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U - H U. H Terms and Truth: Reerence Direct andAnaphoric (), Quine: From a Critical Point o View (), j Journal o Philosophy Nous.


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alan bergerBrandeis University


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cambridge university press, Y, , , ,

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A catalog record or this publication is available rom the British Library.

Library o Congress Cataloging in Publication data / .

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isbn 978-0-521-85826-7 ()1. , ., 1940 . , . . .

b945.k794s38 2010

19122 2010019542isbn 978-0-521-85826-7 Hisbn 978-0-521-67498-0

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http://www.cambridge.org/http://www.cambridge.org/http://www.cambridge.org/9780521674980http://www.cambridge.org/9780521674980http://www.cambridge.org/9780521674980http://www.cambridge.org/9780521674980http://www.cambridge.org/


6/382

List o Contributors page

1Alan Berger

Part I Naming, Necessity, and Apriority

1 G 17Bernard Linsky

2 , , 49Nathan Salmon

3 E : 78Scott Soames

4 W : 100Robert Stalnaker

Part II Formal Semantics, Truth, Philosophy oMathematics, and Philosophy o Logic

5 119John Burgess

6 141John Burgess

7 , W, De Re 160Mark Steiner

8 177Alan Berger


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Contents

Part III Language and Mind

9 zz 211Mark Richard

10 zz 235Nathan Salmon

11 O - W 253George Wilson

12 W /Q 290

Mario Gmez-TorrentePart IV Philosophy o Mind and

Philosophical Psychology

13 327Sydney Shoemaker

14 E : q 343

Je BuechnerIndex 369


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AlanBerger, U, UY, , H U. H Terms andTruth: Reerence Direct and Anaphoric ( ) Quine: From a Critical Point o View (Ox U ), z H 85 , Ox U .

Je Buechner

(UY, G ), - , U (). H Gdel, Putnam, and Functionalism: A New Reading oRepresentation and Reality 2008.

John Burgess U 1975. H , A Subject with No Object; Computability and Logic;Fixing Frege;Mathematics, Models, and Modality; Philosophical Logic; Truth.

Mario Gmez-Torrente f U x (U). H - .

BernardLinsky U ,E. H Bertrand Russells Metaphysical Logic Principia Mathematica,

U , - j . H , .


9/382

List o Contributors

MarkRichard H U. H Propositional Attitudes( U ) WhenTruth Gives Out(Ox U ); Meaning in Context, -

, Ox U .NathanSalmon U , . H Reerence and Essence() Freges Puzzle (). : Metaphysics, Mathematics, and Meaning Content, Cognition, and Communication ( OxU ).

Sydney Shoemaker .. .. , . H Sel-Knowledge and Sel-Identity; Personal Identity( );Identity, Cause, and Mind; The First-Person Perspective and Other Essays; Physical Realization. H J Ox 1972,J 1993, W H 2002.

Scott Soames U

. H What Is Meaning?; Philosophy oLanguage, Reerence and Description; Philosophical Analysis in the 20thCentury, U , Beyond Rigidity Understanding Truth, Ox U .

RobertStalnaker .. U 1965 . . H , OurKnowledge o the Internal World(Ox U , 2008),

J , Ox 2007.

Mark Steiner .. U . H U 1970 1977; 1977, H U J, . H Mathematical Knowledge( U , 1974), The Applicabilityo Mathematics as a Philosophical Problem(H U , 1998), . H

- z Y E H Treatise H.


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List o Contributors x

GeorgeWilson U . H U J H U. H f

(Narration in Light, 1986), (The Intentionalityo Human Action, 1989), . H f, Seeing Fictions in Film, OxU .


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1

- . , . f , f O O H. H , .

, , j . , Namingand Necessity, z f . : x. W , . H

E x ( x ), zz , W .

, , ; ; , ,, ; . H x

- - . f , Naming and Necessity,

, , , ,


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Alan Berger2

. H

- , - . - ( ) . - .

Naming

and Necessity . , f - . , . H q - .

Naming and Necessity . H q . , q , , f , , .

Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language, W - . H W - W .

H . - W , , .

zz , zz, - zz - .

. , f . H


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Introduction to Kripke 3

--- .

,

j -, . , , .

Structure o the Book

, .

. , ,

f . 1, G , , , Naming and Necessity, z x , . , f.

- x J, , , G . f ,

, . z , , , fx . H z , , - , . W ,

f . - f , - .


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Alan Berger4

Naming and Necessity , ,, . Naming and Necessity

. f f , / 1977 .

, Naming and Necessity -

, , , . W - , . W Q j x, j . , q .

2, , , , f , x-, x: j ; (S) H x j . 1973 J ,

f, - ( ) f ,fctional characters, . H f, H, ( ), j-f H1 - , ( - ), f H2 . H

(S), , q-, (S) x H1 x. j f , - -


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H1. H , (S), , -

x. 3, E :

, Namingand Necessity - . O f, - j j .

- ( ), ( W - x ). H , , .

, , q q j q j x. - () f ; () f, , - ; () f q

, . f , .

, x . - x , , ,

- . , , - .


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Alan Berger6

4, W : ,

Naming and Necessity. q . q -. Naming and Necessity, 1980.

j

, - , q: W x ( - , - )? W x , ? , , ? , , x? , x? H , , f? H f q q , , -? H x - x? 2 j

, q x x . 3 - f q f . 4

, .


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. , , ,

5, 6, 7, 8. , , x .

J f , 5, , - , .

( ), j ( J , H , , ), ( , - f

). 6, , ,

. x . , , O .

7, , W, De Re

, W, : () , ; () ( , x, - ), . q-, - W . H

- W, W Naming and Necessity,


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Alan Berger8

Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language, W. de re -, .

8, , f j .W , f . 2, j : q . 3, .

:

1. W , z, -. f, . , , O , , , - [ ]

. .2. W . :) , x, .

H, j , x, , , - f f

x . , x . , , O f .

) . x

. - j . , , G, , .


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3. W f .W , ,

. , , . , -. --

x x being sup-ported by experiment jf .

4. W , .

, , - , .

: . . . W - . .

.

9, 10, 11, 12 .

9, zz , zz ( j ) zz : , , ? q, zz : -- ? O zz

: j ? zz f zz ; .


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Alan Berger10

, 10, zz , zz , .

q , zz, , ( ) ( / z -). f, zz - q , reductio ad absurdum, -

( ) q , , -, . - -, x , . , , zz. , .

11, O - W, G W , -. Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language . W purport ,

. f , W . not semantic non-actualism, . ,W are, , ,

W . , - .


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.

, W

q, -, temporally externalist . , -- - -x . , t. , t

t . - x, , W . , qf is somef . W - x - . j W . W x , f j q - W. W x, x .

1980, x - x Naming and Necessity. x- , , - q. 2 4 Gz- , 12, W / Q, z x . 5

, j . 2 x

q.


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Alan Berger12

z .

-- ( - f ) . q- , . 4 x . , x,

; - . O x , , x( x, j ).

Naming and Necessity - fx , --fx -- . 3 x f , x x. H prejudice, f , , . j , -, j , - , . - j .

x, x , , - j . O , j.

5 : (1) j q - J, x . (2) z j

j , j f ; j , , jf , q. (3)


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j W (, ) - z , j

; z , - z .

.

, 13, , j -

( x, = -f ) , . x x , H2O. H Y x, E - else , E E*. x . x . , , , .

J 14, E : q ,

Wittgenstein onRules and Private Language; , - ( x ) x. , .

. z , ( ) --- .


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Alan Berger14

, . , - :

J ; W ; ( ?: / Q ); W ; U ; / q ; ;

Q , ( .., U W O, 1978), U Q ; 1974 ; 1974 UY G ; - . -. W G x x - x .


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PART I

G, EEY, OY


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17

f , q . qf , , .1 Naming and Necessity - f - . J 20, 22, 29, 1970, - U, - 1972 . 1980 .

Naming and Necessity ,

. f Q j . -

. , / , f ,

1

G

1 1980 (1972), . 3.


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Bernard Linsky18

f .2

f -

, - . x , - = H2O = -f . O ,

.3

, . , , Naming andNecessity( 1980, [1972]) ( 1979 [1977]).

1. The Cluster o Descriptions Theory o

Proper Names 1970 G . - O j, , ( 1949 [1892]). W , -

, . q - - :

. , .., : x G. W x ,

2 2002 G 2001.3 H 1970 1975;

, x, f ; 1966 reerential f .


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Kripke on Proper and General Names 19

x G. , . . ( 1980, . 30, 1949 [1892], . 86)

, , , q , f .

, , ( logically proper names) , ,f .4 , , , x,

x G, x G , . . - , .

, . , , . W PhilosophicalInvestigations:

x. x, . : E : : . . . ,

? : , , . ? H ? H fx q ?(W 1950, 79)

W, z , q-

f x,

4 16 1919.


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Bernard Linsky20

, , x . J f

( 1958 [1963]). ,

x , , f - . f :

1) x X,

, X.

2) O , j, q.

3) , , f q jy, y X.

4) q j, X .

5) , X x, X

.6) , X x, X x ( ). ( 1980 [1972],.71)

J -. ,

, , . O -, x -, . W Sinn ,

j .W , meaning .


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, , - x .5

.O x x . ( ) . x x x. zz (1979), x .6

f . Naming and Necessity , . W (1), j x .

x do not. O x, J, . W x -. J. - J , . J f ,

. J . J , f, , . , . x J (4), f j, j . , ,

5 content , (1989), .

6 9 10 .


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Bernard Linsky22

determined discover . W ,

, . - .

, x - . x , , x. x.

( ). xx , . . H -x (6). , Xx, X ,x , .

x ( 1981 [1973], . 110151). x , , . O, , , :

x .

, , :

x

. f -

, . 1980 Naming and Necessity, , ,

, , , . , , - , . ,


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x , .

2. Rigid Designators

. ; , f , .7 rigiddesignator j, nonrigid accidental designator ( 1980 [1972], . 48).

j x , - x strongly rigid. O j x.

- Naming and Necessity. , , - . f . O x , calledx ( 1980 [1972], . 49). , , , , . , ,

. j 2 + 2 = 4 2 3 ( 1980 [1972], . 77). x .

. W, , ?

, ,

7 , , , 2 .


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Bernard Linsky24

. W ? . , , j ?

would, , designates with respect to . x. O (t,w), , . , . -

, , - , , (t), . - , , , , .O z .

q j . - x, x . cross-world identifca-tion, x q j -f x , j . O , , -f, j -

. x , x x .8 j , - , ,

.9

8 4 .9 1968 .


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3. Naming and Knowing

, , . - modal argument epistemic, . O

(5), : X x, X. (5) ( j ) . , might have been, couldturn out to be( ). W ( ) - . J . H J J. H J it can turn out J f. W - f , . . x, , Aristotle? Y, . , ,

meaning . x - , .

G - , f ,

, . G, , G j . O


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Bernard Linsky26

G G, , . x ( x

). j E E - , . W E . x (3) : , , f q jy, y X.

x , .

. , , G- .10 O q , , . (2) , X q.

4. Kripkes Positive Account o Names , - , , ? J , x A System oLogic( 1843, , 5). , denotation connotation. (O sense ideas

). O , , .11

10 f - Challengerx 1986, O- z . E x, f Challenger.

11 logically proper names,

. j q, , q. , f .


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. zz . W x a= b, =

E ?12 zz f - , f ( 1905, 1919). f zz . ( G Waverley, Waverley, G ?)

x ; x? zz . H - Naming and Necessity, q - .13

, , . . fx . , . H W, , (1950, 50).14 x .

W q - . . 0 . , 0fxes the reerence x .

12 f , , f x .

13

9 10 .14 , . , , x , .


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Bernard Linsky28

give the meaning ; , f .O fx

, . 0 , -, , , . , , . , , , . O

, . fxing the reerence x . - fx . f f . , fx . x . fx [] x ( 1980 [1972], . 79, . 33).

fx , , . (5) X x, X. , 0

fx . , , 0 x . x . fx ( 0) , . ,

- . 3, - .


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5. A Priori Contingent and A PosterioriNecessary Truths

, , x .O , x jf x. , . W f , ,

x. , , , . , f epistemic, , - metaphysical-, , . , . . , G j 2 -. ( ), . Y , , , , . G j , ; ( , ), -

. , , -, ? x , . x , ? . , ,

. fx. 0 fx 0. , ,


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Bernard Linsky30

fx, . Y , , j

x. x

. , x, x , (, ) , it , , -. (1979 [1977])

x. , x, - U , fx U. Y U , , ., ( 1980 [1972], .50).15 x , , - , x.

O x

x f . , , , = . H , - . fx , .

, - . H

15 3 .


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H . . Naming and

Necessity qf . 1970 , f. -, , .16

, , , , . H . j x y, x y. x , , x, y , , x. -. , x y, , H , qf .17

, , , , -. W x , , , . O

. O , . , , . x, j Q Ez, , . (H) . () , beEz W. - under a description. Q x

, q , ,

16 , x, 1968, . 91.17 4 5 .


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Bernard Linsky32

q -, (Q1960, . 199). de re , ,

. Q j (Q 1976[1957], . 176) -. , , de re ,

j, - . ,

de re j, , essentiality o origin . q, - x, j . q x j .18 x , , , , , , . . , , , , , -

. j x . ( 1980 [1972], . 114. 56) j , .19

18 x q f .W ,

? , f , .

19 (1981, x , . 21952), x H 1975.


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- , .

, - . Reerence and Essence(1981) . E x H = = H2O, , q - . , , x

, . , , x - .

6. Naming Kripkes Theory o Names

, ? f - . H j z , x , - f. , , . . -

, . , . , , , fx . , , - . -

, , , . J j .


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Bernard Linsky34

, ,

, x f . - . . O .

G (1961), f .20 x x j, x. j - j. f j z , , (1981), x. (1974) q , . , J . , , j -

j . .21 - , z- .

G E (1973) - . H x ,

, , 20 G E H

Ex (E 1989, . 79).21 2 .


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.22 O

. . , . , .23 O , - f . , -fx

. H , . E - . H .24 - , .25 . , , . , x theory .

7. eneral Names

Naming and Necessity, x .

22 1980 . 173 E x.23 1989 :

- Sinn ( 1989, . 483). , x, , , , -

. Naming and Necessity f , .

24 1975, 1970, ?25

( 1981, . 3).


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Bernard Linsky36

, , - z. , , , , , , , . , , , , , , , j , ,. ( 1980 [1972], . 134)

System o Logic, , .26 j

j x j, .27 . xG , G .28 -, , x, j . W

, j, x . - , , , ,, , . . x , , .

, . , , .29W , , . x x - .

26 1980 (1972), . 134.27

, 1974, .28 Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics, , 2.. (

, . 267) ( 1980 [1972], . 177).29 H x ( 1962),

. 122.


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, f , / .

f H2O, . - x , H (. 129), (. 132). -, . H2O, . , , x

. j , .O x

. x -f. , -f , = -f , . . W H2O, . j , . x XYZ.30 H . , j -f. is, .

x . , , , , .31

, x . singular . W

30 1975. XYZ , .

31 13 .


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Bernard Linsky38

, . , x, ,

x , x q . O , , - , .32 , -z , , , .

Beyond Rigidity(2002), j , j , .33 j . W f . . , .

x, ( ) , x (. 261):

7) H .

H, , , (7) z , , ( ) . ,

- :

8)

9)

32 2002, 9, . 249 , .33 x (. 366, .19).

2003 2005. , ( ).


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(8) , , , , . (9)

. (8) (9) -

(7) . W (7) ? , f j .

q (7).34

O f , (8) , - x (7) . (8), , (7) dierent , . w . ,(7) w w. (8) (8) () w . H, (9), (7) wq . (9) - .

(2003) (2005), , , -, . H x,

x . ( 1981, 2). , q . - / . , , - z , - .

, - , x . O

34 1984 2006. z-z(2010) .


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Bernard Linsky40

(-)f . , .

, x . w x w w. ( ) . O , - f

, , , . -

. , - . . x , x , f x , x . n jo w. n is F wj o, w, PF w. x w . O - ,

fx , x . j , - .

. O -x , (7) . O , ,

, , , , . -, (8), ,


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. O , (7) . O

, . (9), . (7), w w, -

. W x , , . .

/ Namingand Necessity, . f -. , . f .35 . . , , ( ) j () .36

(-)f . -, = -f , f , , .

x H f . f x 1.371

35 , 1966, 1725.36 1978, . 57.37 1983, . 87.


53/382

Bernard Linsky42

f , . O f , 1 j 1. O , ,

z 1: 1 || 1 || w || 1 ||. P w P , w, . z 1 - w (|| 1 ||).

O 1,

: x (x 1 x 1). , - .38 .

f x x . , f x ,

x . U , : ,||1||w w. - . , f - - . W ,

- .

z - f , x . , , .

-f f

38 J 1998.


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. . H - , , . H

f, z . z , f -. .

, () () . x , .39 , , , f , , . . . . E , , . , , .

8. Speakers Reerence and Semantic Reerence

Naming and Necessity, x .

. G 1957 , x , z . W G , x -. O G , reers j - z ,

39 , , . , , ,q, q.


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Bernard Linsky44

, G - . sentence meaning , ,

reerence j . semantic reerence , x . x . (1) (2) . ,

. , - q .

1977 , z - / (1966). f , - uses. 1966 , x fx , - . x- ( f ). , , ,

. . , J, . , J , , . reerential. - . J , said oJ . W

. / , Naming and Necessity . , /


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de re de dicto. W , -

f . W X de dicto , W . W o y, , y , O ,X . , . j ,

/ qf , - - . .

/ f f f . O , - . W , .40 .O rigidifed descriptions. f, , q.

/ G - . , . x

, . f x. f- x, .W , , J. J , ( 1979 [1977], . 14). name.

40 . 1989.


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Bernard Linsky46

.

. W . / - . . , , . /

. , , f , Naming and Necessity .

9. Conclusion

Naming and Necessity , - j O 1950. , , , , , . W - , . de re

.W j x-, j . , -q .

, J. (2002) What Am I? Descartes and the Mind-Body Problem. Ox: OxU .

, . . (1968) A Materialist Theory o the Mind. : & .


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(1978) A Theory o Universals, Universals and Scientifc Realism, Vol. II. : U .

, . E. (1963) Philosophy and Ordinary Language. U: U .

, H. (1975) . The Journal o Philosophy, 72, 3639., . (1981)Designation. Y: U ., . . (1966) f . The Philosophical

Review, 75, 281304.(1974) . Philosophical Review, 83, 331.(1979 [1977]) . ,

. ., U, . E. J., W, H. . (E.) Contemporary Perspectivesin the Philosophy o Language, 4560. : U . O (1977): Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 2, 1227,

: U ., . (1973) Frege: Philosophy o Language, 2 . 1981.: .

E, G. (1973) . Aristotelian Society, SupplementaryVolume 47, 187208.

(1982) The Varieties o Reerence. Ox: ., G. (1949 [1892]) . Zeitschrit r Philosophie

und philosophische Kritik, 100, 2550. . H. : O , , H., , W. Readings in Philosophical Analysis. Y: --.

G, ., , . (E.) (2001) Physicalism and Its Discontents.: U .G, H. . (1957) . Philosophical Review, 66, 37788.

(1961) . Proceedings o the Aristotelian Society,Supplementary Volume35, 12152.

J, . (1998) From Metaphysics to Ethics: A Deence o Conceptual Analysis.Ox: .

, . (1989) . , J., , J., W, H.(E.) Themes rom Kaplan, 481563. Y: Ox U .

, . (1980 [1972]) Naming and Necessity. : H U

. O (1972): , ., H, G. (E.)Semantics o Natural Language, 253355. : . .

(1979 [1977]) . , .,U, ., W, H. (E.) Contemporary Perspectives in thePhilosophy o Language, 627. : U .O (1977): , ., U, ., W, H.(E.) Midwest Studies in Philosophy II, 25576. : U .

(1979) zz . , . (E.) Meaning and Use, 23975.: . .

, . (1966) .Journal o Philosophy, 63,1725.

(1968) Qf .Journal o Philosophy,65, 11326.


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(1983). H f . Philosophical Papers I, 7895.Ox: Ox U , 1983.

, . (1984) G . Pacifc Philosophical Quarterly,65, 25976.

(2006) G . Philosophical Studies, 128,65567.

, . (1963) . , . (E.) Philosophy andOrdinary Language, 7489. U: U .

, J. (1974) . Analysis, 34, 17780., G., z-z, J. (2010) G :

. , H., -, . (E.) TheSemantics and Metaphysics . Y :.

, J. . (1843) A System o Logic. : ., H. (1962) . The Journal o Philosophy, 59(22),65871.

(1975) . Mind, Language and Reality: PhilosophicalPapers, Volume 2, 21571. : U .

(1970) ? Mind, Language and Reality: PhilosophicalPapers, Volume 2, 13952. : U .

Q, W. . O. (1963 [1951]) E. From a LogicalPoint o View, 2046. : H U . O - (1951) Philosophical Review, 60, 2043.

(1976 [1953]) G . The Ways o Paradox,15876. : H U . O (1953): Proceedings o the XIth International Congress o Philosophy, Volume14, : -H.

, . (1905) O . Mind, 14, 47993.(1919) Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy. : G & U.

, . (1981) Reerence and Essence. : U .(2003) , , . Mind, 112, 44792.(2005) G ? Linguistics and Philosophy, 28(1), 11734.

z, . . (E.) (1977) Naming, Necessity, and Natural Kinds. :

U ., J. . (1958) . Mind, 67, 16673., . (2002) Beyond Rigidity: The Unfnished Semantic Agenda o Naming and

Necessity. Ox: Ox U ., . . (1950) O . Mind, 49, 32044.

W, . (1950) Philosophical Investigations. . G. E. . .: .


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49

I

f, , . x. x f . , x,

(~1) H x

H . , . (~1) ( j ) ( ) x. . H j ? myth. -

- - (~1). G. E. :

[] , q, being . . . . q, is . ,

2

, ,

1998

Nos x. G f j 1996, . . , , H, , , . . .


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Nathan Salmon50

-. , , is not, : , . (Some Main Problems o Philosophy, : G & U, 1953, . 289)

f , , . x x. H, q.

f :

(2) H (~2) H .

f. H - : -19- , , --. z f j- Hq. z (2) q :

(2) q Hq .

z (~2) :

(~21) q Hq (~22) q Hq .

- (primary occurrence) (~2). (2). ,

Hq . - (secondary occur-rence) (~2). (2) . Principia Mathematica, z

(1) H x

(2) x, Wz

(1) q Hq.

q (2), z xx Principia Mathematica. (~1), . - q :


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Fiction, Myth, and Reality 51

(~12) q Hq.

x. ; . , - , (~11) x qHq x, , , , (~1).

(Sinn) (Bedeutung,, ) x - (2) x (Gedanken, ).W x q ,

x (1). (1) (~1) z :

(1) Hq (~12) Hq .

(1) (~12) (1) (~12). f Hq - , (1) (~12)

( x qf-, , , ).

f, (1) - (1) q. H :

W , x . q , , ; j . . - jf, ; f . ( E E. Algebra der Logik, 1895, G . G . , ., Translations rom the Philosophical Writings oGottlob Frege, Ox: , 1970, . 104)

E x

: O -, x O , ( 1906 , , H. H, . , . , ., Posthumous Writings,


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Nathan Salmon52

. . W,1 : U ,1979, . 191). E j Ex (-1884, H, , ), :

x , , x f [ ]. , (. 60).2

(1) (~1), ( ), z :

(1) H E

(~12) H E .

( ) H - Hq

(F) + E q,

z f-- E, (1) (1) , (~12)

(~12) . (1) (~1) .3

(1) (~1). z , pragmaticallyimparted (1) (2), semantically encodedcontained.4 , ,

. , - (1) (1) . - x Begrisschrit(1879). , j ber Sinn und Bedeutung - q

1 Ex Bedeutung .2 x,

= , -. H (x)[ = x].3 W. . O. Q. Word and Object

(: , 1960), 56.4 C. Freges Puzzle(, : , 1986,), . 5860 789,

845, 100, 11415, 1278.


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- x. j - , z .5

x , : x .

, :

.

, , . , , .

x q - x x ungerade, (1) (2) H E .6 - x x . O - x, (1) (~1) z :

(1^) ^ H^

(~1^2) ^ H^ , j ^ indirect quotation, , q x ( , - E ).7 - , - x

5 O , Analysis, 10,5 (1950), . 979. - , : q , . . . Z, ., Logic, Meaning and Computation: Essays in Honoro Alonzo Church(: , 2001), . 57395.

6 x x - ungerade (), Introduction toMathematical Logic I(: U , 1956), . 27 .

7 . : , . G . G, ., Handbook o Philosophical Logic, 2 . (: , 2003),. 3985, 69 q.

Q , . J. H, ., Words and Objections: Essays onthe Work o W. V. O. Quine (: . , 1969), . 178214; . , ., Reerence and Modality(Ox: Ox U , 1971), . 11244, 1201. E, ( J ) -q .


65/382

Nathan Salmon54

- x x. O , -q ungeradex ungeradex

x . - - .8 (F), :

(C) ^ ^ , , .

H Hq, (1) (~1). U (F), (C) x . - x (1) (~1).

nondesignating x . . - x j, . E ,

, x . , , - , / - .9 , , f

8 O , - , Nos, 27, 2 (J 1993), . 15866, : q .

9 f j . . ( zz . , ., Meaning and Use, :. , 1979, . 23983; . . , ., Propositions andAttitudes, Ox: Ox U , 1988, . 10248.) , x ( q , ) x . , , , The Philosophical Review, 83 (J 1974), . 332 ( . z, ., Naming, Necessity, and Natural Kinds, , Y: U ,1977, . 21644), , ,

x . , , , , , x . [H :] G , x? (. 201).


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, - f . , - /

f. H, , (1), (2), ? , (~1) x , ? - x - - ( ). ungerade, - - (1) (~1). O , . , ,

q . H - , ^ H^ q . ,

, (1) (~1) , . H, , very strongly thoroughly nondesignating, , , , - ( ). q - :

[] j. . . . , , ., , z ; j z, . x , , , - . W x , , . W x

, . , H, x, x , , j () x , , . , : , Hamlet. . f , , ., , , , j- H. W , ; H . H, ; , .


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Nathan Salmon56

, j - H . , , q, -j.10

( x ) f j. :

x H about ; , , f . . . . , , H, - , would have been H, x. , J , x H, beenH x. , ?

, , H x, , x. (Naming and Necessity,

: H U , 1980, . 1578)

H x; - . O , H non, . , :

[ ] told. , , x q, -

. , M. M, . , . . . , , - M .

! w M, their w, our x x w, our

w. . . .

10 Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy(: U, 1919), . 16970.. The Philosophy o Logical Atomism, . , . ( , : O ,1918, 1972, 1985), . 878.


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z. H -1, x . our , j .11

II

, -, f .12 - q f, q, Oj, Oj x - (, q, - ).13 , f H, , . j j, , , . , ; -

f . x j f , , , . , f - f, .

11 x X, , , . J. J. H, J. . E. , . , , Approaches to Natural Language(: . , 1973), . 490518, . 5058. J . , , . 245, , The Nature o Necessity(Ox: Ox U , 1974), .4, : , . 15963.

12 , Reerence and Existence: The John Locke Lectures or 1973 (); , , American Philosophical Quarterly, 14, 4 (O 1977),. 299308, , Philosophy and Literature, 7, 1 (1983), . 6777. O f f q . - 1973

, , , x, f U 1981 U ,, J 1983.

13 . , Oj, Grazer PhilosophischeStudien, 1 (1975), . 7386, Nonexistent Objects ( H: Y U, 1980).


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Nathan Salmon58

f x, H q.

O , x (~1), f , x- f , . , H f x. , f, -, . x, x, real, : not merely

a character in the story, but an entity o just the sort depicted. (~1) , q , H f , . , f H , H f . O -, . x, , - .14

H f H q , H ?

O , H f , - f . z f f. , , ,

pretended H , x , . f . O , ; f (x OW H. G. W The War o the Worlds

14

. , , . 308 . 11. - (~1) f x . . , 29. ( .)


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x ). x :

f : -. E : . Don Carlos , x . f : .15

, H - , . - , . , -

. , f , . H , , H f x , f . , . f f .

f -, , , , - , f -. , , f f . , , f f may ( ) ( , . 307 .). O , H . j-f f, f . f, f , . , . ,

15 , Posthumous Writings, . 130. . W, O ,Journal o Philosophy, 75 (1978), . 527; Mimesis as Make-Believe: On the

Foundations o the Representational Arts(: H U , 1990).


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Nathan Salmon60

, H1 H2 f -. . , . ,

H H1 , , z q.

x j-f - H , O , , (2). , , H f-, . O , j-f , -

f . U (2) H1 , f, - x . ( 9.) j-f f, , , . , (2) , -. , x truth in the fction, - j-f ( ) f. - E 101.16 , H2 f . W , f

, ; .O , , x , f - f . G

16 z q, , j-f f f, , .

x j-f . . , , American Philosophical Quarterly, 15 (1978), . 3746; - Philosophical Papers: Volume I(Ox: Ox U , 1983),. 26180.


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f , x , (2) . ,H1 . H2

. (2) x ---f H1 . . j .17

x (~1) , . H1 x, H1 -

x , f. - - qz H . H2 x, x , x f f x. E . f x, x . (1) H1 x, f . f H1 , x f. , H1 x q . O , , , x j .

. W

x H2 x. H1, H2, x.

17 f, f. O , -

- f . H j-f (2) x f H1 - f j. ( , . 3056)

f , . H x ascription f x, ( ) x . f .


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Nathan Salmon62

q . .

, (1)

H1 , - x . f j-f (~2), H1 , . O H1 , - H1 . ,

H1 , . , there is no true proposition that Holmes1 uses cocaine. .

x x. H x , x x. W : (i) ; (ii) . , . H H1 , . (~1) x (1) E. - - ( - ). , (~1) x -

. - x .

x myths. H x f- - , z Jq 1846 U x . - x .18

18 z . W ZW, An Historical Analysis o the Theoretical Solutions to the Problem o the Perihelion oMercury( , , : U f, 1969), . ,924; . . , Mercurys Perihelion: From Le Verrier to Einstein(Ox: Ox


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, j, j, - H2.

x . , E x . , , -. H . , 1 2 f - ( q ),

j, .( , f . Star Trek.) W 1 , 1 x, 1 1 x.

III . H1 H1 x - H1 . , , , . z x x, f -

: , x , ( )? -, z x E {} x (~1) x . E -, j x,

U , 1982), . 247. ( . . W f , , : Vulcandoesnt exist. Create? Y or N.)


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Nathan Salmon64

j x .19

. O , ,

, j-f , H , . f H , H -. ( 16.) O , H1 , 1 . H H1 1

? W ? H ? j-f H1 x, x , () f, f- j-f x, ?

zz - H , , H H . H, H1 H2, ungerade, , H1 , - the brilliant detective who perormed such and such exploits. , q-

. .

19 , - ^ . , H1 x. fx q (. 7), H1 ungeradex. , , - ( q) ungerade Sinn, , - ,

, . ; . .


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, - - , , . ,

. , H1 , 1 , . ( ) . , ungerade H1 x, H , - x , true- H1 x, , .

x in act Hq, H2 f , are H1 x, , . q H ( ) f f Hq, . q , q , . x - , q q-- f x.20

20 . G E, The Varieties o Designation, J. , . (Ox: Ox U, 1982), . 34952. q . , . q . f , , q ungerade f. H , w H f, w w H (. 267 Philosophical Papers: Volume I). - , , . , ., Syntax and Semantics,9: Semantics( Y: , 1978), . 31532, 32931. - . f , q Hq -f H. , f -

, f , , - , , f. W x , - , z q-? , , x j-f , f


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Nathan Salmon66

IV

H

. , - ( ) f .21

H , . H , , . H

. O , . f, ( ) x-, 1 x 1 x , x 2 2 f . ( , j-.) x. , - . . . . x x (. 29; 9 ).

, . H x x ? . x, Nos, 32, 3 (1998), .277319, 31314 . 29.

21 f x, f, x. , Fiction and Metaphysics (: U , 1999), . . , G. , . , , PacifcPhilosophical Quarterly, 78 (1997), . 12848; , E , Nos,27 (1993), . 44969, E , , , Nos(); , E : E , ,, E E O Ex, U (2000), , , , American Philosophical Quarterly, 41, 4 (O 2004), . 3317; G, The Nature o Fiction(: U , 1990); E, E G , Philosophical Studies, 116 (O2003), . 136; , -Ex: . , Topoi, 1(1982), . 97140; , , Fiction and Metaphysics, Mind, 2000, . 9971000; G. , Fictional Worlds(: HU , 1986); , ,

, Philosophical Studies, 84 (1996), . 295320; W, Works

and Worlds o Art(Ox: Ox U , 1980). f : Poetics, 8, 1/2 ( 1979); . E .H, .,Empty Names, Fiction and the Puzzles o Non-Existence(, : , 2000); . , ., Reasons o Art(O: U O, 1985).


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H . . f f-

. / x. E Y H , . J. O. U , J, , f ,

f j, x (

). J -, ; , f , , x jj z . , . . . . f , .

W f , -, (, American Philosophical Quarterly, 13, 2 ( 1976), . 15357 . 155).

H -. Pace, , , , should .

, . O , . , .22 E x ( -), , -, on . O ,

22 . J. . W, What Is Existence?(Ox: Ox U , 1981), H (. 2515). , . W, Proceedings o the Aristotelian Society, 64 (1990),. 93119, , W ? . 11019.


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Nathan Salmon68

. H

, .

q . j . O , f q .

: f . f-

f , . -- . , , -, . H (q H ) f . , according to the story, H. , f ( Y - Y) , . W H, . W . ; H , ( - ). , f , the very samething .

f , .

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-- x. f H , f

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H H

H , , H x. E, . -- , .23 , f . , - f . , , , . . E, . x f - that .24 O , x . , .

23 W - , ( q- ), H -- ? z , f / -. .

24 O , f f . , f x f f . f

. E , f, . x. , , f ; -.


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Nathan Salmon70

O H , x . O f

q , f f ( x, ). . H .H . W . , ( ) , - . x is

. , , ; . q H -- -. , .25

f f . The Hound o the Baskervilles q ? f , ?

f . f - f . fx f . roles f.

fplay occupy f. / . f f parts f . , f, f . , -. , whollyf ,

25 17. , f f ( ) q , E .


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( ) f .W f, f ,

, , , . H H2; , , - H1, H1 .

f f -- , -- , -- . . G

Gone with the Wind, f. z TheGodather f. Ex . . , , z . , z The Remains o the Day -, , J . 007 J f . , f ; z xwhat J is.

, x

x f , , ., , , , jH. H f: , H, . Hamlet j H. H1

x. . j H H2 f,


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Nathan Salmon72

. - / f .26

. U , H ( ) f -, x ( ) , j-f H , f H ,

H . - , H -, f with respect to the real world with respect to the fction. j-f , . f f , f , f, - , , , f .27

W f, f , H (= H2) , , . O q, j-f f . f f ,

26 f, ( , )? q . - de dicto de re. de dicto, ; de re, x. , . , . ( The Freshman, ,

The Godather .)27 . J Hz, , Poetics, 8, 1/2 ( 1979),

. 8599. W f , . , trivial - f. . , , . 2748 PhilosophicalPapers, I.


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f. , f j-f ungerade, ( )

f . H, H2 . O H , . , H1 ; H2 .28

(~1), ,

(3) H x; f.

, (3) x H2 f x. x : an entity o the very sort depicted. ,, (~12) . (~1) (3), zH, existence H as the eccentric detective. ,

H1, - H2 ( ungerade). . . W

28 j-f q, x (f) . , x, . Ex, Journal o Philosophy, 57 (1960), . 62939; JH, Cogito Ergo Sum: , The Philosophical Review, 71(J 1962), . 332.

W j-f f, ? f , thatf, f, . z f x , x . O , x - () f .

f -

. , H - H2 . . Reerence and Essence(: U , 1981;, Y: , 2005), . 11635, 147 .


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Nathan Salmon74

, , , -- , x, H, J , ( f )

, U , qx, , . , x , f . W H, x, : Holmes more or less as he is actually depictedin the stories, Holmes replete with these attributes ( H ), , the person who is bothHolmes and Holmesesque. (~1), H f, H , x ,

such, H -f that, f . q ,

x (~1) (3) . H , f . , f . , . , f , . - . - , f , - H2 ( ) . f x , H2 ( ,

) H1 ( , ) . Holmesesque-Holmes H f , - H . f ( -) . , theHq-H x q H Hq q (

), H Hq. q- H that, -- , . q H x in this sense


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Hq .29

, ,

f .30 f H - , . z, f , . x - .

x .

j . f j, j (-, ) . f f .31 ,

29 f H x-. q, x, f, . , ,

x. ( x -f . , , f .)

(3), , q z (G) f (3) H1 x f H2 j . f (3) H2 . . H x f . O , - : The Holmesesque-Holmes does not really exist; Holmes is only a fctional character. q : H Hq, f . H1 , - . (O x Hq.)

30 , 12, q x . . , . , . U, H. W, ., Contemporary Perspectives in the Philosophy oLanguage(: U , 1979), . 627, 19.

31

, . 68, f. , . W z, f . ( : x, . , ,


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Nathan Salmon76

. , . H , -

. , . H , . H, ; . , 19- . . O j j H f -

, , . , . , , , - ( ,

x ? , - x.)

x j ( x, ), -- f , . x , z, . , , . , K ( - x ) , K, . , 1, . , f .

? f -, x . f . , . (. z x .) (x) ? ; K , , - . K . . Naming and Necessity, . 1567, z ( ),

x ( ). Oj, J. , . O, . , ., Meaning andTruth( Y: , 2002), . 10523, G H z , ,Journal o Philosophy, 74, 20 (1967).


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, ). f, .

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32 , x - , . , ( ). , . . ( .) fx,

bad mock reerential, ugly, , fx x . G, , U, . . z, .,Descriptions andBeyond(Ox: Ox U , 2004), . 23060. . H, Naming and Necessity, . 80 . 34.


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78

Naming andNecessity x- , , - .1 x , - f , , . , , -, .2

Propositions

Naming and Necessity, , , ,

, x. E, , x - j . , , , , - . ,

3

E

Two Routes to the Necessary A Posteriori

1 , Naming and Necessity(: H U , 1980); , z, ., Identity and Individuation ( Y: YU

, 1971).2 f , f Aposteriori,Philosophical Issues, 16, 2006, 287390; , Philosophical Essays, . 2(: U , 2009).


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Kripke on Epistemic and Metaphysical Possibility 79

, j .

1. , , . , , .

2. , , (- ) . , , x . - x x , ///

x, x H H .

3. , x , , , , - x ., , ,

, .4. x , , (

) x ( x).

, .

ssentialism and the Distinction betweenpistemic and Metaphysical Possibility

f (1)(4).

1. G .

2. x, .3. ( f) .

4. x, .


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, ? .3 W , () , . W . , j , , , ,

x. H, (1)(4) , .4 , q -. , , , , f . , f .

conceivably really ( ). possible world, , possible world-state. , not , j. - x - x - . E - x

x , . . J j - , x - x

3

W () , proper-ties and relations that hold necessarily o objects (in all genuinely possible world-states in which theobjects exist).

4 , (2) (4) , q . .


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() . f, . , -

. , - ( ) - ( ) - the designated world-state o which isthe state that the world really is in.

O, f - ( ). ,

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The Scope o Kripkes ssentialist Route to theNecessary A Posteriori

E (E) ( ) x j ( j), j (j) x ( ). , ()

, ( j, ); () , x ( j , x) ; ()


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identities.

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theoretical identifcation statements,

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6 Naming and Necessity, . 138.


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x ).

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).11. x (x ( ) x ).

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, , , - x - x , . O , x (12) .

7 911 Beyond Rigidity ( Y: Ox U , 2002);

, Facta Philosophica, 6, 2004, 15981; 4 Reerence and Description (: U , 2005). , , , , , Mind, 112, 2003, 47592; ,G , , BeyondRigidity, Philosophical Studies, .


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x , , (12) (12).

8 H , - , (12) ( ).H, . 2 BeyondRigidity.


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x (12) .

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jf, jf q . J, this table , q jf, .


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9 , zz , Meaning and Use, . , . (: ,1979).

10 1 Beyond Rigidity, 15 Philosophical Analysis in the TwentiethCentury, . 2 (: U , 2003).


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, . (1981). , Synthese49, 341., . (1977). , . . , Worlds, Times and Selves,

: : 11651., . (1979). H , . x (.), The Possible and theActual: Readings in the Metaphysics o Modality, , Y: U, 88109.

, . (1980). Naming and Necessity, : H U ., . (1968). qf , Journal o

Philosophy65: 11326.(1986). On the Plurality o Worlds, Ox: .

berger kripke

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