biologic chemistry chapter 2 – part 2 cp biology paul vi catholic high school
TRANSCRIPT
BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY
Chapter 2 – Part 2
CP BiologyPaul VI Catholic High School
BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY
C, H, O, & N comprise 96% living matter
Organic compounds - carbon based compounds
Carbon atom - four valence electrons four covalent bondsable to form rings System/rules for naming
ORGANIC MOLECULES
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BENZENE
BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRYMACROMOLECULES
Formed by polymerizationAnabolic reactions (building)
Require energy inputDehydration synthesis
Degraded by:Catabolic reactions (breaking down)
Release energyHydrolytic reactions (Hydrolysis)
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The Four Groups of Organic Molecules in living things:
CARBOHYDRATESLIPIDSPROTEINSNUCLEIC ACIDS
BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRYCARBOHYDRATES:
Contain C, H, O1:2:1 Ratioformula CnH2nOn
Isomers: (“alternate” forms)Structural – atoms different arrangementGeometric – shape along a double bond
CisTrans
Enantiomers – mirror images
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BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRYGeometric isomers
cis – same side of double boundtrans – diagonally bonded across double bond
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BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRYCARBOHYDRATES:Monosaccharides – single sugars, may form rings
GlucoseFructoseGalactoseMannose
Disaccharides – two monosaccharide rings linked
SucroseLactoseMaltose
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BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY CARBOHYDRATES:
Polysacchrides – many sugars linked together
GlycogenStarchAmyloseCellulose
β1,4 glycosidic linkageChitin
BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY
BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRYLIPIDS: include fats, oils, waxes
all hydrophobic, nonpolar
Triglycerides (fats) a Glycerol (3 carbon alcohol)and three Fatty Acids (FA)
Fats may be:
Saturated
Unsaturated
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BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRYPhospholipids
Structure:GlycerolTwo Fatty Acid ChainsPO4 Group
Polar moleculeAmphipathic
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Amphipathic
Molecule
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BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRYSteroids: always 4 Carbon Rings
Examples:
Cholesterol
Steroid Hormonesestrogentestosteroneprogesterone
Adrenocortical Steroidsmineralocorticoidsglucocorticoids
Cholesterol
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Terpenes:
Long chain LipidsComponents of pigments
Carotenoidsβ carotene
Essential Oils of plants
BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRYProstaglandins:
“Modified” form of fatty acidMediators of InflammationMultiple Functions in body
LeukotrienesSynthesized from “essential” fatty acids:
Linoleic AcidLinolenic AcidArachidonic Acid
BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRYProteins:
Contain C, H, O, and Nitrogen
Polymers of AMINO ACIDS:Carboxyl Group (COOH) at one endAmino Group (NH3
+) at other end
“Essential” Amino Acids
linked via Peptide Bonds
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Formation of Peptides Bonds
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Protein Structure:
Four levels of organization:
Primary – exact order of amino acidsSecondary – regional patternsTertiary – three dimensional shape of strandQuartenary – 2 or more tertiary structures
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Primary Structure of a
Protein
BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRYSecondary Structure
BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRYSecondary Structure
BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRYGlobular ProteinTertiary Structure
BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRYQuartenary Structure Protein
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FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS
1.ENZYMES (Catalysts)
Gibb’s Free Energy of ActivationExergonic (exothermic) reactionsEndergonic (endothermic) reactionsEnzyme-Substrate Complex
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ENZYMES FUNCTION BY:
Provide Template for substrateProper OrientationInduced Fit stresses moleculesLowers thermal energy needProvide conducive micro-environment
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ENZYME FUNCTION ALTERED BY:
Temperature - Ideal human temp. 35-40oC
pH - Optimal human pH 6-8
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ENZYME INHIBITIONCompetitive Inhibition
Noncompetitive Inhibition
Genetic Regulation
Activity RegulationAllosteric RegulationFeedback InhibitionCooperativity
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BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRYFUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS (continued)
1.ENZYMES (Catalysts)
2. DEFENSEGlobular ProteinsImmune Complex System
3. TRANSPORTMyoglobin/Haemoglobin
4. SUPPORTFibrous Proteins (Collagen)
BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY5. MOTION
Muscle ContractionActin, Myosin
6. REGULATIONHormonesRegulatory proteins
GenesEnzymes
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NUCLEIC ACIDS:
Macromolecules for informational storage
Polymers made of nucleotides
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
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DNA Molecule composed of nucleotide sequences
BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRYNUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURE:
Nucleotides:
Five Carbon Sugar
Ribose
Deoxyribose
Phosphate (PO4) Group
Organic N-Containing Base
BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRYNucleotides are joined by Phosphodiester Bonds
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BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRYORGANIC BASES:
PURINES:
Adenine
Guanine
PYRIMIDINES:
Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil (RNA only)