beamer user guide, latex

7/27/2019 Beamer User Guide, latex

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Fr alle, die die Schnheit von Wissenschat anderen zeigen wollen.

Copyright 20032007 by Till TantauCopyright 2010,2011 by Joseph Wright and Vedran Mileti

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modiy the documentation under the terms o the gnu FreeDocumentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Sotware Foundation; with no

Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy o the license is included in thesection entitled gnu Free Documentation License.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modiy the code o the package under the terms o the gnuGeneral Public License, Version 2 or any later version published by the Free Sotware Foundation. A copy othe license is included in the section entitled gnu General Public License.

Permission is also granted to distribute and/or modiy both the documentation and the codeunder the conditionso the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.3c o this license or (at your option) any later version. Acopy o the license is included in the section entitled LATEX Project Public License.

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The beamer classhttp://bitbucket.org/rivanvx/beamer

User Guide for version 3.22.

Till Tantau, Joseph Wright, Vedran Mileti

September 19, 2012

Contents

1 Introduction 91.1 Main Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1.2 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.3 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.4 How to Read this Users Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.5 Getting Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

I Getting Started 13

2 Installation 142.1 Versions and Dependencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.2 Installation o Pre-bundled Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

2.2.1 TEX Live and MacTEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.2.2 MiKTEX and proTEXt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

2.2.3 Debian and Ubuntu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.2.4 Fedora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2.3 Installation in a texm Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.4 Updating the Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162.5 Testing the Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162.6 Compatibility with Other Packages and Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

3 Tutorial: Euclids Presentation 213.1 Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.2 Solution Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.3 Title Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.4 The Title Page Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223.5 Creating the Presentation PDF File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3.6 The Table o Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223.7 Sections and Subsections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233.8 Creating a Simple Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233.9 Creating Simple Overlays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243.10 Using Overlay Specications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243.11 Structuring a Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253.12 Adding Reerences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263.13 Verbatim Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273.14 Changing the Way Things Look I: Theming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283.15 Changing the Way Things Look II: Colors and Fonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

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4 Workow For Creating a Beamer Presentation 294.1 Step One: Setup the Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294.2 Step Two: Structure Your Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294.3 Step Three: Creating a PDF or PostScript File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

4.3.1 Creating PDF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304.3.2 Creating PostScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

4.3.3 Ways o Improving Compilation Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314.4 Step Four: Create Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314.5 Step Five: Test Your Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314.6 Step Six: Create a Handout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

4.6.1 Creating the Handout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324.6.2 Printing the Handout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

5 Guidelines or Creating Presentations 335.1 Structuring a Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

5.1.1 Know the Time Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335.1.2 Global Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335.1.3 Frame Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355.1.4 Interactive Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

5.2 Using Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375.3 Using Animations and Transitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385.4 Choosing Appropriate Themes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385.5 Choosing Appropriate Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385.6 Choosing Appropriate Fonts and Font Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

5.6.1 Font Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395.6.2 Font Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405.6.3 Font Shapes: Italics and Small Capitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415.6.4 Font Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

6 Solution Templates 43

7 Licenses and Copyright 44

7.1 Which License Applies? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447.2 The GNU General Public License, Version 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447.2.1 Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447.2.2 Terms and Conditions For Copying, Distribution and Modication . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457.2.3 No Warranty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

7.3 The GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477.3.1 Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477.3.2 Applicability and denitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487.3.3 Verbatim Copying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497.3.4 Copying in Quantity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497.3.5 Modications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497.3.6 Combining Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507.3.7 Collection o Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

7.3.8 Aggregating with Independent Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517.3.9 Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517.3.10 Termination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517.3.11 Future Revisions o this License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527.3.12 Relicensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527.3.13 Addendum: How to use this License or your documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

7.4 The LATEX Project Public License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537.4.1 Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537.4.2 Denitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537.4.3 Conditions on Distribution and Modication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

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7.4.4 No Warranty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557.4.5 Maintenance o The Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557.4.6 Whether and How to Distribute Works under This License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567.4.7 Choosing This License or Another License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567.4.8 A Recommendation on Modication Without Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567.4.9 How to Use This License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

7.4.10 Derived Works That Are Not Replacements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577.4.11 Important Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

II Building a Presentation 58

8 Creating Frames 598.1 The Frame Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598.2 Components o a Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

8.2.1 The Headline and Footline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648.2.2 The Sidebars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678.2.3 Navigation Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698.2.4 The Navigation Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

8.2.5 The Logo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748.2.6 The Frame Title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748.2.7 The Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

8.3 Frame and Margin Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778.4 Restricting the Slides o a Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

9 Creating Overlays 799.1 The Pause Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799.2 The General Concept o Overlay Specications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809.3 Commands with Overlay Specications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819.4 Environments with Overlay Specications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849.5 Dynamically Changing Text or Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859.6 Advanced Overlay Specications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

9.6.1 Making Commands and Environments Overlay Specication-Aware . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869.6.2 Mode Specications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889.6.3 Action Specications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899.6.4 Incremental Specications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

10 Structuring a Presentation: The Static Global Structure 9310.1 Adding a Title Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9310.2 Adding Sections and Subsections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9510.3 Adding Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9810.4 Splitting a Course Into Lectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9910.5 Adding a Table o Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10010.6 Adding a Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10210.7 Adding an Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

11 Structuring a Presentation: The Interactive Global Structure 10511.1 Adding Hyperlinks and Buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10511.2 Repeating a Frame at a Later Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10811.3 Adding Anticipated Zooming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

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12 Structuring a Presentation: The Local Structure 11112.1 Itemizations, Enumerations, and Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11112.2 Highlighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11612.3 Block Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11712.4 Theorem Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11912.5 Framed and Boxed Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

12.6 Figures and Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12612.7 Splitting a Frame into Multiple Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12712.8 Positioning Text and Graphics Absolutely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12812.9 Verbatim and Fragile Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12812.10Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12912.11Verse, Quotations, Quotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12912.12Footnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

13 Graphics 13213.1 Including External Graphic Files Versus Inlines Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13213.2 Including Graphic Files Ending .eps or .ps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13313.3 Including Graphic Files Ending .pdf, .jpg, .jpeg or .png . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13313.4 Including Graphic Files Ending .mps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

13.5 Including Graphic Files Ending .mmp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

14 Animations, Sounds, and Slide Transitions 13514.1 Animations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

14.1.1 Including External Animation Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13514.1.2 Animations Created by Showing Slides in Rapid Succession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13714.1.3 Including External Animations Residing in Multiple Image Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

14.2 Sounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14014.3 Slide Transitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

III Changing the Way Things Look 145

15 Themes 14615.1 Five Flavors o Themes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14615.2 Presentation Themes without Navigation Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14715.3 Presentation Themes with a Tree-Like Navigation Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15115.4 Presentation Themes with a Table o Contents Sidebar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15315.5 Presentation Themes with a Mini Frame Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15515.6 Presentation Themes with Section and Subsection Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15915.7 Presentation Themes Included For Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

16 Inner Themes, Outer Themes, and Templates 16116.1 Inner Themes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16116.2 Outer Themes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16416.3 Changing the Templates Used or Diferent Elements o a Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

16.3.1 Overview o Beamers Template Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16916.3.2 Using Beamers Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17116.3.3 Setting Beamers Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

17 Colors 17617.1 Color Themes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

17.1.1 Deault and Special-Purpose Color Themes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17617.1.2 Complete Color Themes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17817.1.3 Inner Color Themes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18217.1.4 Outer Color Themes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

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24 How To Import Presentations Based on Other Packages and Classes 22124.1 Prosper, HA-Prosper and Powerdot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22124.2 Seminar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22624.3 FoilTEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22924.4 TEXPower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

25 Translating Strings 23425.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23425.1.1 Overview o the Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23425.1.2 How to Read This Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23425.1.3 Contributing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23425.1.4 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

25.2 Basic Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23425.2.1 Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23425.2.2 Language Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23525.2.3 Language Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23525.2.4 Dictionaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

25.3 Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23525.3.1 Basic Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

25.3.2 Providing Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23625.3.3 Creating and Using Dictionaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23725.3.4 Creating a User Dictionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23925.3.5 Translating Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23925.3.6 Language Path and Language Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24025.3.7 Package Loading Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

Index 241

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1 Introduction

beamer is a LATEX class or creating presentations that are held using a projector, but it can also be usedto create transparency slides. Preparing presentations with beamer is diferent rom preparing them withwysiwyg programs like OpenOce.org Impress, Apple Keynote, KOce KPresenter or Microsot PowerPoint.A beamer presentation is created like any other LATEX document: It has a preamble and a body, the body

contains\section

s and\subsection

s, the diferent slides (called rames inbeamer

) are put in environments,they are structured using itemize and enumerate environments, and so on. The obvious disadvantage o thisapproach is that you have to know LATEX in order to use beamer. The advantage is that i you know LATEX,you can use your knowledge o LATEX also when creating a presentation, not only when writing papers.

1.1 Main Features

The list o eatures supported by beamer is quite long (unortunately, so is presumably the list o bugs supportedby beamer). The most important eatures, in our opinion, are:

You can use beamer with pdflatex, latex+dvips, lualatex and xelatex. latex+dvipdfm isnt sup-ported (but we accept patches!).

The standard commands o LATEX still work. A \tableofcontents will still create a table o contents,

\section is still used to create structure, and itemize still creates a list.

You can easily create overlays and dynamic efects.

Themes allow you to change the appearance o your presentation to suit your purposes.

The themes are designed to be usable in practice, they are not just or show. You will not nd suchnonsense as a green body text on a picture o a green meadow.

The layout, the colors, and the onts used in a presentation can easily be changed globally, but you stillalso have control over the most minute detail.

A special style le allows you to use the LATEX-source o a presentation directly in other LATEX classes likearticle or book. This makes it easy to create presentations out o lecture notes or lecture notes out opresentations.

The nal output is typically a pdf-le. Viewer applications or this ormat exist or virtually everyplatorm. When bringing your presentation to a conerence on a memory stick, you do not have to worryabout which version o the presentation program might be installed there. Also, your presentation is goingto look exactly the way it looked on your computer.

1.2 History

Till Tantau created beamer mainly in his spare time. Many other people have helped by sending him emailscontaining suggestions or improvement or corrections or patches or whole new themes (by now, this amountsto over a thousand emails concerning beamer). Indeed, most o the development was only initiated by eaturerequests and bug reports. Without this eedback, beamer would still be what it was originally intended to be:a small private collection o macros that make using the seminar class easier. Till created the rst version obeamer or his PhD deense presentation in February 2003. A month later, he put the package on ctan at therequest o some colleagues. Ater that, things somehow got out o hand.

Ater being unmaintained since 2007, in April 2010 Till handed over the maintenance to Joseph Wright andVedran Mileti, who are still maintaining it: improving code, xing bugs, adding new eatures and helping users.

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1.3 Acknowledgments

Till Tantau: Where to begin? beamers development depends not only on me, but on the eedback I get romother people. Many eatures have been implemented because someone requested them and I thought that these

eatures would be nice to have and reasonably easy to implement. Other people have given valuable eedback onthemes, on the users guide, on eatures o the class, on the internals o the implementation, on special LATEX

eatures, and on lie in general. A small selection o these people includes (in no particular order and I have

surely orgotten to name lots o people who really, really deserve being in this list): Carsten (or everything),Birgit (or being the rst person to use beamer besides me), Tux (or his silent criticism), Rol Niepraschk(or showing me how to program LATEX correctly), Claudio Beccari (or writing part o the documentation on

ont encodings), Thomas Baumann (or the emacs stuf), Stean Mller (or not loosing hope), Uwe Kern (orxcolor), Hendri Adriaens (or ha-prosper), Ohura Makoto (or spotting typos). People who have contributedto the themes include Paul Gomme, Manuel Carro, and Marlon Rgis Schmitz.

Joseph Wright: Thanks to Till Tantau or the huge development efort in creating beamer. Sincere thanksto Vedran Mileti or taking the lead in continuing development.

Vedran Mileti: First, I would like to thank Karl Berry and Sanda Bujai or encouragement, withoutwhich I wouldnt ever be anything but a LATEX user. I would also like to thank Ana Metrovi, my colleague,who was excited by the prospect o using beamer or preparing class material; Ivona Frankovi and MarinaRajnovi, my students at Department o Inormatics, who were the rst to hear about LATEX, beamer and howit can help in preparing class material. I would like to thank Heiko Oberdiek (or hyperref), Johannes Braams(or babel) and Philipp Lehman (or biblatex). Above all, I owe a lot to Till Tantau or developing beamerin the rst place and to Joseph Wright or developing siunitx and or helping me develop beamer urther.

1.4 How to Read this Users Guide

You should start with the rst part. I you have not yet installed the package, please read Section 2 rst. I youare new to beamer, you should next read the tutorial in Section 3. When you sit down to create your rst realpresentation using beamer, read Section 4 where the technical details o a possible workow are discussed. Iyou are still new to creating presentations in general, you might nd Section 5 helpul, where many guidelinesare given on what to do and what not to do. Finally, you should browse through Section 6, where you will ndready-to-use solution templates or creating talks, possibly even in the language you intend to use.

The second part o this users guide goes into the details o all the commands dened in beamer, but it

also addresses other technical issues having to do with creating presentations (like how to include graphics oranimations).The third part explains how you can change the appearance o your presentation easily either using themes

or by speciying colors or onts or specic elements o a presentation (like, say, the ont used or the numbers inan enumeration).

The ourth part talks about handouts and lecture notes, so called support material. You will requentlyhave create some kind o support material to give to your audience during the talk or ater it, and this part willexplain how to do it using the same source that you created your presentation rom.

The last part contains howtos, which are explanations o how to get certain things done using beamer.

This users guide contains descriptions o all public commands, environments, and concepts dened by thebeamer-class. The ollowing examples show how things are documented. As a general rule, red text is dened,green text is optional, blue text indicates special mode considerations.

\somebeamercommand[optional arguments]{rst argument}{second argument}

Here you will nd the explanation o what the command \somebeamercommand does. The green argument(s)is optional. The command o this example takes two parameters.

Example: \somebeamercommand[opt]{my arg}{xxx}

\begin{somebeamerenvironment}[optional arguments]{rst argument}environment contents

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\end{somebeamerenvironment}

Here you will nd the explanation o the efect o the environment somebeamerenvironment. As withcommands, the green arguments are optional.

Example:

\begin{somebeamerenvironment}{Argument}

Some text.

\end{somebeamerenvironment}

Beamer-Template/-Color/-Font some beamer element

Here you will nd an explanation o the template, color, and/or ont some beamer element. A beamer-element is a concept that is explained in more detail in Section 16. Roughly speaking, an element is a parto a presentation that is potentially typeset in some special way. Examples o elements are rame titles, theauthors name, or the ootnote sign. For most elements there exists a template, see Section 16 once more,and also a beamer-color and a beamer-ont.

For each element, it is indicated whether a template, a beamer-color, and/or a beamer-ont o the namesome beamer element exist. Typically, all three exist and are employed together when the element needsto be typeset, that is, when the template is inserted the beamer-color and -ont are installed rst. However,sometimes templates do not have a color or ont associated with them (like parent templates). Also, there

exist beamer-colors and -onts that do not have an underlying template.

Using and changing templates is explained in Section 16.3. Here is the essence: To change a template, youcan say

\setbeamertemplate{some beamer element}{your definition for this template}

Unortunately, it is not quite trivial to come up with a good denition or some templates. Fortunately,there are oten predened options or a template. These are indicated like this:

[square] causes a small square to be used to render the template.

[circle]{radius} causes circles o the given radius to be used to render the template.

You can install such a predened option like this:

\setbeamertemplate{some beamer element}[square]

% Now squares are used

\setbeamertemplate{some beamer element}[circle]{3pt}

% New a circle is used

beamer-colors are explained in Section 17. Here is the essence: To change the oreground o the color to,say, red, use

\setbeamercolor{some beamer element}{fg=red}

To change the background to, say, black, use:

\setbeamercolor{some beamer element}{bg=black}

You can also change them together using fg=red,bg=black. The background will not always be honoured,since it is dicult to show a colored background correctly and an extra efort must be made by the templates

(while the oreground color is usually used automatically).beamer-onts are explained in Section 18. Here is the essence: To change the size o the ont to, say, large,use:

\setbeamerfont{some beamer element}{size=\large}

In addition to the size, you can use things like series=\bfseries to set the series, shape=\itshape tochange the shape, family=\sffamily to change the amily, and you can use them in conjunction. Add astar to the command to rst reset the ont.

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presen-tation

As next to this paragraph, you will sometimes nd the word presentation in blue next to some paragraph. Thismeans that the paragraph applies only when you normally typeset your presentation using LATEX or pdLATEX.

article Opposed to this, a paragraph with article next to it describes some behavior that is special or the articlemode. This special mode is used to create lecture notes out o a presentation (the two can coexist in one le).

lyx A paragraph with lyx next to it describes behavior that is special when you use LYX to prepare your presentation.

1.5 Getting Help

When you need help with beamer, please do the ollowing:

1. Read the user guide, at least the part that has to do with your problem.

2. I that does not solve the problem, try searching TeX-sx (tex.stackexchange.com). Perhaps someonehas already reported a similar problem and someone has ound a solution.

3. I you nd no answers there, o i you are sure you have ound a bug in beamer, please report it viabitbucket.org/rivanvx/beamer/issues.

4. Beore you le a bug report, especially a bug report concerning the installation, make sure that this isreally a bug. In particular, have a look at the .log le that results when you TEX your les. This .log le

should show that all the right les are loaded rom the right directories. Nearly all installation problemscan be resolved by looking at the .log le.

I you can, beore reporting the bug, retest using latest version o beamer with latest version o TEX Live.This can help isolate bugs rom other packages that might afect beamer.

5. As a last resort you can try emailing authors. We do not mind getting emails, we simply get way toomany o them. Because o this, we cannot guarantee that your emails will be answered timely or even atall. Reporting an issue is usually a better approach as they dont get lost.

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Part I

Getting Started

This part helps you getting started. It starts with an explanation o how to install the class. Hopeully, this willbe very simple, with a bit o luck the whole class is already correctly installed! You will also nd an explanation

o special things you should consider when using certain other packages.Next, a short tutorial is given that explains most o the eatures that youll need in a typical presentation.

Following the tutorial you will nd a possible workow or creating a presentation. Following this workowmay help you avoid problems later on.

This part includes a guidelines sections. Following these guidelines can help you create good presentations(no guarantees, though). This guideline section is kept as general as possible; most o what is said in that sectionapplies to presentations in general, independent o whether they have been created using beamer or not.

At the end o this part you will nd a summary o the solutions templates that come with beamer. Youcan use solutions templates to kick-start the creation o your presentation.

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2 Installation

There are diferent ways o installing the beamer class, depending on your installation and needs. Wheninstalling the class, you may have to install some other packages as well as described below. Beore installing,you may wish to review the licenses under which the class is distributed, see Section 7.

Fortunately, most likely your system will already have beamer preinstalled, so you can skip this section.

2.1 Versions and Dependencies

This documentation is part o version 3.22 o the beamer class. beamer needs a reasonably recent version oseveral standard packages to run and also the ollowing versions o two special packages (later versions shouldwork, but not necessarily):

pgf.sty version 1.00,

xcolor.sty version 2.00.

I you use pdflatex or lyx, which are optional, you need

lyx version 1.3.3. Other versions might work.

pdflatex version 0.14 or higher. Earlier versions do not work.

2.2 Installation o Pre-bundled Packages

We do not create or manage pre-bundled packages o beamer, but, ortunately, other nice people do. We cannotgive detailed instructions on how to install these packages, since we do not manage them, but we can tell youwere to nd them and we can tell you what these nice people told us on how to install them. I you have aproblem with installing, you might wish to have a look at the ollowing rst.

2.2.1 TEX Live and MacTEX

In TEX Live, use the tlmgr tool to install the packages called beamer, pgf, and xcolor. I you have a airlyrecent version o TEX Live, and you have done ull installation, beamer is included.

2.2.2 MiKTEX and proTEXt

For MiKTEX and proTEXt, use the update wizard or package manager to install the (latest versions o the)packages called beamer, pgf, and xcolor.

2.2.3 Debian and Ubuntu

The command aptitude install latex-beamer should do the trick. I necessary, the packages pgf andlatex-xcolor will be automatically installed. Sit back and relax. In detail, the ollowing packages are installed:

http://packages.debian.org/latex-beamer

http://packages.debian.org/pgf

http://packages.debian.org/latex-xcolor

Debian 5.0 lenny includes TEX Live 2007, and version 6.0 squeeze will include TEX Live 2009. This alsoallows you to manually install newer versions o beamer (into your local directory, see below) without havingto update any other LATEX packages.

Ubuntu 8.04, 9.04 and 9.10 include TEX Live 2007, and version 10.04 includes TEX Live 2009.

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2.2.4 Fedora

Fedora 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 include TEX Live 2007, which includes beamer. It can be installed by running thecommand yum install texlive-texmf-latex. As with Debian, this allows you to manually install newerversions o beamer into your local directory (explained below).

Jindrich Novy provides TEX Live 2010 rpm packages or Fedora 12 and 13, at

http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Features/TeXLive

Fedora 14 will contain TEX Live 2010 once its released.

2.3 Installation in a texm Tree

I, or whatever reason, you do not wish to use a prebundled package, the right way to install beamer is toput it in a so-called texmf tree. In the ollowing, we explain how to do this.

Obtain the latest source version (ending .tar.gz or .zip) o the beamer package rom

http://bitbucket.org/rivanvx/beamer

(most likely, you have already done this). Next, you also need the pgf package and the xcolor packages, whichyou need to install separately (see their installation instructions).

The package contains a bunch o les; beamer.cls is one o these les and happens to be the most importantone. You now need to put these les in an appropriate texmf tree.

When you ask TEX to use a certain class or package, it usually looks or the necessary les in so-called texmftrees. These trees are simply huge directories that contain these les. By deault, TEX looks or les in threediferent texmf trees:

The root texmf tree, which is usually located at /usr/share/texmf/, /usr/local/texlive/texmf/,c:\texmf\, orc:\texlive\texmf\.

The local texmf tree, which is usually located at /usr/local/share/texmf/, /usr/local/texlive/texmf-locac:\localtexmf\, orc:\texlive\texmf-local\.

Your personal texmf tree, which is usually located in your home directory at ~/texmf/ or ~/Library/texmf/.

You should install the packages either in the local tree or in your personal tree, depending on whether youhave write access to the local tree. Installation in the root tree can cause problems, since an update o the wholeTEX installation will replace this whole tree.

Inside whatever texmf directory you have chosen, create the sub-sub-sub-directory

texmf/tex/latex/beamer

and place all les o the package in this directory.Finally, you need to rebuild TEXs lename database. This is done by running the command texhash or

mktexlsr (they are the same). In MiKTEX package manager and TEX Live tlmgr, there is a menu option to dothis.

lyx For usage o the beamer class with LY

X, you have to do all o the above. You also have to make LY

X awareo the le beamer.layout. This le is not part o the beamer package since it is updated and managed by theLYX development team. This means that in reasonably up-to-date LYX versions this le will already be installedand nothing needs to be done.

For a more detailed explanation o the standard installation process o packages, you might wish to consulthttp://www.ctan.org/installationadvice/. However, note that the beamer package does not come with a.ins le (simply skip that part).

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2.4 Updating the Installation

To update your installation rom a previous version, simply replace everything in the directory

texmf/tex/latex/beamer

with the les o the new version. The easiest way to do this is to rst delete the old version and then to proceedas described above.

Note that i you have two versions installed, one in texmf and other in texmf-local directory, TEX distribu-tion will preer one in texmf-local directory. This generally allows you to update packages manually withoutadministrator privileges.

2.5 Testing the Installation

To test your installation, copy the le generic-ornate-15min-45min.en.tex rom the directory

beamer/solutions/generic-talks

to some place where you usually create presentations. Then run the command pdflatex several times on thele and check whether the resulting pdf le looks correct. I so, you are all set.

lyx To test the LYX installation, create a new le rom the template generic-ornate-15min-45min.en.lyx, which

is located in the directory beamer/solutions/generic-talks.

2.6 Compatibility with Other Packages and Classes

When using certain packages or classes together with the beamer class, extra options or precautions may benecessary.

\usepackage{AlDraTex}

Graphics created using AlDraTex must be treated like verbatim text. The reason is that DraTex ddleswith catcodes and spaces much like verbatim does. So, in order to insert a picture, either add the fragileoption to the rame or use the \defverbatim command to create a box containing the picture.

\usepackage{alltt}

Text in an alltt environment must be treated like verbatim text. So add the fragile option to ramescontaining this environment or use \defverbatim.

\usepackage{amsthm}

This package is automatically loaded since beamer uses it or typesetting theorems. I you do not wish itto be loaded, which can be necessary especially in article mode i the package is incompatible with thedocument class, you can use the class option noamsthm to suppress its loading. See Section 12.4 or moredetails.

\usepackage[french]{babel}

When using the french style, certain eatures that clash with the unctionality o the beamer class willbe turned of. For example, enumerations are still produced the way the theme dictates, not the way the

french style does.

\usepackage[spanish]{babel}

presen-tation

When using the spanish style, certain eatures that clash with the unctionality o the beamer class willbe turned of. In particular, the special behavior o the pointed brackets < and > is deactivated.

article To make the characters < and > active in article mode, pass the option activeospeccharacters to thepackage beamerbasearticle. This will lead to problems with overlay specications.

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\usepackage{texpower}

You cannot use this package with beamer. However, you might try to use the package beamertexpowerinstead, see Section 24.4.

\usepackage{textpos}

presen-tation

beamer automatically installs a white background behind everything, unless you install a diferent back-ground template. Because o this, you must use the overlay option when using textpos, so that it willplace boxes in ront o everything. Alternatively, you can install an empty background template, but thismay result in an incorrect display in certain situtations with older versions o the Acrobat Reader.

\usepackage{ucs}

See \usepackage[utf8,utf8x]{inputenc}.

\usepackage{xcolor}

presen-tation

The xcolor package is automatically loaded by beamer.cls. The same applies as to color.

\documentclass[xcolor=list o options]{beamer}

Causes the list o options to be passed on to the xcolor package.

When using beamer together with the pstricks package, be sure to pass the xcolor=pst option tobeamer (and hence to xcolor).

article The color package is not loaded automatically i beamerarticle is loaded with the noxcolor option.

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3 Tutorial: Euclids Presentation

This section presents a short tutorial that ocuses on those eatures o beamer that you are likely to use whenyou start using beamer. It leaves out all the glorious details that are explained in great detail later on.

3.1 Problem Statement

We wish to help Pro. Euclid o the University o Alexandria to create a presentation on his latest discovery: Thereare innitely many prime numbers! Euclid wrote a paper on this and it got accepted at the 27th InternationalSymposium on Prime Numbers 280 (ISPN 80). Euclid wishes to use the beamer class to create a presentationor the conerence. On the conerence webpage he ound out that he will have twenty minutes or his talk,including questions.

3.2 Solution Template

The rst thing Euclid should do is to look or a solution template or his presentation. Having a look at Section 6,he nds that the le

beamer/solutions/conference-talks/conference-ornate-20min.en.tex

might be appropriate. He creates a subdirectory presentation in the directory that contains the actual paper

and copies the solution template to this subdirectory, renaming to main.tex.

lyx I Euclid uses LYX, he would choose New rom template and pick the template le

beamer/solutions/conference-talks/conference-ornate-20min.en.lyx

He opens the le in his avorite editor. It starts

\documentclass{beamer}

which Euclid nds hardly surprising. Next comes a line reading

\mode

which Euclid does not understand. Since he nds more stuf in the le that he does not understand, he decidesto ignore all o that or time being, hoping that it all serves some good purpose.

3.3 Title Material

The next thing that seems logical is the place where the \title command is used. Naturally, he replaces it with

\title{There Is No Largest Prime Number}

since this was the title o the paper. He sees that the command \title also takes an optional short argumentin square brackets, which is shown in places where there is little space, but he decides that the title is shortenough by itsel.

Euclid next adjusts the \author and \date elds as ollows:

\author{Euclid of Alexandria}

\date[ISPN 80]{27th International Symposium of Prime Numbers}

For the date, he elt that the name was a little long, so a short version is given ( ISPN 80). On second thought,

Euclid decides to add his email address and replaces the \author eld as ollows:\author[Euclid]{Euclid of Alexandria \\ \texttt{[email protected]}}

Somehow Euclid does not like the act that there is no \email command in beamer. He decides to write anemail to beamers author, asking him to x this, but postpones this or later when the presentation is nished.

There are two elds that Euclid does not know, but whose meaning he can guess: \subtitle and \institute.He adjusts them. (Euclid does not need to use the \and command, which is used to separate several authors,nor the \inst command, which just makes its argument a superscript).

lyx In LYX, Euclid just edits the rst lines constisting o elds like Author or Title or Date. He deletes the optionalshort elds.

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3.4 The Title Page Frame

The next thing in the le that seems interesting is where the rst rame is created, right ater the\begin{document}:

\begin{frame}

\titlepage

\end{frame}

In beamer, a presentation consists o a series o rames. Each rame in turn may consist o several slides (i thereis more than one, they are called overlays). Normally, everything between \begin{frame} and \end{frame} isput on a single slide. No page breaking is perormed. So Euclid iners that the rst rame is lled by the titlepage, which seems quite logical.

lyx The title page rame is created automatically by LYX. All other rames start with the style BeginFrame and endeither with the style EndFrame or, automatically, with the start o the next rame, subsection, or section.

3.5 Creating the Presentation PDF File

Eager to nd out how the rst page will look, he invokes pdflatex on his le main.tex (twice). He could alsouse latex (twice), ollowed by dvips, and then possibly ps2pdf, or lualatex (twice), or xelatex (twice). Then

he uses the Acrobat Reader, xpdf, evince or okular to view the resulting main.pdf. Indeed, the rst pagecontains all the inormation Euclid has provided until now. It even looks quite impressive with the colorul titleand the rounded corners and the shadows, but he is doubtul whether he should leave it like that. He decidesto address this problem later.

Euclid is delighted to nd out that clicking on a section or subsection in the navigation bar at the tophyperjumps there. Also, the small symbols at the bottom seem to be clickable. Toying around with them ora while, he nds that clicking on the arrows let or right o a symbol hyperjumps him backward or orward oneslide / rame / subsection / section. He nds the symbols quite small, but decides not to write an email tobeamers authors since he also thinks that bigger symbols would be distracting.

lyx Euclid chooses View PDF to view the resulting presentation. On a slow machine, this may take a while. SeeSection 4.3.3 or ways o speeding up the compilation.

3.6 The Table o Contents

The next rame contains a table o contents:

\begin{frame}

\frametitle{Outline}

\tableofcontents

\end{frame}

Furthermore, this rame has an individual title (Outline). A comment in the rame says that Euclid might wishto try to add the [pausesections] option. He tries this, changing the rame to:

\begin{frame}

\frametitle{Outline}

\tableofcontents[pausesections]

\end{frame}

Ater re-pdLATEXing the presentation, he nds that instead o a single slide, there are now two tableo contents slides in the presentation. On the rst o these, only the rst section is shown, on the secondboth sections are shown (scanning down in the le, Euclid nds that, indeed, there are \section commandsintroducing these sections). The efect o the pausesections seems to be that one can talk about the rstsection beore the second one is shown. Then, Euclid can press the down- or right-key, to show the completetable o contents and can talk about the second section.

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3.7 Sections and Subsections

The next commands Euclid nds are

\section{Motivation}

\subsection{The Basic Problem That We Studied}

These commands are given outside o rames. So Euclid assumes that at the point o invocation they have nodirect efect, they only create entries in the table o contents. Having a Motivation section seems reasonableto Euclid, but he changes the \subsection title.

As he looks at the presentation, he notices that his assumption was not quite true: each \subsectioncommand seems to insert a rame containing a table o contents into the presentation. Doubling back hends the command that causes this: The \AtBeginSubsection inserts a rame with only the current subsec-tion highlighted at the beginning o each section. I Euclid does not like this, he can just delete the whole\AtBeginSubsection stuf and the table o contents at the beginning o each subsection disappears.

The \section and \subsection commands take optional short arguments. These short arguments are usedwhenever a short orm o the section o subsection name is needed. While this is in keeping with the way beamertreats the optional arguments o things like \title, it is diferent rom the usual way LATEX treats an optionalargument or sections (where the optional argument dictates what is shown in the table o contents and themain argument dictates what is shown everywhere else; in beamer things are exactly the other way round).

3.8 Creating a Simple Frame

Euclid then modies the next rame, which is the rst real rame o the presentation, as ollows:

\begin{frame}

\frametitle{What Are Prime Numbers?}

A prime number is a number that has exactly two divisors.

\end{frame}

This yields the desired result. It might be a good idea to put some emphasis on the object being dened (primenumbers). Euclid tries \emph but nds that too mild an emphasis. beamer ofers the command \alert, whichis used like \emph and, by deault, typesets its argument in bright red.

lyx The \alert command needs to be entered in TEX-mode, which is awkward. Its easier to just paint the text in

red.Next, Euclid decides to make it even clearer that he is giving a denition by putting a definition environ-

ment around the denition.

\begin{frame}


\begin{definition}

A \alert{prime number} is a number that has exactly two divisors.

\end{definition}

\end{frame}

Other useul environments like theorem, lemma, proof, corollary, or example are also predened bybeamer. As in amsmath, they take optional arguments that they show in brackets. Indeed, amsmath is au-tomatically loaded by beamer.

Since it is always a good idea to add examples, Euclid decides to add one:

\begin{frame}


\begin{definition}

A \alert{prime number} is a number that has exactly two divisors.

\end{definition}

\begin{example}

\begin{itemize}

\item 2 is prime (two divisors: 1 and 2).

\item 3 is prime (two divisors: 1 and 3).

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The overlay specications are given in pointed brackets. The specication means rom slide 1 on.Thus, the rst and ourth item are shown on the rst slide o the rame, but the other two items are not shown.Rather, the second point is shown only rom the second slide onward. beamer automatically computes thenumber o slides needed or each rame. More generally, overlay specication are lists o numbers or numberranges where the start or ending o a range can be let open. For example -3,5-6,8- means on all slides,except or slides 4 and 7.

lyx You add overlay specications to the items by entering TEX-mode (press on the little TEX icon) and writing. This TEX-text should be placed right at the beginning o the item.

The \qedhere is used to put the qed symbol at the end o the line inside the enumeration. Normally, theqed symbol is automatically inserted at the end o a proo environment, but that would be on an ugly emptyline here.

The \item command is not the only command that takes overlay specications. Another useul commandthat takes one is the \uncover command. It only shows its argument on the slides specied in the overlayspecication. On all other slides, the argument is hidden (though it still occupies space). The command \onlyis similar and Euclid could also have tried

\only{The proof used \textit{reductio ad absurdum}.}

On non-specied slides the \only command simply throws its argument away and the argument does notoccupy any space. This leads to diferent heights o the text on the rst three slides and on the ourth slide. Ithe text is centered vertically, this will cause the text to wobble and thus \uncover should be used. However,you sometimes wish things to really disappear on some slides and then \only is useul. Euclid could also haveused the class option t, which causes the text in rames to be vertically ushed to the top. Then a difering textheight does not cause wobbling. Vertical ushing can also be achieved or only a single rame be by giving theoptional argument [t] like this to the frame environment as in

\begin{frame}[t]

\frametitle{There Is No Largest Prime Number}

...

\end{frame}

Vice versa, i the t class option is given, a rame can be vertically centered using the [c] option or the rame.It turns out that certain environments, including the theorem and proof environments above, also take

overlay specications. I such a specication is given, the whole theorem or proo is only shown on the speciedslides.

3.11 Structuring a Frame

On the next rame, Euclid wishes to contrast solved and open problems on prime numbers. Since there is noSolved problem environment similar to the theorem environment, Euclid decides to use the block environment,which allows him to give an arbitrary title:

\begin{frame}

\frametitle{Whats Still To Do?}

\begin{block}{Answered Questions}

How many primes are there?

\end{block}

\begin{block}{Open Questions}Is every even number the sum of two primes?

\end{block}

\end{frame}

He could also have dened his own theorem-like environment by putting the ollowing in the preamble:

\newtheorem{answeredquestions}[theorem]{Answered Questions}

\newtheorem{openquestions}[theorem]{Open Questions}

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The optional argument [theorem] ensures that these environments are numbered the same way as everythingelse. Since these numbers are not shown anyway, it does not really matter whether they are given, but its agood practice and, perhaps, Euclid might need these numbers some other time.

An alternative would be nested itemize:

\begin{frame}


\begin{itemize}\item Answered Questions

\begin{itemize}

\item How many primes are there?

\end{itemize}

\item Open Questions

\begin{itemize}

\item Is every even number the sum of two primes?

\end{itemize}

\end{itemize}

\end{frame}

Pondering on the problem some more, Euclid decides that it would be even nicer to have the AnsweredQuestions on the let and the Open Questions on the right, so as to create a stronger visual contrast. For

this, he uses the columns environment. Inside this environment, \column commands create new columns.\begin{frame}


\begin{columns}

\column{.5\textwidth}

\begin{block}{Answered Questions}

How many primes are there?

\end{block}

\column{.5\textwidth}

\begin{block}{Open Questions}

Is every even number the sum of two primes?

\end{block}

\end{columns}

\end{frame}

Trying this, he is not quite satised with the result as the block on the let has a diferent height than theone on the right. He thinks it would be nicer i they were vertically top-aligned. So he adds the [t] option tothe columns environment.

Euclid is somewhat please to nd out that a \pause at the end o the rst column allows him to uncoverthe second column only on the second slide o the rame.

3.12 Adding Reerences

Euclid decides that he would like to add a citation to his open questions list, since he would like to attributethe question to his good old riend Christian. Euclid is not really sure whether using a bibliography in his talkis a good idea, but he goes ahead anyway.

To this end, he adds an entry to the bibliography, which he ortunately already nds in the solution le.Having the bibliography in the appendix does not quite suit Euclid, so he removes the \appendix command. Healso notices overlay specications and nds them a bit strange, but they dont seem to hurteither. Hopeully they do something useul. His bibliography looks like this:

\begin{thebibliography}{10}

\bibitem{Goldbach1742}[Goldbach, 1742]

Christian Goldbach.

\newblock A problem we should try to solve before the ISPN 43 deadline,

\newblock \emph{Letter to Leonhard Euler}, 1742.

\end{thebibliography}

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and he can then add a citation:

\begin{block}{Open Questions}

Is every even number the sum of two primes?

\cite{Goldbach1742}

\end{block}

3.13 Verbatim Text

On another rame, Euclid would like to show a listing o an algorithm his riend Eratosthenes has sent him (sayinghe came up with it while reorganizing his sieve collection). Euclid normally uses the verbatim environment andsometimes also similar environments like lstlisting to typeset listings. He can also use them in beamer, buthe must add the fragile option to the rame:

\begin{frame}[fragile]

\frametitle{An Algorithm For Finding Primes Numbers.}

\begin{verbatim}

int main (void)

{

std::vector is_prime (100, true);

for (int i = 2; i < 100; i++)if (is_prime[i])

{

std::cout


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\visible{Note the use of \alert{\texttt{std::}}.}

\end{frame}

The \visible command does nearly the same as \uncover. A diference occurs i the command \setbeamercovered{thas been used to make covered text transparent instead, \visible still makes the text completely invisibleon non-specied slides. Euclid has the eeling that the naming convention is a bit strange, but cannot quitepinpoint the problem.

3.14 Changing the Way Things Look I: Theming

With the contents o this talk xed, Euclid decides to have a second look at the way things look. He goes backto the beginning and nds the line

\usetheme{Warsaw}

By substituting other cities (he notices that these cities seem to have in common that there has been aworkshop or conerence on theoretical computer science there at which always the same person had a paper,attended, or gave a talk) Euclid can change the way his presentation is going to look. He decides to choose sometheme that is reasonably simple but, since his talk is not too short, shows a bit o navigational inormation.

He settles on the Frankfurt theme but decides that the light-dark contrast is too strong. He adds

\usecolortheme{seahorse}\usecolortheme{rose}

The result seems some more subdued to him.Euclid decides that the ont used or the titles is not quite classical enough (classical onts are the latest chic

in Alexandria). So, he adds

\usefonttheme[onlylarge]{structuresmallcapsserif}

Euclid notices that the small onts in the navigation bars are a bit hard to read as they are so thin. Adding theollowing helps:

\usefonttheme[onlysmall]{structurebold}

3.15 Changing the Way Things Look II: Colors and Fonts

Since Euclid wants to give a perect talk, he decides that the ont used or the title simply has to be a seriitalics. To change only the ont used or the title, Euclid uses the ollowing command:

\setbeamerfont{title}{shape=\itshape,family=\rmfamily}

He notices that the ont is still quite large (which he likes), but wonders why this is the case since he did notspeciy this. The reason is that calls o \setbeamerfont accumulate and the size was already set to \large bysome ont theme. Using the starred version o \setbeamerfont resets the ont.

Euclid decides that he would also like to change the color o the title to a dashing red, though, perhaps, witha bit o black added. He uses the ollowing command:

\setbeamercolor{title}{fg=red!80!black}

Trying the ollowing command, Euclid is delighted to nd that speciying a background color also has an efect:

\setbeamercolor{title}{fg=red!80!black,bg=red!20!white}

Finally, Euclid is satised with the presentation and goes ahead and gives a great talk at the conerence,making many new riends. He also writes that email to beamers author containing that long list o things thathe missed in beamer or that do not work. He is a bit disappointed to learn that it might take till ISPN 79 orall these things to be taken care o, but he also understands that beamers authors also need some time to doresearch or otherwise he would have nothing to give presentations about.

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4 Workow For Creating a Beamer Presentation

This section presents a possible workow or creating a beamer presentation and possibly a handout to go alongwith it. Technical questions are addressed, like which programs to call with which parameters.

4.1 Step One: Setup the Files

presen-tation

It is advisable that you create a older or each presentation. Even though your presentation will usually residein a single le, TEX produces so many extra les that things can easily get very conusing otherwise. Theolders name should ideally start with the date o your talk in ISO ormat (like 2003-12-25 or a Christmastalk), ollowed by some reminder text o what the talk is all about. Putting the date at the ront in this ormatcauses your presentation olders to be listed nicely when you have several o them residing in one directory. Iyou use an extra directory or each presentation, you can call your main le main.tex.

To create an initial main.tex le or your talk, copy an existing le rom the beamer/solutions directoryand adapt it to your needs. A list o possible beamer solutions that contain templates or presentation TEX-lescan be ound below.

I you wish your talk to reside in the same le as some diferent, non-presentation article version o your text,it is advisable to setup a more elaborate le scheme. See Section 21.2.2 or details.

lyx You can either open a new le and then select beamer as the document class or you say New rom template

and then use a template rom the directory beamer/solutions.

4.2 Step Two: Structure Your Presentation

The next step is to ll the presentation le with \section and \subsection to create a preliminary outline.Youll nd some hints on how to create a good outline in Section 5.1.

Put \section and \subsection commands into the (more or less empty) main le. Do not create any ramesuntil you have a rst working version o a possible table o contents. The le might look like this:

\documentclass{beamer}

% This is the file main.tex

\usetheme{Berlin}

\title{Example Presentation Created with the Beamer Package}

\author{Till Tantau}

\date{\today}

\begin{document}

\begin{frame}

\titlepage

\end{frame}

\section*{Outline}

\begin{frame}

\tableofcontents

\end{frame}

\section{Introduction}

\subsection{Overview of the Beamer Class}

\subsection{Overview of Similar Classes}

\section{Usage}

\subsection{...}

\subsection{...}

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lyx Use View Postscript to view the PostScript version.

4.3.3 Ways o Improving Compilation Speed

While working on your presentation, it may sometimes be useul to TEX your .tex le quickly and have thepresentation contain only the most important inormation. This is especially true i you have a slow machine.In this case, you can do several things to speed up the compilation. First, you can use the draft class option.

\documentclass[draft]{beamer}

Causes the headlines, ootlines, and sidebars to be replaced by gray rectangles (their sizes are still computed,though). Many other packages, including pgf and hyperref, also speed up when this option is given.

Second, you can use the ollowing command:

\includeonlyframes{rame label list}

This command behaves a little bit like the \includeonly command: Only the rames mentioned in the listare included. All other rames are suppressed. Nevertheless, the section and subsection commands are stillexecuted, so that you still have the correct navigation bars. By labeling the current rame as, say, currentand then saying \includeonlyframes{current}, you can work on a single rame quickly.

The rame label list is a comma-separated list (without spaces) o the names o rames that have beenlabeled. To label a rame, you must pass the option label=name to the \frame command or frameenvironment.

Example:

\includeonlyframes{example1,example3}

\frame[label=example1]

{This frame will be included. }

\frame[label=example2]

{This frame will not be included. }

\frame{This frame will not be included.}

\againframe{example1} % Will be included

4.4 Step Four: Create Frames

Once the table o contents looks satisactory, start creating rames or your presentation by adding frameenvironments. Youll nd guidelines on what to put on a rame in Section 5.1.3.

lyx To create a rame, use the style BeginFrame. The rame title is given on the line o this style. The rame endsautomatically with the start o the next rame, with a section or subsection command, and with an empty linein the style EndFrame. Note that the last rame o your presentation must be ended using EndFrame andthat the last rame beore the appendix must be ended this way.

4.5 Step Five: Test Your PresentationAlways test your presentation. For this, you should vocalize or subvocalize your talk in a quiet environment.Typically, this will show that your talk is too long. You should then remove parts o the presentation, suchthat it ts into the allotted time slot. Do not attempt to talk aster in order to squeeze the talk into the givenamount o time. You are almost sure to lose your audience this way.

Do not try to create the perect presentation immediately. Rather, test and retest the talk and modiy itas needed.

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4.6 Step Six: Create a Handout

4.6.1 Creating the Handout

Once your talk is xed, you can create a handout, i this seems appropriate. For this, you can use the classoption handout as explained in Section 21.1. Typically, you might wish to put several handout slides on onepage, see below on how to do this easily.

You may also wish to create an article version o your talk. An article version o your presentation is anormal TEX text typeset using, or example, the document class article or perhaps llncs or a similar documentclass. The beamer class ofers acilities to have this version coexist with your presentation version in one leand to share code. Also, you can include slides o your presentation as gures in your article version. Detailson how to setup the article version can be ound in Section 21.2.

lyx Creating an article version is not really possible in LYX. You can try, but we would not advise it.

4.6.2 Printing the Handout

The easiest way to print a presentation is to user the Acrobat Reader with the option expand small pages topaper size orm the printer dialog enabled. This is necessary, because slides are by deault only 128mm by96mm large.

For the PostScript version and or printing multiple slides on a single page this simple approach does not

work. In such cases you can use the pgfpages package, which works directly with pdflatex, lualatex, xelatexand latex plus dvips. Note however that this package destroys hyperlinks. This is due to undamental aws inthe pdf-specication and it is not likely to change.

The pgfpages can do all sorts o tricks with pages. The most important one or printing beamer slides isthe ollowing command:

\usepackage{pgfpages}

\pgfpagesuselayout{resize to}[a4paper,border shrink=5mm,landscape]

This says Resize all pages to landscape A4 pages, no matter what their original size was, but shrink the pagesby 5mm, so that there is a bit o a border around everything. Naturally, instead o a4paper you can also useletterpaper or any o the other standard paper sizes. For urther options and details see the documentationo pgfpages.

The second thing you might wish to do is to put several slides on a single page. This can be done as ollows:

\usepackage{pgfpages}

\pgfpagesuselayout{2 on 1}[a4paper,border shrink=5mm]

This says Put two pages on one page and then resize everything so that it ts on A4 paper. Note that thistime we do not need landscape as the resulting page is, ater all, not in landscape mode.

Instead o 2 o n 1 you can also use 4 o n 1, but then with landscape once more, and also 8 o n 1 and even16 on 1 to get a grand (though unreadable) overview.

I you put several slides on one page and i these slides normally have a white background, it may be useulto write the ollowing in your preamble:

\mode{\setbeamercolor{background canvas}{bg=black!5}}

This will cause the slides o the handout version to have a very light gray background. This makes it easy to

discern the slides border i several slides are put on one page.

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5 Guidelines or Creating Presentations

In this section we sketch the guidelines that we try to stick to when we create presentations. These guidelineseither arise out o experience, out o common sense, or out o recommendations by other people or books. Theserules are certainly not intended as commandments that, i not ollowed, will result in catastrophe. The centralrule o typography also applies to creating presentations: Every rule can be broken, but no rule may be ignored.

5.1 Structuring a Presentation

5.1.1 Know the Time Constraints

When you start to create a presentation, the very rst thing you should worry about is the amount o time youhave or your presentation. Depending on the occasion, this can be anything between 2 minutes and two hours.

A simple rule or the number o rames is that you should have at most one rame per minute.

In most situations, you will have less time or your presentation that you would like.

Do not try to squeeze more into a presentation than time allows or. No matter how important some detailseems to you, it is better to leave it out, but get the main message across, than getting neither the mainmessage nor the detail across.

In many situations, a quick appraisal o how much time you have will show that you wont be able to mentioncertain details. Knowing this can save you hours o work on preparing slides that you would have to removelater anyway.

5.1.2 Global Structure

To create the global structure o a presentation, with the time constraints in mind, proceed as ollows:

Make a mental inventory o the things you can reasonably talk about within the time available.

Categorize the inventory into sections and subsections.

For very long talks (like a 90 minute lecture), you might also divide your talk into independent parts (likea review o the previous lecture part and a main part) using the \part command. Note that each parthas its own table o contents.

Do not eel araid to change the structure later on as you work on the talk.

Parts, Section, and Subsections.

Do not use more than our sections and not less than two per part.

Even our sections are usually too much, unless they ollow a very easy pattern. Five and more sections aresimply too hard to remember or the audience. Ater all, when you present the table o contents, the audiencewill not yet really be able to grasp the importance and relevance o the diferent sections and will most likelyhave orgotten them by the time you reach them.

Ideally, a table o contents should be understandable by itsel. In particular, it should be comprehensiblebeore someone has heard your talk.

Keep section and subsection titles sel-explaining.

Both the sections and the subsections should ollow a logical pattern.

Begin with an explanation o what your talk is all about. (Do not assume that everyone knows this.The Ignorant Audience Law states: Someone important in the audience always knows less than you thinkeveryone should know, even i you take the Ignorant Audience Law into account.)

Then explain what you or someone else has ound out concerning the subject matter.

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Using the \cite commands can be conusing since the audience has little chance o remembering thecitations. I you cite the reerences, always cite them with ull author name and year like [Tantau, 2003]instead o something like [2,4] or [Tan01,NT02].

I you want to be modest, you can abbreviate your name when citing yoursel as in [Nickelsen and T.,2003] or [Nickelsen and T, 2003]. However, this can be conusing or the audience since it is oten notimmediately clear who exactly T. might be. We recommend using the ull name.

5.1.3 Frame Structure

Just like your whole presentation, each rame should also be structured. A rame that is solely lled withsome long text is very hard to ollow. It is your job to structure the contents o each rame such that, ideally,the audience immediately seems which inormation is important, which inormation is just a detail, how thepresented inormation is related, and so on.

The Frame Title

Put a title on each rame. The title explains the contents o the rame to people who did not ollow alldetails on the slide.

The title should really explain things, not just give a cryptic summary that cannot be understood unlessone has understood the whole slide. For example, a title like The Poset will have everyone puzzled whatthis slide might be about. Titles like Review o the Denition o Partially Ordered Sets (Posets) or APartial Ordering on the Columns o the Genotype Matrix are much more inormative.

Ideally, titles on consecutive rames should tell a story all by themselves.

In English, you should either always capitalize all words in a rame title except or words like a or the(as in a title), or you alwaysuse the normal lowercase letters. Do not mix this; stick to one rule. The sameis true or block titles. For example, do not use titles like A short Review o Turing machines. Eitheruse A Short Review o Turing Machines. or A short review o Turing machines. (Turing is still spelledwith a capital letter since it is a name).

In English, the title o the whole document should be capitalized, regardless o whether you capitalize

anything else.

In German and other languages that have lots o capitalized words, always use the correct upper-/lowercaseletters. Never capitalize anything in addition to what is usually capitalized.

How Much Can I Put On a Frame?

A rame with too little on it is better than a rame with too much on it. A usual rame should havebetween 20 and 40 words. The maximum should be at about 80 words.

Do not assume that everyone in the audience is an expert on the subject matter. Even i the peoplelistening to you should be experts, they may last have heard about things you consider obvious severalyears ago. You should always have the time or a quick reminder o what exactly a semantical complexityclass or an -complete partial ordering is.

Never put anything on a slide that you are not going to explain during the talk, not even to impress anyonewith how complicated your subject matter really is. However, you may explain things that are not on aslide.

Keep it simple. Typically, your audience will see a slide or less than 50 seconds. They will not have thetime to puzzle through long sentences or complicated ormulas.

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Lance Fortnow, a proessor o computer science, claims: PowerPoint users give better talks. His reason:Since PowerPoint is so bad at typesetting math, they use less math, making their talks easier to understand.