beta-beams status and challenges

Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 1

Beta-Beams Status and Challenges

Elena Wildner, CERN

12010-01-07

2010-01-07Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena

Wildner 2 2

Acknowledgements

Particular thanks to

M. Benedikt, FP6 Leader

M. Lindroos,

A Fabich,

S. Hancock

M. Mezetto

and all contributing institutes and collaborators

FP6 “Research Infrastructure Action - Structuring the European Research Area” EURISOL DS Project Contract no. 515768 RIDS) and

FP7 “Design Studies” (Research Infrastructures) EUROnu (Grant agreement no.: 212372)


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Outline Beta Beam Concepts A Beta Beam Scenario The challenges

Isotope production Intensities Radioactivity Backgrounds & accelerators

Other studies Conclusion

33

2010-01-07 4Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams,

Elena Wildner

Beta-beams, recall

E0

4

Aim: production of (anti-)neutrino beams from the beta decay of radio-active ions circulating in a storage ring with long straight sections. Similar concept to the neutrino factory, but parent particle is a beta-active

isotope instead of a muon.

Beta-decay at rest spectrum well known from the electron spectrum Reaction energy Q typically of a few MeV

Accelerate parent ion to relativistic max Boosted neutrino energy spectrum: E 2Q Forward focusing of neutrinos: 1/

Pure electron (anti-)neutrino beam! Depending on +- or - - decay we get a neutrino or anti-neutrino Two different parent ions for neutrino and anti-neutrino beams

Physics applications of a beta-beam Primarily neutrino oscillation physics and CP-violation (high energy) Cross-sections of neutrino-nucleus interaction (low energy)

2010-01-07 5Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams,

Elena Wildner European Strategy for Future

Neutrino Physics, Elena Wildner

Choice of radioactive ion species

Beta-active isotopes Production rates Life time Dangerous rest products Reactivity (Noble gases are good)

Reasonable lifetime at rest If too short: decay during acceleration If too long: low neutrino production Optimum life time given by acceleration scenario In the order of a second

Low Z preferred Minimize ratio of accelerated mass/charges per neutrino produced One ion produces one neutrino. Reduce space charge problems

NuBase

t1/2 at rest (ground state)

1 – 60 s1ms – 1s 6He and 18Ne

8Li and 8B

5


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Some scaling

Accelerators can accelerate ions up to Z/A × the proton energy.

L ~ <E > / m2 ~ Q , Flux ~ L−2 => Flux ~ Q −2

Cross section ~ <E > ~ Q

Merit factor for an experiment at the atmospheric oscillation maximum: M= Q

Decay ring length scales ~ (ion lifetime)

2010-01-07


Beta beam options High Energy beta beams

Available accelerators (or funding) Synergies with super-beams Available detectors Physics reach: choice of baseline

(distance to detector) Low energy beta beams

Off axis experiments Low energy storage rings Available detectors


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Beta beam to different baselines


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The EURISOL scenario boundaries Based on CERN boundaries

Ion choice: 6He and 18Ne Based on existing technology and machines

Ion production through ISOL technique Bunching and first acceleration: ECR, linac Rapid cycling synchrotron Use of existing machines: PS and SPS

Relativistic gamma=100 for both ions SPS allows maximum of 150 (6He) or 250 (18Ne) Gamma choice optimized for physics reach

Opportunity to share a Mton Water Cherenkov detector with a CERN super-beam, proton decay studies and a neutrino observatory

Achieve an annual neutrino rate of 2.9*1018 anti-neutrinos from 6He 1.1 1018 neutrinos from 18Ne

The EURISOL scenario will serve as reference for further studies and developments: Within Euro we will study 8Li and 8B

EURISOL scenario

top-down approach

02/10/09 9(*)

(*)

FP6 “Research Infrastructure Action - Structuring the European Research Area” EURISOL DS Project Contract no. 515768 RIDS


The EURISOL scenario

0.4 GeV

1.7 GeV

8.7 GeV

93 GeV

Decay ring

B = 1500 Tm

B = ~6 T C = ~6900 m Lss= ~2500 m

6He: = 100 18Ne: = 100

Design report December 2009

Aimed:

He 2.9 1018 ( 2.0 1013/s after target)

Ne 1.1 1018 ( 2.0 1013/s after target)


Intensity evolution during acceleration

Cycle optimized for neutrino rate towards the detector

30% of first 6He bunch injected are reaching decay ringOverall only 50% (6He) and 80% (18Ne) reach decay ring

NormalizationSingle bunch intensity to maximum/bunch

Total intensity to total number accumulated in RCS

Bunch20th

15th

10th

5th1st

total


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Radioprotection

12

Residual Ambient Dose Equivalent Rate at 1 m distance from the beam line (mSv h -1)

RCS (quad - 18Ne)

PS(dip - 6He)

SPS DR (arc - 18Ne)

1 hour 15 10 - 5.4

1 day 3 6 - 3.6

1 week 2 2 - 1.4

Annual Effective Dose to the Reference Population (Sv)

RCS PS SPS DR

0.67 0.64 - 5.6 (only decay losses)

Stefania Trovati, Matteo Magistris, CERNCERN-EN-Note-2009-007 STI EURISOL-DS/TASK2/TN-02-25-2009-0048

Yacin Kadi et al. , CERN


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Activation and coil damage in the PS

The coils could support 60 years operation with a EURISOL type beta-beam

M. Kirk et. al GSI

13


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Duty factor for bkg suppression

....

20 bunches, 5.2 ns long, distance 23*4 nanosseconds

filling 1/11 of the Decay Ring, repeated every 23

microseconds

1014 ions, 0.5% duty- (supression-) factor for atmospheric background suppression !!!

14

....


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Momentum collimation (study ongoing): ~5*1012 6He ions to be collimated per cycle Decay: ~5*1012 6Li ions to be removed per cycle per meter Dump at the end of the straight section will receive 30kW Dipoles in collimation section receive between 1 and 10 kW (masks).

p-collimation

me

rgin

g

decay losses

inje

ctio

n

Particle turnover in decay ring

Straight section

Straight section

Arc

Arc

Momentum

collimation

15


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Duty factor and RF Cavities

....

20 bunches, 5.2 ns long, distance 23*4 nanosseconds

filling 1/11 of the Decay Ring, repeated every 23

microseconds

1014 ions, 0.5% duty (supression) factor for background suppression !!!

16

Erk Jensen, CERN


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Open Midplane Dipole (Decay Ring Arc)

17

Cos design open midplane magnet

Manageable (7 T operational) with Nb -Ti at 1.9 K

Aluminum spacers possible on midplane to retain forces: gives transparency to the decay products

Special cooling and radiation dumps may be needed inside yoke.

J. Bruer, E. Todesco, E. Wildner, CERN- 5 0

0

5 0

- 5 0 0 5 0

+

+-

-


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Open mid-plane Quadrupole

Mid-plane

Energy deposited

Open mid-plane

Acknowledgments (magnet design):

F Borgnolutti, E. Todesco (CERN)


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Open mid-plane Quadrupole

Opening angle

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

100 150 200 250Aperture diameter (mm)

No

min

al g

rad

ien

t (T

/m)

0º openning

2º openning

4º openning

6º openning

Acknowledgments (magnet design):

F Borgnolutti, E. Todesco (CERN)

Parametric Approach!!


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Options for production ISOL method at 1-2 GeV (200 kW)

>2 1013 6He per second <8 1011 18Ne per second (not an option, need to confirm new options!) Studied within EURISOL

Direct production >1 1013 (?) 6He per second 1 1013 18Ne per second Studied at LLN, Soreq, WI and GANIL

Production ring (higher neutrino energies) 1014 (?) 8Li >1013 (?) 8B Being studied Within EURO

Aimed:

He 2.9 1018 (2.0 1013/s)

Ne 1.1 1018 (2.0 1013/s)

20

N.B. Nuclear Physics has limited interest in those elements => Production rates not pushed!

Try to get ressources to persue ideas how to produce Ne!

Difficult Chemistry


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Recent Results for Production of 6He

1.3 1013 6He/s 100kW, 40 MeV deuton beam 2 1013 6He/s 100kW, 1 GeV proton beam (ISOLDE 2008) 1 1014 6He/s 200kW, 2 GeV proton beam

M. Hass et al., J. Phys. G 35, 014042 (2008);T. Hirsh et al., PoS (Nufact08)090

N. Thiolliere et al., EURISOL-DS

T. Stora et al., EURISOL-DS, TN03-25-2006-0003

Aimed:

He 2.9 1018 (2.0 1013/s)


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BeO : A new target material

R. Hodak, H. Franberg, V. Kumar


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BeO : Release of 6He

6He release curve from BeO

0.E+00

2.E+05

4.E+05

6.E+05

8.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+06

0.01 0.1 1 10

tdelay+0.5tcoll (s)

bet

as/m

sco

ll/s

mea

s (s

-1)

Half life-time

Courtesy: T. Stora (2009)


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Recent Research: 19F(p, 2n) 18Ne

Thee beam needs production of 2.0 1013 18Ne/s

Theoretically possible with 10 mA 70 MeV protons on NaF

We need measurements of the crossection 19F(p, 2n)18Ne !

Ressouces need to be allocated

T. Stora, private communication


Wildner 25 European Strategy for Future

Neutrino Physics, Elena Wildner

New approaches for ion production“Beam cooling with ionisation losses” – C. Rubbia, A Ferrari, Y. Kadi and V.

Vlachoudis in NIM A 568 (2006) 475–487

“Development of FFAG accelerators and their applications for intense secondary particle production”, Y. Mori, NIM A562(2006)591

Studied within Euro FP7 (*)

FP7 “Design Studies” (Research Infrastructures) EUROnu

(Grant agreement no.: 212372)

(*)

Supersonic gas jet target, stripper and absorber

7Li6Li

7Li(d,p)8Li6Li(3He,n)8B


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Beta Beam scenario EUROnu, FP7

.

Neutrino

Source

Decay Ring

ISOL target, Collection

Decay ring

B ~ 500 Tm

B = ~6 T C = ~6900 m Lss= ~2500 m

8Li: = 100 18B: = 100

SPS

RCS, 5 GeV

-beam to experiment

Linac, 0.4 GeV

60 GHz pulsed ECRExisting!!!

92 GeVPS2

31 GeV

Ion production PR

Detector Gran Sasso (~ 5 times higher Q)

Ion Linac 20 MeV

8B/8Li


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The beta-beam in EURONU DS (I)

The study will focus on production issues for 8Li and 8B 8B is highly reactive and has never been produced as an ISOL

beam Production ring: enhanced direct production

Ring lattice design (CERN) Cooling (CERN +) Collection of the produced ions, release efficiencies and cross

sections for the reactions (UCL, INFN) Sources ECR (LPSC, GHMFL) Supersonic Gas injector (PPPL + ?)

CERN Complex All machines to be simulated with B and Li (CERN, CEA) PS2 presently under design (requirements for beta beams) Multiple Charge State Linacs (P Ostroumov, ANL)

27


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3-Flavor Oscillation needs two significantly different baselines to disentangle CP and matter effects

Possible realization with one detector only (price)

-beam:

SPL: <E> = 260 MeV

Lopt = 134 km

CERN – Frejus: 130 km

e-beam:

= 150 Lopt = 130 km

= 500 Lopt = 1000 km

CERN – Frejus: 130 km

DESY – Frejus: 960 km

Associated partners in EURONU DS


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Associates

Weizmann Institue of Science, Revohot Michael Hass Partners: GANIL and Soreq Collaboration with Aachen (exchange of students)

Work Focus produce light radioactive isotopes also for beta beams secondary neutrons from an intense, 40 MeV d beam (6He and 8Li) and direct

production with 3He or 4He beams (18Ne). Use of superconducting LINACs such as SARAF at Soreq (Israel) and the driver for

SPIRAL-II (GANIL).

Added Value To produce strong beta beam ion candidates or production methods not in

EUROnuCourtesy Micha Hass


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Supersonic gas jet target, stripper and absorber

7Li6Li

7Li(d,p)8Li6Li(3He,n)8B

The production ring cooling

Low-energy Ionization cooling of ions for Beta Beam sources – D. Neuffer (FERMILAB-FN-0808-APC)

Mini-workshop on cooling at Fermilab summer 2009 (David Neuffer )

joining teams from CERN and Fermilab

Meeting at GSI internal targets and cooling Oct. 2009

(O. Boine-Frankenheim, C. Dimopoulou, E Benedetto)

joining teams from CERN and GSI


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PR: Gas Jet Targets and Cooling (GSI)

We need 10 19 cm-2 !!


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Challenge: collection device A large proportion of beam particles (6Li) will be scattered into the collection device.

Production of 8Li and 8B: 7Li(d,p) 8Li and 6Li(3He,n) 8B reactions using low energy and low intensity ~ 1nA beams of 7Li(10-25 MeV) and 6Li(4-15 MeV) hitting the deuteron or 3He target.

Off-line test: October ÷ November 09 First beam test (beam test in cabin): December 09

Background measurements: February 10

Full-time beam experiments: April 10

8Li stage progress report: July 10

End of the summer 2010 - hope to finish with 8Li. Research on B will follow.

Semen MitrofanovThierry DelbarMarc Loiselet


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7Li

First Experiment performed in July 2008

Inverse kinematic reaction:

7Li + CD2 target E=25 MeV

Data reduction in progress

Future: reduce contamination

Cross section measurements at Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro

M.Mezzetto (INFN-Pd)

on behalf of

INFN-LNL: M. Cinausero, G. De Angelis, G. Prete

33


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ECR 60 GHz Source

34 34

7 T 4.6 T 3.5 T

2.1 T ECR zone

7 T 4.6 T 3.5 T

2.1 T ECR zone

Valve

Flowmeter

Deionized water inlet

Flexible pipes

Deionized water outlet

Flexible power cables

Magnetic measurement systems

Flexible power cables

The SEISM Collaboration

Follow up of intense LPSC-LNCMI collaboration Magnet time request to EUROMAGNET2 : accepted July 2009 ISTC collaboration accepted July 2009 (IAP-LPSC-LNCMI-CERN-

Instituto di Fisica del plasma) Hydraulic test in December 2009 ANR funding request to fund permanent 60 GHz test stand at LNCMI

Magnetic tests scheduled for February 2010 Installation of a bench at 28 GHz during 2010 60 GHz for mid 2011


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Relaxed Duty Factors: more neutrinos

....

0.5% duty factor for background suppression could be relaxed for higher neutrino energies.

But not enough to profit of Barrier Buckets for B and Li!

We need in addition 10 times more flux for high-Q ions.

Christian Hansen

Enrique Fernandez-Martinez

35


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High and decay-ring size, 6HeGamma Rigidity

[Tm]Ring length T=5 Tf=0.36

Dipole Fieldrho=300 mLength=6885m

100 938 4916 3.1

150 1404 6421 4.7

200 1867 7917 6.2

350 3277 12474 10.9

500 4678 17000 15.6Magnet R&D

36

Example : Neutrino oscillation physics with a higher -beam, arXiv:hep-ph/0312068J. Burguet-Castell, D. Casper, J.J. Gomez-Cadenas, P.Hernandez, F.Sanchez


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Beta Beams at Fermilab

37

Combining CPT-conjugate channels at the same E/L: neutrino mass hierarchyA. Janson, O. Mena, S. Parke: hep-ph/0711107

P( -> e ) > P(e -> ) for normal hierarchy

P( -> e ) < P(e -> ) for inverted hierarchy

-> e : existing NuMi Beamlinee -> 6He or 8Li Beta Beams


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Beta Beam Concepts

Beta Beam Scenarios

Ion Production

38

Courtesy: Sandhya Choubey

Optimized Two-Baseline Beta Beam


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Low energy Beta Beams

39

Christina Volpe:A proposal to establish a facility for the production ofintense and pure low energy neutrino beams (100 MeV).

J Phys G 30 (2004) L1.

PS

SPSstorage

ring

BASELINE

n-nucleus cross sections(detector’s response,r-process, 2-decay)fundamental interactions studies (Weinberg angle,

CVC test, )

PHYSICS POTENTIAL

astrophysical applications close detector

PHYSICS STUDIED WITHIN THE EURISOL DS (FP6, 2005-2009)

To off axis far detector


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Combining energies from BB and EC

• Sensitivity to θ13 and δ (CERN to Gran Sasso or Canfranc )

J. Bernabeu, C. Espinosa, C. Orme, S. Palomares-Ruiz and S. Pascoli J. Bernabeu, C. Espinosa, C. Orme, S. Palomares-Ruiz and S. Pascoli based on JHEP 0906:040, 2009based on JHEP 0906:040, 2009

Yb15670

difficult to make, space charge ?difficult to make, space charge ?


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Summary (i) The EURISOL beta-beam conceptual design report is

available (6He and 18Ne , gamma 100)

First coherent study of a beta-beam facility Top down approach (production rates of ions assumed ) 18Ne shortfall as of today Duty Factors are challenging:

Collimation and RF in Decay Ring

41


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Summary (ii) A beta-beam facility using 8Li and 8B (EUROnu)

(gamma 100) Continuation of EURISOL (consolidation of He/Ne) Production of Ne needs extra ressources Production B and Li, X-sections, Source issues Optimize accelerator chain for new ions Revisit Duty Factors, RF and bunch structures Acceptance of PS2, SPS, High intensity beam stability (PS, SPS) Costing First results will come from Euronu DS (2008-2012)

42

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