Biology and YouBiology and You

Biology NotesBiology NotesChapter 1. pg(s) 5-25Chapter 1. pg(s) 5-25Mr. Hunter, Hyde Park Academy Mr. Hunter, Hyde Park Academy 09/08/200909/08/2009

http://www.mrhunterspage.blogspot.com

Themes of BiologyThemes of Biology

A.A. What is Biology?What is Biology?B.B. What does it mean to be alive?What does it mean to be alive?C.C. Living organisms have certain things in common.Living organisms have certain things in common.D.D. There are (7) basic properties of life.There are (7) basic properties of life.

1.1. Cellular OrganizationCellular Organization 5. 5. HeredityHeredity2.2. Reproduction Reproduction 6. 6. ResponsivenessResponsiveness3.3. Metabolism Metabolism 7. 7. Growth & Growth & 4.4. HomeostasisHomeostasis Development Development

Cellular Structure Cellular Structure and Functionand Function

A.A. All living things are made of one or All living things are made of one or more cells.more cells.

B.B. CellsCells are highly organized are highly organized structures with thin membrane structures with thin membrane coverings.coverings.

C.C. A cell is the smallest unit capable A cell is the smallest unit capable of supporting all life functions.of supporting all life functions.

D.D. The basic structure of cells is the The basic structure of cells is the same in all organisms. same in all organisms.

E.E. Some organisms may be Some organisms may be multicellular, while others are multicellular, while others are composed of only one cell.composed of only one cell.

F.F. The human body is composed of The human body is composed of more than 100 trillion cells.more than 100 trillion cells.

ReproductionReproduction A.A. All living things can reproduce.All living things can reproduce.B.B. ReproductionReproduction is the process in is the process in

which organisms make more which organisms make more of their own kind from one of their own kind from one generation to the next.generation to the next.

C.C. Some rapidly growing forms of Some rapidly growing forms of bacteria can divide into bacteria can divide into offspring cells approximately offspring cells approximately every 15 minutes.every 15 minutes.

D.D. Since no organism lives Since no organism lives forever, reproduction is an forever, reproduction is an essential part of living.essential part of living.

MetabolismMetabolismA.A. Living organisms carry out many Living organisms carry out many

different chemical reactions in different chemical reactions in order to obtainorder to obtain energyenergy to run the to run the processes of life.processes of life.

B.B. MetabolismMetabolism is the sum of all is the sum of all chemical reactions carried out by chemical reactions carried out by an organism.an organism.

C.C. Almost all the energy used by Almost all the energy used by organisms is captured from organisms is captured from sunlight.sunlight.

D.D. PlantsPlants, , algaealgae, and , and bacteria bacteria use use sunlight for energy molecules in a sunlight for energy molecules in a process calledprocess called photosynthesisphotosynthesis

E.E. These molecules then serve as a These molecules then serve as a source of energy or food for other source of energy or food for other organisms.organisms.

HomeostasisHomeostasisA.A. All living organisms must maintain a All living organisms must maintain a

stable internal environment stable internal environment so that so that they may function properly.they may function properly.

B.B. Organisms respond to changes in Organisms respond to changes in their external environment.their external environment.

C.C. The maintenance of stable internal The maintenance of stable internal conditions in spite of changes in the conditions in spite of changes in the external environment is called external environment is called homeostasishomeostasis..

D.D. Homeostasis can be considered as a Homeostasis can be considered as a balancing of external and internal balancing of external and internal conditions.conditions.

HeredityHeredity A.A. All living things are able to pass on their All living things are able to pass on their characteristics (traits) to their offspring.characteristics (traits) to their offspring.

B.B. GenesGenes are sets of inherited instructions for are sets of inherited instructions for making proteins.making proteins.

C.C. Genes control when and what kinds of Genes control when and what kinds of proteins are made.proteins are made.

D.D. The instructions are encoded in The instructions are encoded in DNADNA..E.E. The passing of traits from parents to The passing of traits from parents to

offspring is called offspring is called heredityheredityF.F. The change in DNA of a gene is called a The change in DNA of a gene is called a

mutationmutation.. Most mutations are harmful, Most mutations are harmful, but sometimes they can help an organism but sometimes they can help an organism to survive.to survive.

G.G. The mutation which causes The mutation which causes sickle cell sickle cell anemiaanemia produces resistance to the produces resistance to the infectious disease, infectious disease, malariamalaria..

EvolutionEvolution(Growth and Development)(Growth and Development)

A.A. The great diversity of life on Earth is The great diversity of life on Earth is the result of a long history of the result of a long history of change.change.

B.B. The change in the inherited traits of The change in the inherited traits of a species over time is called a species over time is called EvolutionEvolution..

C.C. A A speciesspecies is a group of genetically is a group of genetically similar organisms that can produce similar organisms that can produce fertile offspringfertile offspring

D.D. Because of mutations, individuals in Because of mutations, individuals in a species are different.a species are different.

E.E. Those individuals may have genetic Those individuals may have genetic advantages that allow them to advantages that allow them to survive and reproduce. (survive and reproduce. (Theory of Theory of Natural Selection Natural Selection by Charles by Charles DarwinDarwin)

Interdependence (Responsiveness)

• The organisms in a biological community The organisms in a biological community have evolved to live and interact with have evolved to live and interact with other organisms.other organisms.

• A A communitycommunity is a group of interacting is a group of interacting organisms.organisms.

• EcologyEcology is the science that studies the is the science that studies the interaction of living organisms with one interaction of living organisms with one another and the non-living part of the another and the non-living part of the environment.environment.

• Organisms are dependent upon one Organisms are dependent upon one another and their environment.another and their environment.

• The interactions in a biological community The interactions in a biological community are disrupted when the community is are disrupted when the community is polluted and when species become polluted and when species become extinct. extinct.

ReviewReview

1.1. What are the (7) Properties of Life?_______________What are the (7) Properties of Life?_______________2.2. A_______ can be characterized as the smallest unit capable of all life A_______ can be characterized as the smallest unit capable of all life

functions.functions.3.3. The process by which organisms make more of their kind from one The process by which organisms make more of their kind from one

generation to the next is called ________.generation to the next is called ________.4.4. _______ is the sum of all chemical reactions carried out in an organism. _______ is the sum of all chemical reactions carried out in an organism.

Almost all energy used by living organisms is captured from _________.Almost all energy used by living organisms is captured from _________.5.5. The maintenance of stable internal conditions despite changes in the The maintenance of stable internal conditions despite changes in the

external environment is called ______.external environment is called ______.6.6. ______ are segments of DNA which are responsible for ______ are segments of DNA which are responsible for

________production and ___________________production and ___________7.7. The change in the DNA structure of a gene is called a __________.The change in the DNA structure of a gene is called a __________.8.8. What blood cell mutation has a positive and negative effect on an What blood cell mutation has a positive and negative effect on an

organism?_____________organism?_____________9.9. The change in inherited traits of a _________ over time is The change in inherited traits of a _________ over time is

called__________called__________10.10. ________ is the science that studies the interactions of organisms with ________ is the science that studies the interactions of organisms with

each other and their environments.each other and their environments.

Biology in Your Biology in Your WorldWorld

A.A. Biology can help to solve today’s world Biology can help to solve today’s world problems.problems.

1.1. Population growth Population growth – infringement upon – infringement upon rain-forestrain-forest

2.2. Feeding a growing population Feeding a growing population –– genetic genetic engineersengineers are transplanting beneficial are transplanting beneficial genes into other plants to create better genes into other plants to create better crops that are resistant to environmental crops that are resistant to environmental damage.damage.

3.3. Fighting diseases Fighting diseases – – HIV / AIDSHIV / AIDS research research has intensified and new drug therapies are has intensified and new drug therapies are available / available / CancerCancer – uncontrollable cellular – uncontrollable cellular growth – life style changes and medical growth – life style changes and medical treatments / treatments / Cystic Fibrosis Cystic Fibrosis – Genetic – Genetic disorder that results in difficulty breathing disorder that results in difficulty breathing due to mucus accumulation in the lungs due to mucus accumulation in the lungs (chloride ion protein pump is defective) (chloride ion protein pump is defective) Gene therapy Gene therapy treatment availabletreatment available

The Scientific Process A.A. Scientists have a certain way of Scientists have a certain way of investigating the world.investigating the world.

B.B. Several stages are common to scientific Several stages are common to scientific investigations.investigations.

C.C. The scientific process has The scientific process has (5) major(5) major stepssteps..• Collecting observationsCollecting observations• Asking QuestionsAsking Questions• Forming hypothesis and making Forming hypothesis and making

predictionspredictions• Confirming predictions Confirming predictions • Drawing Conclusions Drawing Conclusions D.D. Does your data support the hypothesis?Does your data support the hypothesis?E.E. TheoryTheory: Set of related hypothesis-tested : Set of related hypothesis-tested

and confirmed many timesand confirmed many times