Biology I- CP

Chapter 1- Scope of BiologyText- Biology, Exploring Life

What is Science?• Scientia (latin) - to know.• Definition-– A branch of knowledge or study dealing with a

body of facts systematically arranged.• What is Biology?– Bios- life; logos-study– Study of living things and their interactions.

• Characteristics of life-– Movement, growth, reproduce, breathe,

response to stimuli, change shape, excretion.

What are characteristics of all living things?

• What are characteristics of a burning candle?

Biologists use 6 characteristics to classify something as living or “alive”

All Living Things:

• 1. Are made of cells– A cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living things– “building blocks of life”

• 2. Use energy– Plants use the sun energy (sunlight) to produce their own food (producers).– Animals (consumers) get energy by eating plants or other animals.

• 3. Have features that help them to adapt to their surroundings– Camouflage, blend in with surroundings, ability to store water

6 Characteristics of Living Things (Continued)

• 4. React to changes in their surroundings– Living things react to stimuli (light, sounds, etc.)

• 5. Change or develop during their lifetimes– Changes in appearance or size (grow)

• 6. Reproduce– Produce more organisms of their own kind– Allows each kind of organism to continue living on earth

1.1 Biology is studied from Global Microscopic Scale

• Organizational levels of life:

Biosphere

Ecosystem

Organism

Cells

DNA & Genes

Biosphere

• All parts of the planet with living things.– Includes water bodies– Land masses– Extends several kilometers above Earth

Ecosystem

• Includes all living (biotic) things and all nonliving (abiotic) features in an environment.

• What things are in the example above?• Can you list some other examples of

ecosystems?

Organism

• Individual living things– Can be large- such as…– or Microorganisms- • Too small to see with our eyes.• Need a microscope.• Ex- Bacteria

• Remember ecosystems are dynamic- constantly changing because of interactions of all organisms and the environment.

Cells

• The basic unit of structure and function.– What does that mean?

• A microscopic room• Nucleus- control center; directs activities of the cell.Cell theory: 3 parts

1. The basic unit of structure and function in all living things.

2. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.3. Cells come from existing cells.

DNA & GenesInheritance

• DNA- Deoxyribonucleic Acid– The code of life ; instructions for making needed

molecules.– Found in the nucleus of the cell.

• Genes- units of inherited information.– Many genes are on one length of DNA.– What are some Examples of genes?– Human Genome Project.

Concept 1.2 Biology explores diverse life forms

Textbook- pp. 7-10

SPECIES - A distinct form of life that can reproduce with each other and produce fertile offspring

• More than 1.5 million species.

Species diversity – variety of species in a given area

• Insects- most diverse group• Tropical rain forests- most diverse ecosystem.

– thousands of species/acre.

CLASSIFICATION A strategy for putting organisms in categories

based on similar characteristics.How to remember?

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      

How do we remember?

• Domain- Kingdom-Phylum- Class- Order-Family-Genus- Species.

– Help Aid: • Do Keep Penguins Cold Or Find Good Shelter.

3 DOMAINS OF LIFE

Domain – broadest (largest)category in classifying life forms

1. Eukarya2. Bacteria3. Archaea

Eukaryotic Vs Prokaryotic Organisms

Eukaryotic • Contain nuclei in their cells• Complex organisms• Many are multicellular (many-

celled); but not all

Prokaryotic –• No nucleus.• Simple organisms• All are unicellular (1-celled)

Domain Eukarya– Eukaryotic organisms– More complex– 4 kingdoms-Plants, Animals, Protists, & Fungi• Plants and Animals –multicellular- many-celled• Fungi and Protists can be multicellular or unicellular.

Domain Bacteria– Tiny, Single cell, simple, prokaryotic organisms– Has 1 kingdom- Bacteria– Example: Streptococcus (bacteria that causes strep throat)

Archaea– Tiny, unicellular, prokaryotes– “Extreme” bacteria; the “x games” bacteria– Live in (v.hot, salty, v cold) places; – Examples?

1.3 Ten Themes of Biology

• Basic ideas/themes apply to all levels of biology and all organisms.

• Help us connect what we will learn.

1. Biological Systems

• A system is a combination of parts that makes a complex organization.

• The properties are based on the arrangement of the parts and how the parts interact.

• All living things are biological systems.• Examples- – human body– ecosytems

2. Cellular Basis of Life

• All organisms are made of cells• Multicellular organisms have many levels of

organization.• Levels of organization:– Cell- basic unit of structure and function– Tissue- group of similar cells that perform a specific

function. – Organ- Made up of several types of tissue.– Organ system- several organs that together carry out a

major body function. – Organism- has many organ systems that carry out life

processes.

Cellular Level of Organization-Example

3. Form & Function

• The form or structures living things have allow them to perform certain functions or tasks.

• Can you come up with some examples?

Form Function

Bird’s wing Fly

4. Reproduction & Inheritance

• Organisms have the ability to reproduce their own kind.• Genes are responsible for the passing on of traits.• Genes are made up of sections of DNA• DNA contains the information for all characteristics.• Each cell in your body contains a copy of the DNA you

inherited from your mother and father. • When a cell divides, it copies its DNA and passes this

genetic information on to each of the two cells it produces.

5.Interaction with the Environment

• No organism is completely isolated.• In ecosystems, each organism interacts

continuously with its environment• Plants make food through photosynthesis– Equation of photosynthesis-

– 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

• Plant roots break up rocks and release chemicals- acids into the soil.

5. Interaction with Environment continued

• Transfer/ recycling of chemicals is key between organisms and their environment in ecosystems.

• Can you come up with some examples?• Just as you are constantly sensing and

responding to changes in your environment, so are all other organisms.

• Some examples?

6. Energy and Life

• Life processes such as moving, growing, reproducing require organisms to perform work.

• To work there must be a source of energy. • Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight

and exits in the form of heat.• In an ecosystem energy is converted from one

form of energy to another.

Energy Pyramid

• Plants and other photosynthetic organisms are producers in an ecosystem

• Producers produce the food in photosynthesis.• The plants use some of the food they produce for

their own fuel and building material.• Consumers, are animals and other organisms that

eat (consume) the food made by the producers.• The heat is released to the environment• Ecosystem cannot recycle energy. • Life on Earth depends on a continuous supply of

energy from the sun.

7. Regulation

• Definition- the ability of organisms to regulate their internal conditions.

• homeostasis, or "steady state.“– organisms regulate their internal environment, despite

changes in their external environment.• Examples?• Sweating helps cool your body.• Panting- cooling mechanism-– Panting causes moisture on the surface of the animal's

lungs to evaporate, cooling the body as a result.

8. Adaptation and Evolution• An adaptation-an inherited trait that helps an

organism to survive and reproduce in its environment.

• What are some examples of adaptations?• A population - a group of organisms of the same

species in a defined area. • Individuals of a population vary in their traits.• In natural selection -nature selects individuals with

certain traits best suited in environments. They live longer and produce more offspring with these traits.

Evolution

• evolution means "a process of change.“• evolution -a generation-to-generation change

in the proportion of different inherited genes in a population.

• The above beetle population is evolving.

9. Biology & Society

• The impact biology has on the life of humans• Examples?– Make a list

10. Scientific Inquiry

• Asking questions about the natural world.• Using observations & experiments to find

answers to the questions.