biology the science of life cells: 2.1.1. 2.1.2, 2.3.4,2.1.8-2.1.10 classification: 5.5.1, 5.5.2,...
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Biology the Science of Biology the Science of LifeLife
Cells: 2.1.1. 2.1.2, 2.3.4,2.1.8-Cells: 2.1.1. 2.1.2, 2.3.4,2.1.8-2.1.10 2.1.10
Classification: 5.5.1, 5.5.2, Classification: 5.5.1, 5.5.2, 5.5.55.5.5
Text: Ch. 1 (3-13), Ch. 23 Text: Ch. 1 (3-13), Ch. 23 (468-472)(468-472)
Syllabus statementsSyllabus statements
2.1.1 – Outline the cell theory2.1.1 – Outline the cell theory 2.2.2 – Discuss the evidence for cell theory2.2.2 – Discuss the evidence for cell theory 2.3.4 – Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells2.3.4 – Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells 2.1.8 – Explain that cells in multicellular 2.1.8 – Explain that cells in multicellular
organisms differentiate to carry out specialized organisms differentiate to carry out specialized functions by expressing some of their genes but functions by expressing some of their genes but not othersnot others
2.1.9 – State that stem cells retain the capacity to 2.1.9 – State that stem cells retain the capacity to divide and have the ability to differentiate along divide and have the ability to differentiate along different pathwaysdifferent pathways
2.1.10 – Outline one therapeutic use of stem cells2.1.10 – Outline one therapeutic use of stem cells
Syllabus statementsSyllabus statements
5.5.1 –Outline the binomial system of 5.5.1 –Outline the binomial system of nomenclaturenomenclature
5.5.2 – List the seven levels in the 5.5.2 – List the seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa – kingdom, phylum, hierarchy of taxa – kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species – class, order, family, genus, species – using an example from two different using an example from two different kingdoms for each levelkingdoms for each level
5.5.5 – Apply and/or design a key for a 5.5.5 – Apply and/or design a key for a group of up to eight organismsgroup of up to eight organisms
Study of LifeStudy of Life
What is alive?What is alive?• 6 shared characteristics6 shared characteristics• Order, Response, Growth and Order, Response, Growth and
Development, Use of Energy, Development, Use of Energy, Homeostasis, AdaptationHomeostasis, Adaptation
How do we organize living things?How do we organize living things?• Hierarchy of LifeHierarchy of Life
Hierarchy of LifeHierarchy of Life
Atoms, molecules, Atoms, molecules, cellular organelles, cellular organelles, cells, tissues, cells, tissues, organs, organ organs, organ systems, organismsystems, organism
The 6 characteristics of lifeThe 6 characteristics of life1. Order 1. Order
All living things made of one or more cellsAll living things made of one or more cellsCells are the basic unit of lifeCells are the basic unit of life
2. Response 2. Response Exhibit sensitivityExhibit sensitivityResponse to stimuli = pupil dilation, plants grow to light, blinkResponse to stimuli = pupil dilation, plants grow to light, blink
3. Growth Development & Reproduction3. Growth Development & ReproductionDNA common hereditary moleculeDNA common hereditary molecule
4. Energy Utilization4. Energy UtilizationUptake and Transformation Uptake and Transformation Photosynthesis and Respiration (Green Plants & All Photosynthesis and Respiration (Green Plants & All
organisms)organisms)
5. Homeostasis5. HomeostasisMaintaining constant internal conditions Maintaining constant internal conditions (Temp, Water balance, O (Temp, Water balance, O22/CO/CO22 ) )
Behaviorally or BiologicallyBehaviorally or Biologically
6. Adaptation6. Adaptation
Change in response to Environmental ConditionsChange in response to Environmental Conditions
Desert organsims minimize water lossDesert organsims minimize water loss
EnergyEnergy
Photosynthesis (Green Plants)Photosynthesis (Green Plants)sunlight +water + carbon dioxide sunlight +water + carbon dioxide oxygen + sugars oxygen + sugars
Respiration (All living things)Respiration (All living things) oxygen + sugars oxygen + sugars ATP +water + carbon dioxide ATP +water + carbon dioxide
ATP is molecular energy storageATP is molecular energy storage
Cells are the basic unit of Life!!Cells are the basic unit of Life!!
Cells 0-100 millionths of a meter (10-Cells 0-100 millionths of a meter (10-100 micrometers 100 micrometers m))
Not observed until we had Not observed until we had technology to do sotechnology to do so
Microscopes invented in mid 17Microscopes invented in mid 17thth centurycentury
First light microscopes then electron First light microscopes then electron microscopes more recentlymicroscopes more recently
Timeline of Cell DiscoveryTimeline of Cell Discovery
1590 – Zachariah 1590 – Zachariah JansenJansen
--Invented Invented compound (2 lens) compound (2 lens) microscopesmicroscopes
Timeline of Cell DiscoveryTimeline of Cell Discovery
1665 – Robert 1665 – Robert HookeHooke
--Examined cork Examined cork
-First to see dead -First to see dead cells, called cellulae cells, called cellulae (small rooms) for little (small rooms) for little compartmentscompartments
Timeline of Cell DiscoveryTimeline of Cell Discovery
1650-1700 – Anton 1650-1700 – Anton von Leewoenhoekvon Leewoenhoek
-Dutch botanist -Dutch botanist used lens x200, x300used lens x200, x300
-First to examine -First to examine living cells, pond water, living cells, pond water, sperm, bloodsperm, blood
-Called -Called animalcules (little animalcules (little animals) in p.w.animals) in p.w.
-single celled -single celled organismsorganisms
Timeline of Cell DiscoveryTimeline of Cell Discovery
1707-17781707-1778
Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus
-swedish physician -swedish physician and botanistand botanist
-founder of taxonomy-founder of taxonomy
-developed -developed classification system classification system for all living organismsfor all living organisms
Timeline of Cell DiscoveryTimeline of Cell Discovery
1838 – Matthias 1838 – Matthias SchleidenSchleiden
-German botanist-German botanist
-cell theory -cell theory
-plant observations-plant observations
*all plants made of *all plants made of cellscells
Timeline of Cell DiscoveryTimeline of Cell Discovery
1839 – Theodor 1839 – Theodor SchwannSchwann
-German biologist-German biologist
-Cell Theory-Cell Theory
-All animals are -All animals are made of cellsmade of cells
History continuedHistory continued
18401840 Purkinje: fibers that transmit stimulus Purkinje: fibers that transmit stimulus to myocardial cells of ventricles of to myocardial cells of ventricles of heart bear his name; coined term heart bear his name; coined term ““protoplasmprotoplasm” for the living content of ” for the living content of cells.cells.
1855: Rudolf Virchow: studied pathogenic 1855: Rudolf Virchow: studied pathogenic organisms and showed that “omnis organisms and showed that “omnis cellula e cellula” – all cells arise from cellula e cellula” – all cells arise from preexisting cells preexisting cells (by cell division).(by cell division).
Timeline of Cell DiscoveryTimeline of Cell Discovery
1940’s – Advent of 1940’s – Advent of the Electron the Electron MicroscopeMicroscope
TEM – transmission TEM – transmission of electrons through of electrons through specimenspecimen
SEM – scanning of SEM – scanning of surface with electronsurface with electron
Electron MicrographsElectron Micrographs
Cell TheoryCell Theory
Three principles based on different Three principles based on different studiesstudies
1.1. All organisms made of cellsAll organisms made of cells
2.2. Cells are the basic unit of lifeCells are the basic unit of life
3.3. Cells come from other preexisting Cells come from other preexisting cellscells
BUT… All cells aren’t created equalBUT… All cells aren’t created equal
The two major types of cellsThe two major types of cells
ProkaryotesProkaryotes(All are (All are Prokaryotae)Prokaryotae)
1.1. Very small (1-Very small (1-10um)10um)
2.2. No nucleus No nucleus (nucleoid – DNA in (nucleoid – DNA in central area)central area)
3.3. No membrane No membrane bound organellesbound organelles
4.4. Have cell wallsHave cell walls
EukaryotesEukaryotes(all other (all other kingdoms)kingdoms)
Size 10-100 umSize 10-100 um1.1. DNA in DNA in
chromosomes in chromosomes in nucleusnucleus
2.2. Many M.B.O.Many M.B.O.3.3. Plants & some Plants & some
fungi have cell fungi have cell wallswalls
To have different cells do different To have different cells do different things you need differentiationthings you need differentiation
So cells develop along different pathways So cells develop along different pathways or differentiateor differentiate
This means different cells express different This means different cells express different genesgenes
Remember that every cell in an organism Remember that every cell in an organism has all the same DNA, only some cells has all the same DNA, only some cells express different genes within that express different genes within that genomegenome
Once the developmental pathway of a cell Once the developmental pathway of a cell is started then it is usually fixedis started then it is usually fixed
So which cells can differentiate?So which cells can differentiate?
Stem cells – can self renew and Stem cells – can self renew and differentiatedifferentiate
Human embryos are almost all stem Human embryos are almost all stem cellscells
Some still found in different human Some still found in different human tissues like skin, liver bone marrowtissues like skin, liver bone marrow
Those only used for limited repairThose only used for limited repair
Therapeutic use of stem cellsTherapeutic use of stem cells
Area of rapid development – many uses existArea of rapid development – many uses exist Cord blood from umbilical cord contains Cord blood from umbilical cord contains
hematopoietic stem cells – can become any hematopoietic stem cells – can become any blood cell typeblood cell type
Test the blood and remaining fluidTest the blood and remaining fluid Used to treat some leukemias – chemo to kill Used to treat some leukemias – chemo to kill
the cells that over produce white blood cells the cells that over produce white blood cells then introduce cord blood to blood stream of then introduce cord blood to blood stream of patient patient
Stem cells establish themselves in the Stem cells establish themselves in the marrow and replace defective cellsmarrow and replace defective cells
Possible fates of cord blood stem Possible fates of cord blood stem cellscells
Classifying all this lifeClassifying all this life
Diversity of CellsDiversity of Cells Diversity of Life Diversity of Life
Currently 1.5x10Currently 1.5x1066 identified species identified species Study and grouping of this diversity Study and grouping of this diversity
is the science of taxonomyis the science of taxonomy Taxonomic hierarchy – KPCOFGSTaxonomic hierarchy – KPCOFGS
Many systems – Ours 5 kingdomsMany systems – Ours 5 kingdoms
-know examples of each-know examples of each
5 kingdom system: Prokaryotae5 kingdom system: Prokaryotae Monera (bacteria)Monera (bacteria) Hetero & AutotrophsHetero & AutotrophsA.A. ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria
-primitive, -primitive, extremophiles (halo-, extremophiles (halo-, thermo-), don’t need thermo-), don’t need OO22
B.B. EubacteriaEubacteria-most of the bacteria-most of the bacteria-some parasites but -some parasites but all modes of nutritionall modes of nutrition 40,000x magnification
5 kingdom system: Protoctista5 kingdom system: Protoctista
ProtistsProtists
-eukaryotes most -eukaryotes most unicellularunicellular
-hetero & -hetero & autotrophsautotrophs
-algae, amoeba, -algae, amoeba, ciliates, diatomsciliates, diatoms
5 kingdom system: Fungi5 kingdom system: Fungi
Eukaryotes – most Eukaryotes – most multicellularmulticellular
Yeast, mushrooms, Yeast, mushrooms, moldsmolds
Heterotrohpic – Heterotrohpic – acquire food by acquire food by absorbtionabsorbtion
If cell wall is If cell wall is present, made of present, made of chitinchitin
5 kingdom system: Plantae5 kingdom system: Plantae
Multicellular, Multicellular, Autotrophic Autotrophic (Photosynthesis), (Photosynthesis), EukaryotesEukaryotes
Cells have a cell Cells have a cell wall made of wall made of cellulosecellulose
Mosses, ferns, Mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering conifers, flowering plantsplants
5 kingdom system: Animalia5 kingdom system: Animalia
Multicellular, Multicellular, Heterotrophic, Heterotrophic, EukaryotesEukaryotes
Lack cell wallLack cell wall
From Largest grouping to SmallestFrom Largest grouping to Smallest
Species – A population of organisms Species – A population of organisms who have the potential to interbreed who have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile, viable offspringand produce fertile, viable offspring
Largest grouping of a population Largest grouping of a population which can exchange genetic material which can exchange genetic material but genetically isolated from other but genetically isolated from other groupsgroups
Classifying OrganismsClassifying Organisms
Systematics – a classification process Systematics – a classification process for studying biodiversityfor studying biodiversity
Taxonomy – branch of biology Taxonomy – branch of biology concerned with naming and concerned with naming and classifying organismsclassifying organisms
Group species into larger categories Group species into larger categories from genus up to kingdomfrom genus up to kingdom
The Importance of ClassificationThe Importance of Classification
Common names useless – Common names useless – panther, panther, puma, mountian lion, cougar = puma, mountian lion, cougar = Felis concolorFelis concolor
Shows evolutionary relationships – Shows evolutionary relationships – bears, raccoons sloths (p 47)bears, raccoons sloths (p 47)
Enables predictions of characteristics Enables predictions of characteristics shared by members of group – shared by members of group – e.g.e.g. new primate discovered expect diagnostic char.new primate discovered expect diagnostic char.
The Importance of Classification IIThe Importance of Classification II
ID of organisms by organizing ID of organisms by organizing ecological, anatomical, physiological, ecological, anatomical, physiological, molecular (DNA & protein molecular (DNA & protein specifically) dataspecifically) data
1. Proteins: Cytochrome C; has 104 1. Proteins: Cytochrome C; has 104 Amino acids found in mitochondriaAmino acids found in mitochondria
2. Consider differences in amino acids – 2. Consider differences in amino acids – human vs chimps = 0, human vs. dogs = 13, human vs chimps = 0, human vs. dogs = 13, vs. snakes = 20, vs tuna = 33vs. snakes = 20, vs tuna = 33
Binomial Nomenclature SystemBinomial Nomenclature System
Created by C. LinneausCreated by C. Linneaus Each species has 2 part Latin nameEach species has 2 part Latin name Genus speciesGenus species (computer) (computer) Genus speciesGenus species (handwritten) (handwritten) E.g. E.g. Homo sapiens Homo sapiens = humans= humans
Felis sylvestrisFelis sylvestris = house cat = house cat
Ranunculus acris = Ranunculus acris = buttercupbuttercup
Remember: KPCOFGSRemember: KPCOFGS(memorize the following examples)(memorize the following examples)
LevelsLevels Domestic Domestic CatCat
Common Common ButtercupButtercup
HumanHuman
KingdomKingdom AnimaliaAnimalia PlantaePlantae AnimaliaAnimalia
PhylumPhylum ChordataChordata AnthophytaAnthophyta ChordataChordata
ClassClass MammaliaMammalia DicotyledonsDicotyledons MammaliaMammalia
OrderOrder CarnivoraCarnivora RanunculalesRanunculales PrimatesPrimates
FamilyFamily FelidaeFelidae RanunculacaRanunculacaee
HominidaeHominidae
GenusGenus FelisFelis RanunculusRanunculus HomoHomo
SpeciesSpecies sylvestrissylvestris acrisacris sapienssapiens
Remember: KPCOFGSRemember: KPCOFGS(memorize the following examples)(memorize the following examples)
LevelsLevels Domestic Domestic CatCat
Common Common ButtercupButtercup
HumanHuman
KingdomKingdom
PhylumPhylum
ClassClass
OrderOrder
FamilyFamily
GenusGenus
SpeciesSpecies
Review PointsReview Points
6 characteristics of Life6 characteristics of Life Levels of the hierarchy of LifeLevels of the hierarchy of Life 3 principles of Cell theory3 principles of Cell theory Difference between prokaryotes and Difference between prokaryotes and
eukaryoteseukaryotes 5 kingdoms and their characteristics5 kingdoms and their characteristics Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family,
Genus, speciesGenus, species