Background paper Civilizations as Dynamic Networks: Medieval to Modern,eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/Civ

with Peter Spufford, Cambridge U, coding assistance by Joseph Wehbe (partial support from EU/ISCOM project)

Civilizations as Dynamic Networks

Douglas R. White, SFI External FacultyUC Irvine, Institute for Mathematical Beh. Sci.

International working collaboration on network analysis with Pajek, SFI August 2004

SFI Working group on Macrosocial Systems

emergence, co-evolution and environment of groups and institutions- in the long 13th century

Overview: Current object is to get a feel of the empirical phenomena and its network elements before beginning the mathematical and simulation modeling

Strategy: Decompose dynamics from long-term to short-term effects

Environmental limits interact with population and sociopolitical violence

In periods of crisis, further monetization (which proceeds today) drives

Volume of trade (and velocity of money) which at certain thresholds

will transform those organizations and institutions

situated at predictable network junctures

Each pop-war cycle, on secular time scales (of centuries),

leaves institutions, transportation, technology transformed

(and its phases also predict further network-situated innovation).

The next cycle builds on these cumulative changes

so there are millennial trends and increasing environmental capacity

The dynamic that drives monetization in Europe in the 12th-14th centuries is not purely endogenous, but driven by population cycles. This is Peter Turchin's Nonlinear Time Series Analyzer for the detrended English population cycle, 1100-1800, for example, scaled in decades, with cycles occurring every 200-300 years.

Populationpeaks at 1310, 1650 (15,49);

troughs at 1450, 1770 (29,62), 0=1160

The detrended English population cycle, 1100-1900, in raw form, with cycles occurring every 200-300 years.

Oscillation does not make an interactive dynamic, however, which is a pair of variables that drive one another interactively, with lagged effects, rather than each operating under its own inertia. This slide shows an idealized phase diagram for a pair of interactive variables, which might be population sizes of foxes and hares, or population size of agrarian regimes with limited carrying capacity interacting with magnitude of sociopolitical violence that occurs as populations reach this carrying capacity and then recedes as population crisis leads to a collapse, initiating a new cycle.

This is where environmental limitations come into the dynamics

This is Turchin's phase diagram for England, 1480-1800, for population size and sociopolitical violence as a pair of variables that drive one another interactively. Temporal movement here is clockwise (axes are reversed from the previous diagram). The dynamic is that the population reaches carrying capacity setting sociopolitical violence into play, which only recedes as population crisis leads to a collapse, initiating a new cycle.

Turchin tests statistically for England and China the interactive prediction versus the inertial prediction

similarly for

Chinese phase diagram

In Europe of the 13th century, described in Spufford's (2002) Power and Profit: The Merchant in Medieval Europe, capital cities first sprang into prominence with a remarkable growth in urbanization, monetization and government. With France as the leading landed kingdom, Paris was the leader in population, attraction and influence. The thesis:

transformations occurring in this period, which set the foundations for modern Europe, were driven by a cyclical dynamic of interaction between demography and sociopolitical violence affecting monetization, velocity of trade, and organizational transformations.

Here, nodes for cities are sized according to population, and the middle sizes on up were capital cities.

GIS mappings of sources of raw wool (sheep) in Spufford's European trade network will begin to illustrate geographical distribution of trade potentials.

Source: Peter Spufford 2002 data transported to GIS

Here, nodes for cities are sized according to population, and the middle sizes on up were capital cities.

Manufacture of woolens (wool cloth, clothing) in Spufford's European trade network

Source: Peter Spufford 2002 data transported to GIS

Here, nodes for cities are sized according to population, and the middle sizes on up were capital cities.

Seaports with wool exports or manufacture of woolens in Spufford's European trade network

As an example of transformation in agent space, agents from lowland countries in north Europe organized wool trade contracts out of London, but in the 1200s Florentine and other agents with cheaper sources of credit tool over the trade from London, displacing the Flemings.

Here, nodes for cities are sized according to population, and the middle sizes on up were capital cities.

(database now expanded to 299 cities)

Note how an industrial "blue banana" construction is taking place with communications in the left column, art works in the middle and linens on the left, i.e., circulation among the NW-SE poles; while capitals show a political vacuum of smaller polities in between, and trade fairs fill in this vacuum by providing decentralized marketing institutions.

Part of the dynamic that drove monetization and trade in luxury goods in Europe in the 12th-15th centuries is linked to a population and sociopolitical crisis that created inflation,

including inflation of land value, migration of impoverished peasants from the land, new demands on rural estates for money rents of land, the substitute of salaries for payments

in land to retainers,

the freedom for newly monetized nobility to move to cities, the rise of elite competition and conspicuous consumption in the cities; and, in the French dominions, resettlement of nobility the largest city of times, and the most influential political capital, Paris.

(map from Spufford 2002:75)

Figure 8: Cascade of Population Cycle Processes driving Monetization beyond Reorganization Thresholds

Population Growth (Relative to Environmental Limits)

Prices Inflation Demand for Peasants money rents to cities Real wages In kind payment of serfs, Elites to cities Conspicuous (low) retainers salaried laborers consumption Demand for Poverty forces more Demand for Coinage prestige goods meltdown of silver silver mining

Monetization (Velocity of Money in Exchange)

Thresholds (Variables affecting transition)

Reorganization (to handle higher velocities)

e.g., Division of labor, new techniques, road building, bridge building, new transport

Merchants/agents Governments/agents Churches/agents Elites/agents

One of the main hypotheses is that these transitions are predicted by positional variables within the trade network

Table 2: Commodity Production City Frequency by Generational Time Periods 1175

1200

1225

1250

1275

1300

1325

1350

1375

1400

1425

1450

1475

1500

Industrial Commodity

Code Num.

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * Woollens 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 10 15 15 15 15 15 Fustians 2 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 Linens 3 0 0 13 13 13 13 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cottons 4 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 4 4 4 5 7 8 Silks 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Carpets 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 Tapestries 7 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 5 7 8 13 13 14 Paper 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 14 16 Printing 9 0 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 0 0 Manuscripts 10 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 3 3 5 6 9 8 8 Artworks 11 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 6 7 8 8 8 7 5 Brass 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 Brass canon 13 0 1 3 4 4 4 4 5 6 6 9 11 10 10 Armor arms 14 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Glass 15 1 1 1 2 2 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 6 7 Pottery 16 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 4 5 Sugar refined 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 Soapmaking 18 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Coalmining 19 Era 1 Era 2 (13th C) Era 3 (14th C) Era 4 (15th C)

* Data incomplete

The network variables are not static but changing in terms of flow velocity and magnitude

1175 1200

Among the structural changes in the network are the developmental properties of commodity production: studied through time by means of statistical entailment analysisIn the figures below for each of the 14 time periods the cyan nodes along the bottom of the graphs represent varying populations

scaled from

>200,000 >100,000 >50,000 >20,000 >10,000

Other nodes are sized according to their frequency distribution among cities

1=yellow, 2=green, 3=red and so forth (large blue dot for woolens has incomplete data)

Except for the mutual exclusion between linens and ports, a directed line indicates that populations producting one item (or of an entailed size) will also be producing the other item (or be of the size entailed)

Here, between 1175 and 1200, silk production is moving down the town-size hierarchy, while manuscript production is appearing in 1200 in the largest city (Paris) but is always found in those with >50,000 (Paris and Arras); pottery and papermaking

co-occur in both time periods but not in association with any specific population sizes

1225, adds: glass >100,000 and armour (→linens) entail cottons 1250, silk moves back up and entails cottons (→ 20K) 1275, adds: artworks →20K, coal& armour entail brassworks 1300, e.g., paper & armour shift to towns >10K and 20K

1325 e.g., fustians come into entailment 4-chain with cottons >10K 1350 e.g., cottons replaced by fustians >10K, → linens1375 e.g., paper moves up the size hierarchy > 50K, → silk→ 1400 e.g., linens enter entailment 5-chain with fustians >10K

Stru

ctural reorgan

ization of th

e urb

an h

ierarchy

1425 brass now entailed by canons 14501475 manuscripts replaced by printing press 1500

Figure 3: Log-Log Population Distribution (N=148)

y = 152.34e-0.714x

R2 = 0.98821

10

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Table 3a: City Attributes: Capitals and Consumption; Commodities and Population; Banking and Inflation Correlates

Number of calculate and enter degree, btwn and flow centralities

Commodities Population Consumption Capitals Ports Produced

Banking

.56 .53 .55 .83 .64 .24 Inflation -.55 -.50 -.34 -.49 -.46

Next: The first modeling problem is to take the constraint set for each time period - raw material sources for production, distribution of producers, location and magnitude of consumer population, cost and risk of available trade route usage, and political configurations, including warfare, and derive the commodity trade flows and magnitudes among nodes as (1) a linear program problem given marketing sites or (2) an agent-based simulation in which mercantile agency and marketing sites transform and coevolve with changes in trade flows

Some rough observations

12thC.jpg polities, with conflict frontiers, ethnogenesis across metaethnic political boundaries, and arrows showing movement in the next time frame

Source: Peter Turchin 2004

E.g., Political and warfare dynamics (Turchin 2004) and constraints

13thC.jpg polities, with conflict frontiers, ethnogenesis across metaethnic political boundaries, and arrows showing movement in the next time frame

Source: Peter Turchin 2004

14thC.jpg polities, with conflict frontiers, ethnogenesis across metaethnic political boundaries, and arrows showing movement in the next time frame

Source: Peter Turchin 2004

15thC.jpg polities, with conflict frontiers, ethnogenesis across metaethnic political boundaries, and arrows showing movement in the next time frame

Source: Peter Turchin 2004

Now to some preliminary examples of network analysis: here, the banking network.

Same slide in the network analysis: the banking network, main routes.

the spine of the exchange system is centralized and land based.

The spokes are linked through Alessandria, a small Lombard League stronghold fortification built in 1164-1167 and named for Pope Alexander III. At first a free commune, the city passed in 1348 to the duchy of Milan.

Same slide in the network analysis: the banking network, main routes and maritime(Venice and Genoa).

Betweenness Centralities in the banking network Genoa has greatest wealth, as predicted by its trade betweenness centrality of the larger cities. On September 7th 1298 Genoa defeated the Venetian fleet in battle.

Cohesive exchange relations (gold nodes) supported the creation of wealth among merchants and merchant cities, with states supported by indirect taxation and loans.

Northern Europe was not well represented in Spufford's study (and these locations are not geographic), but the main Hanseatic League port of Lubeck had about 1/6th the trade of Genoa, 1/5th that of Venice.

Cohesive nodes (gold and red) in an expanded exchange network and further road identification (red=3-cohesive) now shows a second cohesive accumulation center further to the east -- again, such cohesion supported the creation of wealth among merchants and merchant cities, with states supported by indirect taxation and loans.

Now with an expanded sample Northern Europe is represented (and these locations are geographic): the main Hanseatic League port of Lubeck had about 1/6th the trade of Genoa, 1/5th that of Venice.

Red 3-components

Competition over the Wool/Woolens trade (12th C map)None

Raw wool

Woolens

both

Port

Raw+Port

Woolens+Port

Node sizes:

                                                                                                                                     <>

Regular Equivalence normalized SVD scaling of positional similarity based on valued {1,2,3,4} ties = {Aux,Prin} banking {Ven,Gen} Ports

The split in Genoese and Venetian route "values" opens the positional structure into a circle, showing how they compete for trade. Genoa, however, is more aligned with the core cities at the lower right; as opposed to the more peripheral cities at the upper left, but each cluster has its banking cities. The circularity in this positional blockmodel is created by the opposition between land routes and sea routes, which oscillated in importance between the 12th-15th centuries.

SPECIALIZED PROBLEMS in the long 13th century

emergence, co-evolution and environment of groups and institutions

The dynamics of the modern world system is evident

Arrighi's thesis of an alternation of commodity and financial capital intensity

fits into the periodization of the pop-war interactive cycles

and the inflationary price cycles

For this problem, flow centrality analysis is useful

Another problem concerns the place of the European peninsula in the larger world system

Flow centrality (how much total network flow is reduced with removal of a node) reflects the potential for profit making on trade flows, and reflects the flow velocities that Spufford argues are central to the transformations that different cities undergo.

The trade cycle analysis of the previous slide also suggests that this type of centrality -- flow velocities -- should be distributed away from the strategic betweenness centers such as Genoa and Venice, which are low in the flow centrality hierarchy.

Flow centrality (how much total network flow is reduced with removal of a node) reflects the potential for profit making on trade flows, and reflects the flow velocities that Spufford argues are central to the transformations that different cities undergo.

Level 10 Troyes

Level 11 Bruges

Level 12 Malaga

Level 17 Tunis

Troyes is engaged in a transformation of agent space involving money and trade representatives that leads to the migration of the Provins nobility, the wealthiest in France, to the new political capital at Paris at century's end

Indeed, at the high end are Troyes (10) of the Champaign Fairs, Bruges (11), undergoing commercial transformation,Malaga (12), engaged in transformation at the Muslim/Christian frontier, and Tunis (17), involved in Muslim political transformation,

The rising levels of flow centrality in the Lowland Countries of Northern Europe, even in the 12th C, presages a different type of capital accumulation -- profit making rather than commodity trade betweenness.

Giovanni Arrighi sees this swing as an alternation in forms of capital accumulation

from Genoese commodity trade hegemony in the early 13th century (commodity)

to the eventual rise of Dutch financial capital hegemony in the 17th C., with the financial center shifting to Amsterdam.

and after that back to the commodity form of capital accumulation with British hegemony

Europe in the 13th century can be considered a zone of peripheries and semiperipheries of a world system based in China and India, whose products were much more in demand in Europe than the reverse, hence the perpetual drain of bullion and coinage to the East.

The same routes that carried trade also spread disease, as in the case of plague that severely reduced European and especially urban populations in successive epidemic waves.

Abu-Lughod draws the congruence between trade routes and spread of the Black Death, circa 1350

Silk, Jade and Porcelain from China - Spice trade from India and SE Asia - Gold and Salt from Africa

The lead-up to the 13th century world-system and its economy had been a period of market and price stability (economic depression) in the 11th Century, followed by population growth in the 12th C and instabilities in the 13th, a period of population pressure and crisis as environmental carrying capacities were reached.

In spite of new systems of accounting and indirect taxation in which monarchies benefited from trade, monarchs continued to print money and demand loans from wealthy merchants, contributing to inflation.

In the 14th C, economic depression sets in again while inflation abates and population declines, with famines beginning well before the Black Death. With the closure of the Mongol Corridor (Golden Horde) in the 1360s, the European trade network crashed.

Population growth and inflation begin again in the 16th century and revived into the modern world economy.

Source: Turchin 2004

Graph: David Hackett Fischer

Spufford's regional variation analysis for 1175-1500 shows correlations of inflation with peripherality, except for Paris and the French economy with a secondary crisis of centralization and management of land-based peripheries

PROBLEMS in the long 13th century that carry over to the present in

emergence, co-evolution and environment of groups and institutions

The rural inflation/urban migration problem

higher inflation in rural areas bifurcates a rural population into

(a) those able to subsist from their land

(b) pressure on those dependent on wages to migrate to cities

This adds a further process to the dynamics of monetization

Problems of the French monarchy exascerbated by the fact they were the largest and most powerful of the land-based polities, and the need to defend their lands when economic changes created alliances between those in their northern periphery and the Low Countries trading with England (100 years war as consequence)

Inflation is exascerbated by the place of the European peninsula in the larger world system - in this period South and East Asian goods were more in demand - thus flows of bullion out of Europe created monetary scarcities only offset by the ability of polities to mine and mint new monies

Pressure to discover new trade routes to offset peripheral inflation greatest in areas such as Spain; eventual bullion flow from New World a palliative to inflationary problem

Dynamics of groups and institutions: Their emergence, co-evolution and environment

In conclusion:

Environmental limits interact with population and sociopolitical violence

In periods of crisis, further monetization (which proceeds today) drives

Volume of trade (velocity of money)

which will transform those organizations and institutions

situated at predictable network junctures

Each cycle leaves institutions, transportation, technology transformed

and the next cycle builds upon these

so there are millennial trends and increasing environmental capacity

that also predict network-situated innovation

The dynamics of the modern world system is evident in the long 13th century

Arrighi's thesis of an alternation of commodity and financial capital intensity

fits into the periodization of the pop-war interactive cycles

and the inflationary price cycles

Recall: Part of the dynamic that drove monetization and trade in luxury goods in Europe in the 12th-15th centuries is linked to a population and sociopolitical crisis that created inflation, including inflation of land value, migration of impoverished peasants from the land, new demands on rural estates for money rents of land, the substitute of salaries for payments in land to retainers, the freedom for newly monetized nobility to move to cities, the rise of elite competition and conspicuous consumption in the cities,

and in the French dominions, resettlement of nobility the largest city of times, and the most influential political capital, Paris.

Afterword

The dynamics of pop-war in civilizational networks over 200-300 year cycles plays the role of the profits pump dynamic that we have identified in the contemporary world economy (Smith and White 1992), but the latter has a shorter business cycle as well as a longer secular (centuries-long) cycle, and profits alternate with other forms of capital as the shorter-wave economic driver.

In the biotec industry (Powell, White, Koput, Owen-Smith 2004) we identified a year-to-year pump-for-innovation dynamic in which the cycle is the rise and fall of corporations. He pump is an outreach from players at the cohesive center of the field to newcomers on the peripheries, boosting their cohesion, which then provides a window to scan and ladder to climb for successful innovation in the industry. Longer cycles in the field itself would be expected.