Between the WarsBetween the Wars1919-1939

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of VersaillesGermany was forced by France

and Britain to:◦Pay reparations◦Give up territory◦Restrict the size of their military◦Accept responsibility for the war

Anger over TreatyAnger over TreatyJapan angry it did not get control

of ChinaChina angry that German

possessions in China were given to Japan

Russia angry over the loss of Poland, Lithuania, Estonia, and Latvia

League of NationsLeague of NationsWeak and ineffectiveBritain and France dominated it;

the US never joined (fearing it would drag them into another war); Britain and France refused to give up their colonial possessions nationalist movements would create tension

Collapse of EmpiresCollapse of EmpiresAustria-HungaryOttoman Empire

Nationalist MovementsNationalist MovementsTurkish Nationalism- to rebuild, modernize

and industrialize after collapse of Ottoman Empire

Iranian Nationalism- to kick out Britain and France; to modernize and industrialize

Pan-Arabism- to reassert their claims of self-determination following Sykes-Picot agreement

Zionism- to establish a homeland for Jews in Palestine Israel

Indian Nationalism- to challenge British rule in India

Chinese Nationalism- to avenge their victimization by warlords and foreign powers

Literature and ArtsLiterature and ArtsExpressed a loss of faith,

especially in the WestMoved away from realism

towards impressionism and cubism

Women’s SuffrageWomen’s SuffrageThe movement had begun in

industrialized nations in the early 1800’s, but had gained strength as a result of WWI. Women had worked in factories to support the war effort governments could no longer deny them the right to vote

Worldwide DepressionWorldwide DepressionSoldiers returning home needed jobsWar debts had to be paidCities and factories had to be rebuilt in EuropeThe end of the war meant less demand for raw

materials prices dropped producers of raw materials lost money stopped buying from factories factory workers laid off people buying on credit stock market crashed worldwide economic depression

Fascists blamed minority groups in their countries

Communists celebrated the “failure of capitalism”

Stalin industrializes Russia, Stalin industrializes Russia, but at what cost?but at what cost?

The Rise of FascismThe Rise of FascismFascism: the rule

of a people by a dictatorial government that is nationalistic and imperialistic

Characteristics of Fascism◦ Rule by dictator◦ Blind loyalty to

leader◦ Use of violence

and terror◦ Strong military◦ Censorship◦ Strict discipline◦ State control of

economy (socialism)

Mussolini in ItalyMussolini in ItalyItalians were

angry that they didn’t get the lands promised to them by Britain and France

Soldiers were angry they couldn’t find work

Taxes were high because of the cost of rebuilding

Mussolini’s Fascist party gains control of Italy with promises of jobs, lower taxes, expansion of territory

Fascists used violence and terror to gain and keep control of Italy

Mussolini, continuedMussolini, continued

Hitler in GermanyHitler in GermanyTook control of

the weak Weimar government to create panic Hitler promised people jobs, and revenge. He promised to make Germany great again.

Once in power, he ended free elections, censored the press, and used violence and terror to maintain control

Used Jews as a scapegoat for Germany’s problems Holocaust

Japan: Militarism and Japan: Militarism and ExpansionExpansionJapan had opened up to the West in

1854 the Tokugawa Shogunate was forced to step down and the emperor was restored to power the Meiji Restoration

The Meiji followed a policy of “if you can’t beat ‘em, join ‘em, learn from them, and eventually use it against them”. Japan let the West in rather than become victims of imperialism they would modernize, industrialize, and “become the Britain of the East”—only Britain did not know this.

The Meiji RestorationThe Meiji Restoration

……ContinuedContinuedJapan was hit hard by Great

Depression angry blamed the West for its problems extreme nationalism and desire for power invasion of China to satisfy its need for raw materials Militarism/ Imperialism/ Extreme Nationalism/ Hatred of West WWII

ConclusionConclusionWWI and the Treaty of

Versailles Great Depression Rise of Fascism in Germany and Italy WWII