bacillus thuringiensis insecticides - university of...

Creative Hybrid Chemistry

AgroSolutions Division - International

Bacillus thuringiensis Insecticides IR-4 Western Region Biopesticide Training Workshop Ft. Collins, CO April 26, 2017 Russ Eldridge, Daniel Zommick Valent BioSciences, LLC



Bt Is the most Widely Used Bioinsecticide o Long history of commercial use

o 1905: Bacillus isolated from diseased silkworm by Ishiwata

o Sporeine first commercialized in France 1938

o Thuricide commercialized in U.S. in 1956

o Bt has significant application in

o Public Health

o Forestry

o Agriculture

o Bt global sales estimated to be $175 million (2015)*

* Source: AgriService - Industry Overview 2015 Market. Rep. Pathhead, Midlothian, UK: Phillips McDougall, 2016. Print.



Biological Insecticide Company BMP® Becker Microbial Products, Inc. Bonide® (H&G) Bonide Products, Inc. CoStar® Certis USA, L.L.C. CryMax® Certis USA, L.L.C. Deliver® Certis USA, L.L.C. DiPel® Valent BioSciences, L.L.C. Foray® Valent BioSciences, L.L.C. Javelin® Certis USA, L.L.C.

Bt Registered Products: Bt subsp. kurstaki (Btk) Pests: Lepidoptera



Bt Registered Products: Bt subsp. aizawai (Bta) Pests: Lepidoptera

Biological Insecticide Company Agree® Certis USA, L.L.C. XenTari® Valent BioSciences, L.L.C.



Armyworms (Spodoptera spp). Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) Loopers (Trichoplusia spp.) Heliothines (e.g. Helicoverpa zea) Grape berry moth (Lobesia botrana) Tomato hornworm Imported cabbageworm Cross-striped cabbageworm Soybean looper Melonworms Rindworms Omnivorous leafroller Obliquebanded leafroller

Bta and Btk Work on a Range of Caterpillar Pests

All Lepidoptera!



Bta and Btk are Registered on Hundreds of Crops Crop Group Commodity

1 Vegetables, root and tuber

3-07 Vegetable bulb

4 Vegetable, leafy, except brassica

5 Vegetable, brassica leafy

6 Vegetable, legume, succulent or dried

8-10 Vegetable, fruiting

9 Vegetable, cucurbit

10-10 Fruit, citrus

11-10 Fruit, pome

12 Fruit, stone

13-07 Berry and small fruit

14 Nut, tree

15 Grain, cereal



Crop Group Commodity

17 Grass Forage, and Hay

19 Herbs and spices

Bta and Btk are Registered on Hundreds of Crops

Other Crops: Alfalfa Pineapple Artichoke Pomegranate Asparagus Canola Avocado Sugarcane Banana Sunflower Coffee Tobacco

Cotton Turf Flowers, bedding Ornamental Watercress Tropical fruits Hops Kiwi Malanga Mint Peanut



Bt Registered Products for Coleoptera Biological Insecticide

Company Bt

grubGONE!®

beetleGONE! ® Phyllom BioProducts Corp.

Bt subsp. galleriae

Trident® Certis USA, L.L.C. Bt subsp. tenebrionis Novodor® (Not currently sold in U.S.)

Valent BioSciences, L.L.C. Bt subsp. tenebrionis

Photo by double dig farm

Photo by Science News

Northestern IPM Center



Bt Registered Products for Coleoptera Crops

Product Commodity

grubGONE!® beetleGONE!®

Root and tuber, Leafy vegetables, Fruiting vegetables, Brassica, Cucurbits, Legume, Pome fruit, Stone fruit, Berries-small fruit, Tree nut, Cereal grains, Forage, Herbs and spices, Oilseed, Banana, Sugarcane, Coffee, Mint, others.

Novodor® Potato, Elm

Trident® Potato, Tomato, Eggplant, Elm

Britannica Ecological alliance.com



Bt Registered Product for Fungus Gnat Biological Insecticide

Company Bt

Gnatrol® Valent BioSciences, L.L.C. Bt subsp. israelensis

Crops: Ornamental nursery and greenhouse, tomato, leafy and cole crops, peppers, eggplants

Russell Labs



What is Bacillus thuringiensis? Unique soil bacteria, ubiquitous in nature Specific Bt subspecies and strains produce target-specific

toxin crystals and spores Crystals are composed of thousands of insecticidal toxin

proteins with a unique, selective mode of action

Bacillus thuringiensis culture with Bt cells, spores and protein crystals

Spore

Protein crystal



Bt Mode of Action

Caterpillar pest ingests product (toxins and spores), and the pest stops feeding within several minutes protecting the crop.



Insect ingests toxins and spores. Protein crystals dissolve in the alkaline (≥ pH 9) environment of the caterpillar gut.

1

Enzymes present in the gut activate the dissolved Cry toxins which bind to target-specific receptors.

2

Conformational changes in the receptor-toxin structure open pores in epithelial cells of the gut wall causing intestinal paralysis and feeding cessation.

3

Viable spores invade the insect body cavity inducing death by septicemia combined with starvation or predation.

4

10 min

30 min

60 min

2-3 days

Hemocoel

Midgut

Germinating spores Courtesy of Dr. Roberto Barbolini

Vip3A and PD-100



Multiple Cry Toxin Proteins: Lower Resistance Potential

Unique Mode of Action: Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) Group 11A

“Bacillus thuringiensis and the insecticidal proteins they produce” Disruptors of insect midgut membranes

Resistance Management Considerations

Figure is specific to Plutella xylostella. Binding site models vary by insect.



Source: IMPimpact

Beneficial name Result* Beneficial name Result* Amblyseius californicus Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Amblyseius cucumeris Heterorhabditis megidis Amblyseius degenerans Hypoaspis aculeifer Amblyseius swirskii Hypoaspis miles Anthocoris nemoralis Macrolophus caliginosus Aphidius colemani Orius insidiosus Aphidius ervi Orius laevigatus Aphidius rhopalosiphi Paecilomyces fumosoroseus strain Apopka 97 Aphidoletes aphidimyza Phytoseiulus persimilis Chrysoperla carnea Steinernema carpocapsae Dacnusa sibirica Steinernema feltiae Diglyphus isaea Trichogramma cacoeciae Encarsia formosa Trichogramma evanescens Eretmocerus eremicus Typhlodromus pyril Eretmocerus mundus

Class Toxicity Mortality/reduction in parasitation capacity


Non-toxic <25% Moderate toxic 50-75%

Slightly toxic 25-50% Toxic >75%

No Impact on Non-Target Insects: Preserves Beneficials

*Based on Btk



Beneficial name Result* Apis mellifera

Bombus terrestris dalmatinus

Bt are Safe for Pollinations: Can be Applied During Flowering



Non-toxic <25% Moderate toxic 50-75%

Slightly toxic 25-50% Toxic >75%

Almond orchard

Source: IMPimpact

*Based on Btk



Additional Bt Benefits

Residues: Exempt from the requirement of a tolerance

smnrc

4 hour REI, 0 hour PHI

Many formulations are organic listed



Best Use Practices • Timing of spray application needs to occur when early instar

larvae are present before crop damage. • Rate adjustment under heavy pest pressure.

– Use higher recommended rates • Interval between sprays determined by

– Plant growth rate – Insect development rate or overlapping instars – Generally 3-7 day

• Coverage needs to be uniform for best results – Use spreader/sticker for hard-to-wet foliage – Water volumes sufficient to cover surfaces of crop

• Tank mix compatible – Check pH prior to mixing (between 4.5 and 8) – Do not tank mix with copper



20

Synthetic Pesticides

Biorational Products

Resistance management Residue management Pest spectrum/gaps Beneficial insect preservation Worker/Environmental concerns

Major Market Trend: An Integrated Agriculture Approach



Bt in Combination With Conventional Chemicals

21

Location: Georgia Crop: Soybean Karate® insecticide=lambda-cyhalothrin

Belt® insecticide= flubendiamide Steward® insecticide= indoxacarb



VBC Field R&D Review June 2016 22

Questions?



Listed Products

BMP is a registered trademark of Becker Microbial Products, Inc. Bonide is a registered trademark of Bonide Products, Inc. Agree, CoStar, CryMax, Deliver, Javelin, Trident are registered trademarks of Certis USA LLC DiPel, Foray, XenTari are registered trademarks of Valent BioSciences Corp. grubGone and beetleGone are registered trademarks of Phyllom BioProducts, Inc. Karate is a registered trademark of Syngenta Group Company Belt is a registered trademark of Bayer CropScience LP Steward is a registered trademark of E.I. duPont de Nemours and Company

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