgvkpIÄ ({]lk\§Ä) cNn¡s¸Sm³ CSbmbn. tamfnbdpsS Ime¯n\ptijwbqtdm]y³ \mSIthZnbnÂ Dmb Hcp henb kw`hw t\mÀth¡mc\mb slânIvC_vk³ cNn¨ dnbenÌnIv KZy\mSI§fpsS BhnÀ`mhamWv. temI\mSIthZnbnsednbenÌnIv \mSI{]Øm\¯nsâ D]ÚmXmhmbn IcpXs¸Sp¶ C_vksâ `qcn]£w\mSI§fpw dnbenÌnIv ssienbnÂ kaImenI kmaqlnI PohnX¯nse {]iv\§ÄNn{XoIcn¡p¶hbmWv. tKmÌvkv, tUmÄkv slukv, sshÂUv U¡v, F\nan H^v Zv ]o¸nÄF¶nh At±l¯nsâ hnJymX dnbenÌnIv \mSI§fmWv. ChbnÂ ]eXpwaebmf¯nte¡pw aät\Iw temI`mjIfnte¡pw hnhÀ¯\w sN¿s¸«n«pv.CsXms¡bmsW¦nepw C_vk³, dnbenÌnIv \mSI§fpsS cNbnXmhv am{Xambncp¶nÃ.{]XoImßI§fpw ImhymßI§fpamb GXm\pw anI¨ \mSI§fpw At±lw cNn¨n«pv.AhbnÂ Gähpw {]kn²w amÌÀ _nÂUÀ (cmPinev]n) F¶ IrXnbmWv. C_vksâ\mSI§Ä¡v s]mXpthbpÅ Hcp khntijX {Ko¡p {SmPUnIfnse {Inbmwi]cambsFIyw, Imekw_Ônbmb sFIyw, Øe]camb sFIyw F¶nh ChbnÂ]men¡s¸Sp¶p F¶XmWv. CwKvfojv \mSIIr¯mb _ÀWmUvjm kaImenIkmaqlnIbmYmÀYy§sf A[nIcn¨v Ht«sd \mSI§Ä cNn¡pIbpmbn. Ah\mSIthZnbnÂ hnPbIcambn AhXcn¸n¡s¸SpIbpw sNbvXp. jmbpsSAXn{]ikvX§fmb \mSI§fmWv Zn B¸nÄ ImÀ«v, am³ B³Uv kq¸Àam³ F¶nh.F¶mÂ {Inbmwi{][m\amb C_vksâ \mSI§fnÂ \n¶v hyXykvXambn jmbpsS\mSI§Ä kw`mjW {][m\§fmWv. AhsbÃmw \Àack{][m\§fpw ]et¸mgpwlmkyßI§fpas{X. HmkvImÀ sshÂUpw \mS-I-§Ä cNn-̈ n-«p-v. Ccp]Xmw \qämnsâ]qÀhmÀ[¯nÂ Pohn¨ncp¶ hnJymXcmb djy³ sNdpIYmImc·mcnÂ Hcmfmb Bâ¬sNJ^v {]Kev`\mb Hcp \mSIIr¯pIqSn Bbncp¶p. At±l¯nsâ \mSI§fnÂIqSpXÂ {]kn²ambXv aq¶p ktlmZcnamÀ F¶ IrXnbmWv.

C_vk\p tijw A[nIImew Ignbp¶Xn\pap¼pXs¶ temI\mSIkmlnXywdnbenk¯nÂ \n¶v AI¶pXpS§n. At±l¯nsâ ]n¶mte cwK¯ph¶ BKÌvkv{Sn³_ÀKv, saäÀen¦v F¶nhÀ \mSIcN\bnÂ bpànbpsS `mj shSnªvAkm[mcWamb Hcp A\p`qXnXew krãn¡p¶ \mSI§Ä AhXcn¸n¨p. ]nev¡me¯vbqtdm¸nÂ cq]w sIm \ho\ \mSI{]hWXIfmWv Akw_Ô\mSIw, F¸nIv XnsbäÀ



XpS§nbh. B[p\nI PohnX¯nÂ B\p`hthZyamb s]mcp¯t¡SpIfmWvAkw_Ô\mSI§Ä¡m[mcw. am\hcminbpsS 'almt\«§Ä' hcp¯nh¨ Zpc´§fpwtemIbp²§fpw krãn¨ AkvXnXzkakyIfmWv C¯cw \mSI§fnÂ Gdnbpw IpdªpwNÀ¨ sN¿s¸Sp¶Xv. bqPo³ Abs\kvtImbpsS ImmarKw, ItkcIÄ F¶nh CuKW¯nÂ {it²bamWv. Akw_Ô\mSI§fpsS Iq«¯nÂ {]ikvXnbmÀPn¨ tKmtZmsbIm¯v (shbvänwKv t^mÀ tKmtZm) F¶ \mSIw kmaphÂ s_¡äntâ-XmWv. t\m_Âk½m\w t\Snb Cu IrXn temI¯nse an¡ `mjIfnte¡pw hnhÀ¯\w sN¿s¸«n«pv.(IS½\n« cmaIrjvW\mWv aebmf¯nÂ XÀPpa sNbvXn«pÅXv.) Ccp]Xmw \qämnse\mSIcwK¯v ]pXnb Ne\§Ä krãn¨ asämcp Fgp¯pImc³ AkvXnXzhmZnbmb sjs\BWv. AkvXnXzhmZ]camb am\pjnI{]iv\§Ä Nn{XoIcn¡p¶ B \mSI§Ä a\pjyPohnX¯nse Nne sshIrX§sfbpw Akm[mcW {]iv\§sfbpw Nn{XoIcn¡p¶p.the¡mcnIÄ (Z sabvUvkv) BWv \Ã DZmlcWw. \mSIw \mSIobamIcpsX¶pwAXneqsS BhnjvIcn¡s¸Sp¶ PohnXkXy§fpw X¯z§fpw BkzmZIsc [cn¸n¡pIF¶Xmbncn¡Ww \mSI¯nsâ e£ysa¶pw A`n{]mbs¸« s_ÀtSmÄUv s{_lvXv F¸nIv\mSIw Fs¶mcp \mSIcq]w BhnjvIcn¡pIbpw AXn\p tbmPn¨ \mSI§Ä FgpXnAhXcn¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. t{]£I\v Ac§nse kw`h§tfmSp hnImc]cambkmßoIcWw DmIcpsX¶pw _u²nIamb A\yhXvIcWw \ne\nÀ¯n hnaÀi\mßIambn hnebncp¯m³ IgnbWsa¶pw {_lvXv kz´w cN\IfneqsS sXfnbn¨p. kmaqlnIamä¯n\v t{]£Is\ t_m[hm\m¡m\pÅ {]IS\thZnbmWv At±l¯n\v Ac§v.{Xns]\n Hm¸d, tImt¡jy³ Nm¡v kÀ¡nÄ, skävkzm\nse \Ã kv{Xo, ]p´nebpwin¦nSnbpw, aZÀ ItdPpw AhcpsS aIfpw XpS§nb A\h[n \mSI§fneqsS {_lvXv Xsâkn²m´w BhnjvIcn¨p.

ae-bm-f-¯nse kwL-SnX \mS-I-§ÄtemI \mS-I-{]-Øm-\-t¯m-sSm¸w ae-bmf \mS-I-th-Znbpw hnI-kn-̈ p. \mS-I-§Ä

ImWm\pw Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡m\pw kwL-Sn-X-amb {ia-§-fp-m-bn. ae-bmf \mS-I-h-th-Zn-bpsSA¯cw BZyImes¯ {][m\ \mSI§fnÂ NneXv, kn.hn.cma³]nÅbpsS'N{µapJohnemkw' (1885), sIm¨p®n¯¼pcmsâ IeymWoIeymWw (1888), sI.kn.tIih]nÅbpsS e£vaoIeymWw (1893), I¯nÂ hdp!¤okv am¸nfbpsS 'F{_m!b¡p«n'(1894),Ieln\oZa\Iw (hneyw tjIvkv]nbdnsâ 'täanMv Hm^v Zv {jyq' F¶ IrXnbpsShnhÀ¯\w), sIm¨o¸³ XcIsâ 'adnbm½' (1903) XpS§nbhbmbncp¶p.[1] sNdnbHcnSthf¡ptijw kn.hn. cma³]nÅ 1909Â 'Ipdp¸nÃm¡fcn' F¶ Bt£]lmky\mSIhpambn cwK¯ph¶p. kn.hn.bpsS ]nÂ¡me \mSI§Ä 'sX\mwtIm«p lcnÝ{µ³'(1918), '_SveÀ ]¸³' (1921) F¶nhbmbncp¶p.knhnbpsS {][m\ \mSIIrXnIÄ {]lk\wF¶ hn`mK¯nÂ s]Sp¶hbmbncp¶p.

Xangv \mSI§fmbncp¶p HcpIme¯v aebmf \mSIcwKs¯ kzm[o\n¨ncp¶Xv.hffn¯ncpaWw, ]hngs¡mSn, Kpte_¡mhen XpS§nb \mSI§fpw In«¸,XymKcmP`mKhXÀ, kckzXn`mbn-cXv\`mbn ktlmZc§fpw HcpIme¯v Ac§p XIÀ¯p.a[pctZhn _mehnt\mZ kwKoX k`, cmP-am-WnIyw k` XpS-§nb Xangv\mSIkwL§ÄAhXcn¸n¨ncp¶ Ncn{X]pcmW \mSI§fpw tIcf¯nÂ KWyamb kzm[o\w sNep¯n.cmambWw, alm`mcXw, `mKhXw XpS§nbhsb CXnhr¯am¡nbpÅ kwKoX\mSI§Ä¡vGsd BkzmZIcpmbncp¶p. kn.hn.bpsS BJymbnIIfpw CµpteJbpw \mSIcq]¯nÂF¯nbt¸mÄ ]pXnsbmcp \mSIk¦ev]w aebmf¯nÂ hnIkn¨p. Xangv\mSI¡¼\nIfpsS amXrIbnÂ skäpIfpambn«mWv aebmf¯nÂ BZy \mSI¡¼\nIÄ DmbXv.Xncph«mÀ \mcmbW¸nÅbpsS at\mtaml\w I¼\n, kn.]n. ANypXtat\msâhnt\mZNn´maWn, Nm¯p¡p«n a¶mSnbmcpsS cknIcRvPn\n, ]n.Fkv. hmcycpsS]cainhhnemkw F¶nh AhbnÂ NneXmWv. Sn.kn. ANypXtat\msâ kwKoXss\j[w(1892), sI.kn. tIih]nÅbpsS kZmcma (1903) FcphbnÂ N{I]mWnhmcycpsSlcnÝ{µNcnXw (1913) F¶o \mSI§Ä kwKoX \mSIIesb ]pãns¸Sp¯n. 1903-ÂFgpXs¸« kZmcma apXÂ¡mWv bYmÀY¯nÂ aebmf \mSIthZnbpsS Ncn{XwBcw`n¡p¶Xv. Ccp]Xmw \qämnsâ BZyL«¯nepmb kn.hn. cma³]nÅbpsS{]lk\§fpw aebmf\mSI¯nsâ hfÀ¨bv¡v ]pXnb apJw k½m\n¨p. sX´\mwtIm«vlcnÝ{µ³ (1914), IbvafÈsâ ISÈnss¡ (1915), UmÎÀ¡v In«nb an¨w (1916), sNdptX³sImfw_kv (1917), ]s¯ ]m¨³ (1918), ]m]n sNÃp¶nSw ]mXmfw (1919), Ipdp¸nsâ Xncn¸v(1920), _SvfÀ ]¸³ (1921) F¶nhbmbncp¶p Ah.



bYm-XY thZnalm-̀ m-cX þ cmam-bW ]pcmW IY-I-fnÂ \n¶v amdn kmaq-lnI {]iv\-§sf \mS-I-

¯n-te¡v sImp-h-¶-tXmsS \mS-I-cwKw dnb-enÌv ssien-bnte¡v amä-s¸-«p. 1886 apXÂ 1930hscbpÅ Ime¯v Ccp¶qtdmfw \mSI§Ä cNn¡s¸«p. kwKoX\mSIw Iem]cambnA[x]Xn¨ ImeL«¯nemWv kzman {_Ò{hX³, Ipamc\mimsâ IcpW (1930) \mSIcq]¯nÂ AhXcn¸n¨Xv. XXv^eambn kwKoX\mSIthZnbnÂ ]pXnb Ne\§fpmbn.{]Kev`cmb IemImc·mcpsS t\XrXz¯nÂ ]pXnb \mSImhXcW§fpmbn.aebmf\mSIcwK¯v Nn«bpÅ s{]m^j\enk¯n\p -XpS¡wIpdn¨Xv -ISbv¡mhqÀ---IpªpIrjvW-]Wn¡cmWv. A©p-IfnIgnRmÂ BdmwIfn kanXns¡¶ coXn \S¸nem¡nbXpw bnt±lamWv. Hm¨nd thep¡p«n, sk_mÌy³ Ipªp-Ipªp `mKhXÀ, tXhe¡cIpª³]nÅ, Xncph¼mSn ]m¨p]nÅ, ]mÂ¡pf§c IrjvW³Ip«n \mbÀ, BÀ.]n.tIih]nÅ XpS§nb \S·mÀ t]scSp¯Xpw Cu ImebfhnemWv.kmaqlnI \thm°m\hpw \mSI{]Øm\hpw

kmaqlnI A\mNmc§fpw AkaXz§fpw \ndª Hcp ImeL«¯nemWv kwKoX\mSI§fnÂ \n¶v hyXykvXambn, am\hnIt_m[w Du«nbpd¸n¡p¶ \mSIk¦ev]wtIcf¯nÂ ]ndhnsImÅp¶Xv. temIsa¼mSpw kw`hn¨ kmaqlnI]cnWma§fpw cm{ãobkw`hhnImk§fpw AXn\v {]tNmZ\ambn. 1929-Â hn.Sn. `«Xncn¸mSv cNn¨ ASp¡fbnÂ\n¶v Ac§t¯¡ v F¶ kmaqlnI \mSIw Ht«sd tImfnf¡§Ä krãn¨p. {_mÒWkaql¯nse A\mNmc§sf ]pd¯pIm«nb B \mSIw aebmf \mSIthZn¡v ]pXnsbmcpkmaqlyZÀi\w ]IÀ¶p \ÂIn. Fw.BÀ._n.bpsS ad¡pSbv¡pÅnse alm\cIw (1931),t{]wPnbpsS EXpaXn (1938) F¶o \mSI§fpw ]cnhÀ¯\kz`mhw sImp anI¨p\n¶p.

1930 IfnÂ C_vksâ \mSI§fpsS kzm[o\w BwKtebtemIs¯¶t]mseaebmf¯nepw \mSIcwK¯v kp{][m\ amä§Ä¡p hgnsXfn¨p. {]ikvX\ncq]I\m!bF._meIrjvW]nÅ C_vksâ 't{]X§Ä' 1936 Â aebmf¯nte¡p hnhÀ¯\wsN¿pIbpw C_vksâ \mSI§sf¡pdn¨v aebmf¯nÂ teJ\§Ä FgpXpIbpw sNbvXp.1940- Â kn. \mcmbW]nÅ 'tdmkvsaÀtlmw' aebmf¯nte¡p hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXp.hn.Sn.bpsS asämcp {][m\ \mSIamb 'EXpaXn' (1939) AXnsâ Bibk¼qÀWXbv¡pt]cptI«XmWv.

C.hn. IrjvW]nÅ, kn.hn.cma³]nÅbpsS Ncn{X Zpc´§fpsSbpw Bt£]lmky¯nsâbpw ]mX ]n´pSÀ¶v ]e \mSI§fpw cNn¨p. C.hn. bpsS lmkyck{][m\amb \mSI§fpsS ssien ]n´pSÀ¶v \mSIsagpXnbhcnÂ {][m\nIfmbncp¶pSn.F³. tKm]n\mY³\mbcpw F³.]n. sNÃ¸³--\mbcpw. At±l¯nsâ Ncn{XZpc´\mSI§fpsS ]mX ]n´pSÀ¶hcmbncp¶p ssI\n¡c ]ß\m`]nÅ ('thep¯¼n Zfhm','ImÂ-hcnbnse Iev]]mZ]w' (1934)), Im¸\ IrjvWtat\m³ ('tNcam³ s]cpamÄ',']gÈncmPm'), ssI\n¡c IrjvW]nÅ ('lcnÝ{µ³' (1938)), Ip«\m«v cmaIrjvW]nÅ('X]vX_mjv]w' (1934)) XpS§nbhÀ.

tIcf¯nse BZys¯ cm{ãob-kmaqlnI \mSIw sI.ZmtamZcsâ ']m«_m¡n' (1938)BWv. 1940 IfnÂ F³. _meIrjvW]nÅ, ]pfnam\ ]ctaizc³]nÅ, CStÈcn tKmhnµ³\mbÀ, kn.sP.tXmakv XpS§nbhÀ aebmf \mSIcwK¯v kmaq-lnI {]ta-b-§-fpÅcmjv{Sob \mSI§sf AhXcn¸n¨p. IrjvW]nÅbpsS {][m\ \mSI§fnÂ '`Kv\`h\w'(1942), 'I\yI' (1944), _em_ew (1946), XpS§nbh DÄs¸Spw. ]pfnam\ ]ctaizc³]nÅbpsS 'kaXzhmZn' (1944) 'FIvkv{]j\nÌv' k{¼Zmb¯nsegpXnb Aaqey IrXnbmWv.CStÈcnbpsS 'Iq«pIrjn'(1950) {KmaoWbmYmÀ°y§fpsS IY]dªp. kn.sP.tXmaknsâ{][m\ \mSIamb 'Ah³ hopw hcp¶p' aebmf \mSI§Ä¡p Hcp ]pXnb am\w \ÂIn.At±l¯nsâ \mSI§Ä ]ptcmKa\ kz`mhapÅhbpw `mhnbnse aebmf \mSIthZnsbap³-Iq«n Ihbpambncp¶p. At±l¯nsâ ]co£WXzc AXnsâ ]mcay¯nse¯p¶Xv'1128 Cse s{sIw 27' (1954) F¶ \mSI¯neqsSbmWv. A`nt\Xm¡Ä¡pw kwhn[mbIÀ¡pw shÃphnfnbpbÀ¯nb Cu \mSIw C¶pw aebmf \mSIcwK¯v thdn«p\nÂ¡p¶p.

1950--þ60Ifnse \mSI§Ä \mSI Km\§Ä¡p {]m[m\yapÅhbpw cm{ãob-kmaqlnINmbv-hpIÄ DÅhbpambncp¶p. tXm¸nÂ `mkn, F³.F³. ]nÅ, sI.Sn. apl½Zv, Pn.i¦c¸nÅ, Imhmew \mcmbW¸Wn¡À XpS§nbhÀ Ne¨n{X§fpsS Ips¯mgp¡nepw\mSIcwKs¯ Ne\mßIhpw BkzmZIhpam¡n \ne\nÀ¯n.



hni-Z-]-T-\-¯n\v1. Iq«p-Irjn

CStÈcn tKmhnµ³ \mbÀCStÈcn tKmhnµ³ \mbÀ (P\\w 1906 Unkw_À 23. acWw. 1974 HtÎm_À 16)

ae-bm-f-̄ nse B[p-\n-I-I-hn-X-bp-sSbpw \mS-I-̄ n-sâbpw Ncn-{X-̄ nÂ {][m\][m\ ]¦p-h-ln¨ Hcm-fmWv CS-tÈcn tKmhnµ³ \mbÀ. s]m¶m\n¡Sp¯pÅ Ipän¸pd¯v-]n.IrjvW¡pdp¸nsâbpw CStÈcn¡f¯nÂ Ipªn¡p«nb½bpsSbpw aI\mbn P\n¨p.kmam\y hnZym`ymk¯n\p tijw Be¸pg, s]m¶m\n, tImgnt¡mSv F¶nhnS§fnÂh¡oÂ KpakvX\mbn tPmen sNbvXp. 1938 Â CS¡n Pm\Inb½sb hnhmlw sNbvXp.s]m¶m\nbnse IrjvW¸Wn¡À hmb\ime tI{µoIcn¨mbncp¶p kmlnXy{]hÀ¯ \w.CXnsâ Øm]I\mbncp¶p At±lw. kzX{´`mcXw F¶ clky]{X¯nsâ{]NmcI\pambncp¶p. ae_mdnse tI{µ IemkanXnbpsS {]knUâv, kmlnXy {]hÀ¯IklIcWkwLw UbdÎÀ, tIcf kmlnXy A¡mZan, kwKoX \mSI A¡mZan,kakvXtIcf kmlnXy]cnj¯v F¶o Øm]\§fnÂ AwKambpw {]hÀ¯n¨n«pv."iànbpsS Ihn' F¶t±lw Adnbs¸Sp¶p. Imhnse¸m«v- F¶ Imhy kamlmc¯n\v 1969-Â tI{µ kmlnXy A¡mZan AhmÀUpw Hcp ]nSn s\Ãn¡ F¶ Imhy kamlmc¯n\v 1971se tIcf kmlnXy A¡mZan AhmÀUpw e`n¡pIbpmbn.

{][m\ ImhyIrXnIÄ þ AfImhen(1940), ]p¯³ Iehpw Acnhmfpw (1951),Imhnse¸m«v- (1966) ]qX¸m«v-, CStÈcnbpsS XncsªSp¯ IhnXIÄ (1966)

\mSI§ÄþIq«pIrjn(1950), Ifnbpw Nncnbpw(1954) F®n¨p« A¸w(1957)CStÈcnbpsS\mSI§Ä (2001) Iq«pIrjn \mSI¯n\pw "]p¯³ Iehpw Acnhmfpw' IhnXmkamlmc¯n\pw aZncmin Khs×ânsâ ]pckv-Imc§Ä. "A´n¯ncn'¡v 1979Â acWm\´c_lpaXnbmbn Bim³ss{]kpw e`n¨p.Iq«p-Irjn IYm-kw-{Klw

A¦w 1, cwKw 1IY-bnse {][m\ IYm-]m-{X-amb {io[-\-c³\m-b-cpsS hoSnsâ ]qap-J-amWv BZy-cw-K-

¯nse kw`-h-§-fpsS CSw. thep F¶ Cugh Irjn-¡m-c³ {io[-cs\ ImWm³ h¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. {io[-c³ \mb-cpsS A½bmb e£van-b½ thep-hn\v Ccn-¡m³ ]mb- \ÂIp-¶p. ap¼v[mcmfw \nehpw hcp-am-\-hp-apÅ Xd-hm-Sm-bn-cp¶p AsX¶v Ah-cpsS kw`m-j-W-̄ nÂ sXfn-bp-¶p-v. Imc-W-h-·mÀ k¼m-Zn¨v apX-emWv Xd-hmSv \ne-\n-dp-̄ n-b-Xv. B kar-²n-ap-gp-h³Imc-W-h-·m-tcm-sSm¸w t]mhp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXp-tI-«p-sImv {io[-c³ IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. A½A\p-P³ kpIp-am-cs\ DtZym-K-̄ n\v ]d-ª-b-¡m³ {io[-c-t\mSv Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p-v.F¶mÂ A\p-Ps\ Hcp Irjn-¡m-c-\m-¡-W-sa-¶mWv {io[-csâ a\-Ên-en-cn-̧ v. Ihn-X-sb-gp-¯nepw hmb-\-bnepw am{Xw XmÂ]-cy-apÅ sNdp-̧ -¡m-c-\mWv kpIp-am-c³. Ahs\ ]Wn-s¡ms¡ In«ptam F¶ thep-hnsâ kwibw tI«v kpIp-am-c³ {]th-in-¡p-¶p. Ah\pwDtZym-K-s¯-¡mfpw ]Wn-sN-¿p-h-\mWv B{K-lw. IpSn-bm-·mÀ¡v ]m«-̀ qan e`n-̈ n«pw henbP·n-IÄ Ct¸mgpw Ipep-¡-an-Ãm-Xn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. CS-̄ c¡mÀ At¸mgpw hnj-a-̄ nÂ Xs¶.IpSn-bm³amÀ¡v `qan-In-«m³ kacw sNbvXXpw Ah-cm-bn-cp-¶p. am¸n-f-¡p-Sn-bm-·m-tcmSv \mwtNcp-¶Xv icn-bÃ Fs¶ms¡-bpÅ kpIp-am-csâ A`n-{]mbw tI«v Ah³ BÀ FÊvFÊmtbm F¶v tPyjvT\pw Ip«p-Im-c\pw kwi-bn-¡p-¶p-v. AXv icn-sh-̈ p-sImv ktlm-Zcn ]mÀh-Xnbpw cwK-s¯-̄ p-¶p. am¸n-f-¡p-Sn-bm-·mÀ A[zm-\n-̈ mWv C{X-Im-ehpw \mbÀP·n-amsc ]peÀ¯n-bXv F¶mWv {io[-csâ A`n-{]m-bw. Ah-cpsS IpSn-bm-\mb A_q-_-¡Àam¸nf \Ã-h-\m-sW¶pw Abm-fpsS A[zm-\w-sIm-mWv Cu Xd-hmSv C{Xbpw Imew ]«n-Wn-bn-ÃmsX Ign-ªp-t]m-b-sX¶pw e£van-b½ HmÀ¡p-¶p-v. thep-hnsâ \new Xmgv¶mWv InS-¡p-¶-Xv. AXn-\mÂ shÅw Hgn-ªp-t]m-Ip-¶n-Ã. sh¡p¶ s\sÃÃmw Noªp-t]m-Ip-¶p.sXm«-Sp-̄ mWv A_q-_-¡À am¸n-f-bpsS \new. AXn-eq-sS-bmWv thep-hnsâ ]mSs¯ shÅwHgp-¡n-¡-f-tb--Xv. AXn\v am¸n-f-bpsS ]mS-̄ nsâ Acn-In-eqsS Hcp tXmSv Iodm³ thep{ian-¡p-¶p. \ne-̄ nsâ bYmÀY A[n-Imcn {io[-c³ \mb-cm-b-Xn-\mÂ At±-l-̄ nsâ k½-Xw-th-W-sa-¶mWv A_q-_-¡-dnsâ \ne-]m-Sv. B k½-X-̄ n-\m-bmWv thep h¶n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.A_q-_-¡À X\n¡v \ne-̄ nsâ Ah-Imiw In«m-\mbn {io[-csâ A½m-h-\p-ambn tIkn-em-Wv. CXp tI«-t¸mÄ "am¸n-fbpw lnµphpw F¶-XÃ {]iv\w, Irjn-¡m-c\pw Irjn-¡m-c\pwFt¸mgpw tNcpw. FXnÀI£n Ft¸mgpw P·n--bmWv ' F¶v {io[-c³ kpIp-am-cs\ KpW-tZm-jn-¡p-¶p. A_q-_-¡-dn-t\m-sSm¸w tNÀ¶v ]Wn-sb-Sp-¡m³ X¿m-dmtWm F¶v kpIp-am-c-t\mSv {io[-c³ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. am¸nf acym-Z¡v s]cp-am-dn-bmÂ X\n¡p k½-X-am-sW-¶m-bn-cp¶p kpIp-am-csâ adp-]-Sn. thepw {io[-c\pw IqSn A_q-_-¡-dns\ Ip kwkm-cn-¡m³]pd-s¸-Sp-¶-tXmsS cwKw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.



cwKw 2A_q-_-¡-dnsâ hoSmWv cwKw. 60 hb-ÊpÅ \mS³ am¸n-f-bmWv A_q-_-¡À. {io[-

cs\ I-bp-Ss\ Xssâ A½m-h-\mb Imc-W-hÀ ap«p-Ip-̄ n-̈ p-sh¶ ]cm-Xn-bmWv A_q-_-¡À ]d-bp-¶-Xv. am{X-a-Ã, aI-\mb _m¸p \mSp-hn-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. tIm]m-Ip-e-\m-bmWv A_q-_-¡À \nÂ¡p-¶Xv F¶v AhÀ¡v a\-Ên-em-bn. \mb-·m-cpsS ]m«-¡m-cmb X§sf \nc-́ cwD]-{Z-hn-¡p-I-bmWv Imc-W-hÀ sN¿p-¶-Xv. Ct¸mÄ Xma-kn-¡p¶ hoSv Hgn-ªp-sIm-Sp-¡m³IqSn t]m¡À F¶-bmÄ tIkv \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. \ne-sam-gn-ªp-sIm-Sp-¡m-\pÅ tIÊvthsd, t]m¡-cp-am-bpÅ IpSn-bn-cn¸v tIÊnÂ ]pc-sbm-gn-ªp-sIm-Sp-¡m-\pÅ hn[n DS³ hcpw.aIsâ \mSp-hn-SÂ, `mcy-bpsS tcmKw, hnhm-l-{]m-b-sa-̄ nb aIÄ, hÀj-¡m-e-am-bn«pw hn¯n-d-¡m³ ]äm¯ AhØ FÃmw-IpSn Bbn A_q-_-¡À BsI Akz-Ø-\m-Wv. AXn-Yn-IsfIv aIÄ Bbnj ]pd-t¯¡v hcp-¶p. A_q-_-¡-dnsâ tZjyw Iv ]cn-̀ -h-s¸« {io[-c-t\mSv ""R½fv tZky-s¸-«n-«n-Ã, tZky-s -̧Sq-ey. tZtkymw Xt´m-sjms¡ \n§-¡vÅ-Xm.PtaymÄ¡v.'' F¶m-bn-cp¶p A_p-_-¡-dnsâ {]Xn-I-c-Ww. Abm-fpsS DÅnÂ \ndªk¦Shpw {]Xn-tj-[hpw apgp-h³ B hm¡p-I-fn-ep-v.

P·n-bm-bXv Xsâ Ipäw-sIm-Ã F¶mbn-cp¶p {io[-csâ ]£w. Imew amdn, X§fpwC¶v IjvS-̄ n-em-Wv. Ime-̄ n-\-\p-k-cn¨v tbmPn¨v hÃXpw {]hÀ¯n-¡m-\mWv {io[-c³hcp¶-Xv. {io[-c-sâbpw A_q-_-¡-dn-sâbpw \new cp Zn¡n-em-bn-«m-Wv. CS-¡mWv thep-hnsâ \new. FÃmw-IqSn tNÀ¯v Hcp-an¨v Irjn-bn-d-¡mw. A_q-_-¡-dn-sâbpw thep-hn-sâbpwIp«n-I-tfm-sSm¸w {io[-c\pw kpIp-am-c\pw IqSn tNÀ¶mÂ ]Wn¡pw BfmIpw hnfhpwIqSpw. AXmWv Iq«p-Ir-jnbpsS sa¨w. \ne-̄ nsâ Af-hn-\-\p-k-cn¨v hnfhv ]¦p-sh-¡mw.At¸mÄ Ahn-tS¡v \¼ymÀ IS-¶p-h-cp¶p. AbmÄ CXv A½m-hs\ XÀ¡m-\pÅ Hcp N¸-Sm-¨n(IphnZy)bm-sW¶v ]cn-l-kn-¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. A½m-h-\p-thn A_q-_-¡-dp-ambntIkp \S-̄ p¶ BfmWv \¼ymÀ. Ahsc X½nÂ XÃn-¡-emWv Abm-fpsS Dt±-iyw. {io[-csâ Bibw \¶m-sb¶v A_q-_-¡-dn\pw tXm¶p-¶p. ]t£, P·n-bpsS Irjn-bn-S-̄ nÂhnf-hn-d-¡n-bmÂ ]IpXn P·n¡p t]mtI-n-h-cp-sa¶v \¼ymÀ ap¶-dn-bn¸p \ÂIp-¶p-ap-v.Abmsf skbv¯m-s\¶v (]nimNv) Bbnj Ifn-bm-¡p-¶p. \msf hn[n-]-d-bp¶ t]m¡-cp-am-bpÅ IpSn-bn-cn-̧ p-tIÊv H¯p-XoÀ¸m-¡m-\mWv \¼ymÀ h¶n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. AXn\v XsâssIbnÂ Imin-sÃ¶v A_q-_-¡À ]dsªmgn-bp-¶p. HSp-hnÂ KXy-́ -c-an-ÃmsX Bbn-j-bpsSame-sb-Sp¯v \¼ymÀ¡v sImSp-¡p-¶p. CsXÃmw Iv thep-hn\v ipWvTn-h-cp-¶p-v. Itm-cpsS Icfv sh«n-̄ n\v Xsâ s\©-t¯-¡-Sp-t¡ F¶v AbmÄ \¼m-tcmSv ap¶-dn-bn¸v\ÂIp-¶-tXmsS AhÀ _em-_-̄ n\v apXn-cp-¶p. {io[-c³ \Sp-¡p-\n¶v AXp XS-bp-t¼mÄcmw cwKw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.cwKw 3.

Iq«p-Irjn Bcw-̀ n-̈ p. Bbn-jbpw kpIp-am-c\pw tNÀ¶mWv \ne-sam-cp-¡p-¶-Xv.AhÀX-½nÂ sNdnb ]cn-̀ -h-§-tfmsS Bcw-̀ n¨ ASp¸w {]W-b-ambn hnI-kn-¡p-¶p. AtXm-sSm¸w {io[-c³ hc-¼p-S-¡p-Ibpw thephpw A_q-_-¡dpw I¶p-]q-«p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p-v.kpIp-am-csâ s]§Ä ]mÀh-Xnbpw A½bpw tPmen-sN-¿p-¶p-v. FÃm-hcpw tNÀ¶v BËm-Z-t¯msS ]m«p-]m-Sn-bmWv Irjn-̧ -Wn-IÄ sN¿p-¶-Xv. aXþ PmXn kulr-Z-§-fpsS Iq«p-Ir-jn-IqSn-bmWv \S-¡p-¶Xv. AhnsS ]qÀh-ssh-cm-Ky-§fpw AI-e-§fpw CÃm-Xm-Ip-¶p. ]c-kv]ckvt\l-̄ n-sâbpw kulr-X-̄ n-sâbpw ]pXnb Xfn-cp-IÄ \m¼n-Sp-¶p.A¦w 2

cwKw 1\mS-I-̄ nse lmky-cw-K-am-Wn-Xv. ]d-t§m-S³ \mbÀ F¶ hr²\pw hmcn-b-cp-amWv

IYm-]m-{X-§Ä. Ft¸mgpw ]c-kv]cw Ie-ln-¡p¶ Cu IYm-]m-{X-§-fn-eq-sS-bmWv \m«nse aäpAh-Ø-Ifpw kw`-h-hn-Im-k-§fpw \mS-I-Ir¯v hc-̈ n-Sp-¶-Xv. Iq«p-Irjn \¶mbn hnf-bp-¶pv F¶ hmÀ¯ AhÀ ssIam-dp-¶p. Ien-Im-e¯v ZpjvS³amÀ¡mWv KpW-ap-m-hpIF¶m-WA AXn\v \mb-cpsS {]Xn-I-c-Ww. AXn-shf B]-̄ m-sW¶v hmcycpw k½-Xn-¡p-¶p. Ah-cpsS kwkm-c-¯n-\n-S-bn-te¡v \¼ymcv IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. \mb-cpsS abn-e-½q-cnsbImWm-Xm-b-Xn\v tIkp-sIm-Sp-¡m-\mWv \¼ym-cpsS D]-tZ-iw. B kZ-Ên-te¡v \mS-I-̄ nseasämcp hnÃ-\mb t]m¡cpw IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. Iq«p-Irjn s]mfn-¡-W-sa¶v \mep-t]-cpw-IqSn XXz-¯nÂ k½-Xn-¡p-¶p. AtXmsS A_q-_-¡-dp-am-bpÅ H¯p-XoÀ¸v th F¶ t]m¡À Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶p. {io[-c³\m-bÀs¡-Xnsc tIkp-sIm-Sp-¡m³ hmcycpw X¿m-dm-Ip-¶p.



cwKw 2cp If-]-dn-¡m-cn-I-fmb N¡n-bp-sSbpw \oen-bp-sSbpw kw`m-j-Ww.\m«nÂ km[mcW

]Wn-Ø-e-s¯-¡m-tfsd kpJhpw Iqenbpw Iq«p-Ir-jn-bn-epv ]t£, Iq«p-Ir-jn-̧ -Wn¡vt]mI-cp-sX¶v t]m¡À Ahsc hne-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv.am¸n-fbpw lnµphpw hyh-Ø-bn-ÃmsXCd-¡p¶ I-̄ nÂ ]Wn-¡p-t]m-I-cp-sX¶v Icp-Xp¶ If-]-dn-¡m-cn-I-fp-ap-v. Nne ]Wn-¡msc hmcycpw apS-¡n-bn-«p-v. HSp-hnÂ aq¶p-t]-cp-sSbpw IpSpw-_-̄ nse FÃm AwK-§fpw]Wn-¡n-d-§pI F¶v Xocp-am-\n-¡p-Ibpw FÃm-hcpw Hcp-an¨v I-̄ n-en-d§n If ]dn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. At¸mÄ ]mSp¶ ]m«nÂ KmÔn-kvXp-Xnbpw tZiob t_m[hpw DW-cp-¶p-v.cwKw 3

A_q-_-¡-dnsâ hoSv Hgn-̧ n-¡m-\pÅ D¯-c-hp-ambn P]vXn-¡mÀ h¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. \mS-I-¯nse hnIm-c-̀ -cn-X-amb Hcp cwK-am-Wn-Xv. A_q-_-¡-dn\v taÂ¡p-taÂ ]co-£-W-§-fmWv ]S-¨-h³ \ÂIp-¶-Xv. Bbnj hfÀ¯n-h-ep-Xm-¡nb sNSn-I-tfmSpw ]q¡-tfmSpw bm{X tNmZn-¡p-¶p. Ime-anÃm Ime-̄ p-s]-¿p¶ Hcp agbpw Dv. kpJ-an-ÃmsX InS-¡p¶ D½sb F´p-sN¿pw F¶ hnj-a-̄ n-emWv Bbn-jbpw A_q-_-¡-dpw. ]pXnb hoS-t\z-jn-¡m³ t]mb\¼ymÀ shdp-ssI-tbm-sS-bmWv Xncn-̈ p-h-cp-¶-Xv. AtXmsS B IpSpw_w BsI hnj-a-̄ n-em-Ip-¶p. IpSn-sbm-gn-̧ n-¡m³ Bao\pw t]m¡cpw cwK-s¯-̄ p-¶p. Hcp H¯p-XoÀ¸n\v \¼ymÀ{ian-¡p-¶p. {io[-c³ \mb-cpsS \new t]m¡À¡v hn«p-sIm-Sp¡pI F¶-XmWv H¯p-XoÀ¸v.AXn-½Â AbmÄ¡v C¯ncn I®p-v. am{X-aÃ Ct¸mÄ \S-¡p¶ Iq«p-Irjn XIÀ¡m\pwAXp-Xs¶ hgn. F¶mÂ AXv A_q-_-¡À k½-Xn-¡p-¶n-Ã. {io[-c³ Xs¶ hniz-kn-̈ mWvAhnsS Irjn-bn-d-¡n-b-Xv. hnfhp Xocpw-apt¼ AXv asäm-cmÄ¡v ssIam-dp-¶Xv hnizm-k-h-©-\-bm-Wv. AXp k½-Xn-̈ n-sÃ-¦ntem Xma-kn-¡p¶ hoSv Hgn-tb-nbpw hcpw. BsI [Àa-k-¦-S-¯n-embn AbmÄ. t]m¡À A_q-_-¡À Hcp Im -̂dns\ klm-bn-¡p-¶-XnÂ \ockw ]d-bp¶p. AXp-tI-«v, Bcm Im^À Bcm CÉmw F¶v HSp-¡s¯ \mfnte Xncnbq F¶ ]cn-lm-k-amWv A_q-_-¡À ]d-bp-¶-Xv. Bbnj _m¸ms\ t]mIm³ \nÀ_-Ôn-¡p-¶p. Ft§m«mtamtf t]mhpI F¶ ]nXm-hnsâ tNmZy-̄ n\v D¯cw \ÂIp-¶Xv Ahn-tS¡v Ib-dn-h-cp¶{io[-c-\m-Wv. "\½Ä¡v Htc I-̄ nend§n Irjn-sN-¿m-sa-¦nev Hcp taÂ¡q-c-¡p-ÅnÂ Xma-kn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿mw' F¶m-bn-cp¶p Abm-fpsS {]Jym-]-\w. D½sb sImp-t]m-Im³ a©-ep-ambn thep-hn-t\m-sSm-̧ -amWv {io[-c³ h¶-Xv. A_q-_-¡-dn-s\bpw ho«p-Im-scbpw kz´who«nse AwK-§-sf-t¸m-se-bmWv {io[-c³ sImp-t]m-Ip-¶-Xv. P]vXn-sN-¿m³ h¶ Bao³{io[-cs\ A`n-µn-¡p-¶p. AXn\v {io[-c³ ]d-bp¶ adp-]Sn {it²-b-amWv "kz´w ktlm-Z-cs\ s]cp-h-gn-bn-en-d-¡n-hn-Sp¶ P·n-Xz-amWv \oNw. \n§-fp-sSbpw Fsâbpw hb-änsâ Ip -̄I-¡m-c-\mWv P·n'A¦w 3cwKw 1

]d-t§m-S³ \mbcpw hmcn-bcpw hopw Ip-ap-«p-¶p. {io[-c³\m-bÀ I¶ns\tamjvSn¨p F¶ IÅ-t¡kv sImSp-̄ -Xnsâ t]cnÂ ]d-t§m-S³ \mbsc t]meokv Xnc-bp-I-bm-Wv. AXnsâ kq{X-[m-c-\mb \¼ymsc Xncªp \S-¡p-I-bm-W-bmÄ. Ahn-tS¡v t]m¡ÀIS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. IqsS \mSp-hn« _m¸p-hp-ap-v. ]pXnb thj-̄ nepw `mh-̄ n-epamWbmÄ._m¸p A{X-Im-ehpw t_mws_-bn-em-bn-cp-¶p. Ahn-sS-sh¨v Nne Xo{h-hmZ hyàn-I-fp-ambnAbmÄ ]cn-N-b-s¸-«n-«p-v. AXnsâ Nne Bi-b-§Ä Abm-fn-en-t¸m-gp-v. {io[-c³\m-bÀXsâ _m¸sb ]än¨v hoSpw ]d¼pw X«n-sb-Sp-̄ n-cn-¡p¶p F¶mWv Abmsf Btcm sXän-²-cn-̧ n-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Ct¸mÄ t]m¡-cpsS IqsS-bmWv _m¸p-hp-Å-Xv. _m¸ms\ ]än-̈ -hsc Xm³shdp-sX-hn-SnÃ F¶ _m¸p {]Xn-Ú-sN-¿p-¶p. t]meokv tÌj-\nÂ \n¶v hcp¶ \¼ymscAhÀ Ip-ap-«p-¶p. IÅ-t¡kv sImSp-̄ -Xn\v aq¸À¡v t]meo-kp-Im-cnÂ\n¶v \Ã s]S In«n-bn-«p-v. ]t£, AXv hcpw-h-gn¡v hoWp ]än-b-Xm-sW¶mWv \¼ymÀ ]d-bp-¶-Xv.cwKw 2

kpIp-am-c\pw thephpw kwkm-cn-̈ p-\nÂ¡p-¶n-S-t¯¡v _m¸p IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p.thephpw {io[-c\pw tNÀ¶v _m¸ms\ NXn-¨Xv tNmZyw-sN-¿m-\mWv AbmÄ hcp-¶-Xv. Ime³\¼ym-cp-sSbpw \cn-hm-b³ t]m¡-cp-sSbpw he-bnÂ s]«-Xp-sIm-mWv AbmÄ C§-s\-sbms¡ kwkm-cn-¡p-¶Xv F¶mWv thep-hnsâ ]£w. _m¸p-hm-Is« lnµp- þ apkvenwsshcm-Ky-̄ nsâ Bi-b-]-c-amb `mj-bn-emWv kwkm-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Iq«p-Ir-jn-b-S¡w _m¸sb]ä-¡m-\pÅ hnZy-bm-sW-¶mWv _m¸p ]d-bp-¶-Xv. Xm³ Hcp bYmÀY apkven-am-sW¶pwX\n¡v Hcp lnµp-hnsâ ho«nÂ _m¸-bp-m-hm³ ]mSn-sÃ¶pw _m¸p ]d-bp-¶p. apkven-an\v`b-an-sÃ-¶pw, Hcn¡te acn¡q F¶pw, X§-fpsS \nes¯ s\Ãv Xm³ kzbw sImbvsX-Sp¡pwF¶pw shÃp-hn-fn-¨p-sImv _m¸p t]mIp-¶p.



cwKw 3{io[-c³\m-b-cpsS hoSv. Bbnj ZpxJn-X-bm-Wv. A½ k¦-S-̄ nsâ ImcWw At\z-jn-

¡p-¶p. _m¸m-s\bpw D½m-s\-bp-saÃmw \Ã-h®w t\m¡-W-sat¶ Bbn-j¡p ]d-bm-\p-Åq.Bbnj B ho«nÂ X§Ä¡p In«p¶ ]cn-K-W-\-bnepw kuI-cy-̄ nepw kt´m-j-h-XnbpwkwXr-]vX-bp-am-Wv. am{X-aÃ X§Ä¡p-thn {io[-c³\m-b-cpsS ho«nse BNm-c-§Ät]mepwamän-sh-¡p-¶Xv Ahsf Akz-Ø-bm-¡p-¶p-ap-v. F¶mÂ _m¸p \m«n-se-̄ n-bn«pw Ah-sftbm _m¸-sbtbm ImWm³ hcmsX t]m¡-cnsâ ho«nÂ IqSn-b-XmWv Ah-fpsS k¦-S-§-fpsS bYmÀY Imc-Ww. Ah³ {io[-c³\m-bÀs¡-Xnsc kwkm-cn-¨Xpw aäpw AhÄ kpIp-am-c-\nÂ \n¶v Adn-bp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶p. F§-s\-sb-¦nepw _m¸p-hns\ H¶p ImW-W-sa¶pw Ah-t\mSv Imcy-§-fpsS \nP-Øn-Xn Adn-bn-¡-W-sa¶pw AhÄ¡p-v. ktlm-Z-csâa\w amäp-hm³ Ah-t\m-sSm¸w Xma-kn-¡m-\mWv Ah-fpsS ]pd-̧ m-Sv. AXp-tI-«p-sImp {]th-in-¡p¶ A_q-_-¡dpw aI-fpsS ]£-̄ m-bn-cp-¶p. t]mIp-t¼mÄ _m¸p-hn-t\mSv CXp-IqSn ]d-b-W-sa¶pw A_q-_-¡À Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. ""Hm³ Ckvem-an-te¡v h¶Xv Fsâ tam\m-bn-«m-Wv.Adn-bm-\p-ÅXv Adn-ªn-«mWv HcnÉmw {]hÀ¯n-¡p-I. ]ns¶ Hm³ shf sIm¿pw¶pw tI«p.Hm³ shX-¡m³ t]mW shf sIm¿m³Xs¶ Hm\v sIev¸n-Ã. aäp-tÅmcv shX-¨Xv shX-t¨mÀXs¶ sIm¿p-Åq¶pw ]d-t-tª¡v''cwKw 4

_m¸p-hnsâ GImw-Kkw`mjWw am{X-amWv Cu cwK-̄ v. _p±ns\ (hn{K-l-§sf)Bcm-[n-¡p-¶-h-tcmSpÅ ]I-bmWv Ahsâ kw`m-j-W-̄ nÂ apgp-h³. apkvenw-I-tfmSv t\cn«vGäp-ap-«m³ Ign-bm-̄ -Xp-sIm-mWv NXn-{]-tbm-K-§Ä \S-̄ p-¶Xv F¶v Ah³ Nnń-¡p-¶p.t]m¡À¡-bmWv Ahsâ ImgvN-̧ m-SnÂ icn-bmb apkvenw. Xsâ t\Xr-Xz-̄ nÂ Ckvem-anseFÃm bphm-¡fpw H¶n-¡p-sa¶v Ah³ kz]v\w ImWp-¶p. Ing¡p Nph-¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. Ckvem-ansâ sImSn-b-S-bmfw Db-cp-I-bm-Wv. Ahn-izm-kn-I-fpsS càw Nnń Øm]n-¡m³ t]mIp¶Ckvem-ansâ temI-amWv Abm-fpsS {]Xo-£. I¯n ssIbn-se-Sp¯v AXn-t\mSv Nncn-¡p-¶p.Ien-sImv hnd¨p hnd¨p t]mIp-¶p.cwKw 5

{io[-c³\m-b-cpsS hoSnsâ Ing-¡p-̀ m-K-̄ p-sh¨v cm{Xn _m¸phpw Bbn-jbpw Ip-ap-«p-I-bm-Wv. Xt¶mSv kwkm-cn-¡-cp-sX¶pw Xm³ \nsâ _m¸p-sh-sÃ-¶p-amWv Ahsâ BZy{]Xn-I-c-Ww. \nsâ aq¯p \c¨ B X´-tbmSv kwkm-cn-¡m-\mWv Xm³ h¶-sX¶v Ah³ ]d-bp-¶p. ]t£, Bbnj XS-bp-¶p. F¶mÂ \ns¶ BZyw F¶p Bt{Im-in¨v Ah³ Bbn-j-bpsS Igp-̄ nÂ ]nSn-¡p-¶p. ap¼v Xm³ Ifn-¡p-t¶cw I¯n X«n Igp-̄ n-epmb hSpAhsâ ssIbnÂ XS-bp-¶p. Bbnj B kw`hw HmÀan-̧ n-¡p-t¼mÄ Ah³ CXn-IÀ¯-hyXmaqV-\m-Ip-¶p. AhÄ D½m-bp-sSbpw _m¸-bp-sSbpw Zb-\o-b-ØnXn hnh-cn-¡p-¶p. AtXmsS_m¸p ZpÀ_-e-\m-Ip-¶p. Bcpw klm-bn-¡m-\n-Ãm¯ Ime¯v klm-bn¨ {io[-c³\m-bscsXän-²-cn-¨p-sh¶pw CXn-s\Ãmw ]n¶nÂ Ifn¨ t]m¡sc \Ã-h-\mbn Icp-Xn-sb¶pw _m¸p-hn\v a\-Ên-em-Ip-¶p. Iq«p-Ir-jn-bpsS s]mcpÄ AhÄ _m¸p-hns\ ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶p. AtXmsS_m¸p-hns\ ]nSn-Iq-Sn-bn-cp¶ sNIp-̄ m³ hn«p-t]m-Ip-¶p. cp-t]cpw D½-sb-Im-Wm³ t]mIp-¶-tXmsS cwKw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.A¦w 4cwKw 1

B[m-c-sa-gp¯v Hmô-kv. \¼ymÀ Fgp-Xp-I-bm-Wv. Ahn-tS¡v t]m¡À IS-¶p-h¶v_m¸p ]än-̈ p-sh¶ hmÀ¯ Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. _m¸p-hn\v hoSv Fgp-Xn-s¡m-Sp-¡m³ thn-bpÅaps¶m-cp-¡-§Ä¡mbn AhÀ \S-̄ nb ]W-an-S-]m-Snsâ t]cnÂ XÀ¡-am-Ip-¶p. cp-t]cpwhg-¡p-IqSn ]ncn-bp-¶p.cwKw 2

hmcn-bcpw ]d-t§m-S³ \mbcpw. cp-t]cpw t]meokv tÌj-\nse ZpcnXw ]d-ªmWvXpS-§p-¶-Xv. _m¸phpw IqSn {io[-c³\m-b-cpsS ho«n-emWv Xmakw F¶-XmWv asämcphmÀ¯. am{X-aÃ ]d-

ba malayalam14.139.185.6/website/sde/iii_sem_ba_malayalam_core... · 2019. 4. 19. · ba malayalam...

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