Introduction

Porpuse

Students are able to understand and apply the basic concepts of physics,quantities,and units,as well as the result of standard measure of the human body.

Understanding

Physics is branch of science that studies the interrelationships between matter and energy as the wave field effect and symptoms,or material components and mutual inter-action quantitavely

Biology is a branch of science that studies the intricacies of living things,including about plants,animals,human body and nursing.

Biological physics is a branch of applied physics from the biophysics that studies:

a. The use of physics in understanding the biology of plant,animals and the environment(biology physics)

b. The use of physics in the understanding the function of organs which include health and illness(physical function)

c. The use of physics in the practice of nursing/medicine which includes knowledge about the working principle of diagnostic tools,therapeutic devices,and measuring tools/instruments on diseases of the organs of the body(physics medical instrumentation)

A.THERE ARE A FEW BASIC CONCEPT OF PHYSICS

The following are a few concepts that are fundamental physics and general accompanied formulas and unit,while the basic concept of physics in question,such as:

1. Position Position(r⃑)is the location or position of the object viewed from a referencr=x . i+ y . j+z . k (m)

2. DisplacemenDisplacement(∆ r⃑) is a change in the final position(r⃑2) of the starting position (r⃑1).∆ r⃑= r⃑2 - r⃑1 ≈ dr⃑ (m)

3. SpeedSpeed(v⃑) is the displacement(∆ r⃑ )per unit time((∆ t ).

v⃑ = ∆ r⃑∆ t or v⃑ = d r⃑

dt (m/s)

4. AccelerationAcceleration(a⃑) is the change of velocity(∆ v⃑)per unit time(∆ t).

a⃑ = ∆ v⃑∆ t or v⃑ = d r⃑

dt (m¿ s2)

5. MomentumLinear momentum(P⃑) is the product of the mass of the object(m )with velocity(v⃑).P⃑ =m . v⃑ (kg m¿ s¿

6. ForceForce (F⃑) is something that can cause change in motion (∆ v⃑) and or changes in momentum (∆ P⃑) prer unit time(∆ t ) and or changes in shape and sie(∆ x⃑)

F⃑ = m. ∆ v⃑∆ t =∆ P⃑

∆ t = −k . ∆ x⃑ (kg m¿ s2=N=¿ newton)

7. ImpulseImpulse( I⃑) is the product of force (F⃑) with its touch time (∆ t )

I⃑ ¿ F⃑. ∆ t ( N .s )

8. PressurePressure ( P ) is the force( F )unity bandwicdth press( A )or energy( E )per unit volume(V )

P= FA

= EV

(N /m2=J /m3=Pa=pascal)

9. WorkWork (W )is the scalar product between the force( F⃑ )with displacement∆ r⃑ it causes.W =F⃑. ∆ r⃑ ; W =F . ∆ r .cosθ(N .m=J= joule)

10.TorqueTorque(Ʈ⃑ )is the product of the vector between the force( r⃑ ) with force ( F⃑ )Ʈ⃑ = r⃑ x F⃑ ; Ʈ = r.F.sin θ (m.N)

11.Kinetic energyKinetic energy(Ek) is the energy of object with mass(m) due to their speed(v)

Ek = 12 mv2 (N.m = J)

12.Gravitational potential energyGravitational potential energy(Ep) is the energy possessed object that weighs mg because of its position(h).Ep = mg.h (N.m =J)

13.Mass densityMass density(ρ) is the ratio between the mass(m) and volume(V).

ρ = mv (kg/m3)

14.PowerPower is the energy(E) per unit time(t).

P = Et (J/s = W = watt)

15.IntensitasIntensitas (I) is the power(P) per unit area(A).

I = PA (W/m2)

16.TemperaturesTemperatures(T) is a measure of the degree of hotness or coldness of an object as a result of the quantity of kinetic energy() or average square speed of constituent particle(v).

T = 2E k

3 k = m.v2

3k (K atau oC)

17.Coefficient of expansionExpansion coefficient(γ)is a volume increase(∆ V ) object original volume (Vo) if the temperature is increased by(∆ T )

γ = ∆ V

V o . ∆ T (1/K atau 1/co)

18.Specific heatSpecific heat is the amount of heat(c)are required to raise the temperature of objects whose mass(m)for(∆ T ).

C = Qm. ∆ T (kal/kg.co atau J/kg.K)

19.Heat conductivityHeat conductivity(k) of heat transfer rate(H = Q / t)on the stem length(L),cross section (A)because of the temperature difference(∆ T ).

k = H . LA . ∆T (kal/s.m.co atau J/s.m.K)

20.Electric field strengthA strong electric field(E⃑)is the electrical force(F⃑)per unit test charge(q)experienced the charge at that point

E⃑= F⃑q

(N/c)

21.Electric potential Electric potential (V) is an attempt (W) per unit charge (q) are required to move the load from the far not to the point of interest.

V = Wq (J/c = V = volt)

22.Strong electric currentStrong electric current (I) is load (Q) per unit time (t) passing at a point in an electrical conductor

I = Qt (c/s = A = ampere)

23.CapacitanceCapacitance(C)is a fixed ratio between the load(q)and power supply voltage bracket (V)

C = QV (C/V = F)

24.Flow rateFlow rate (Q) is the volume (V) of a substance that flous per unit time (t)

Q = Vt (m3/s)

25.ResistanceResistance(R) is a fixed ratio between the vottage(V) and strong electric current that cause(I).

R = VI (V/A = Ω )

26.InductanceInductance (L) is a fixed ratio between the change in magnetic flux(∆ ɸ) and strong electric current that cause (I).

L=∆ ɸI (H)

27.IndeksbiasRefractive index of a medium(n) is a fixed ratio between the propagation speed of light in air (c) and rapid propagation of light in the medium(v).

n = cv

28.FrequencyFrequency(f) is the number of events(n) per unit time(t).

f = nt (1/s = Hz)

29.WavelengthWavelength (λ)is the distance a wave (S) per number of waves (n) or the distance the wave in one period

λ = Sn (m)

30.Wave phase angle Wave phase angle(θ) is the angle swept in borosialasi particles that can generate wavesθ=(ϖt ± kx ) (o)

B.QUANTITIES AND UNIT

Quantities is something that can be measured and has unite for example:length,time,mass,velocity,electrical current,force,magnetic fields,ect.

Unite is benchmark used in the measurement example: meter, second,kilogram,meter per second ,ampere,newton,tesla,ect.

Measure is a comparison between the amount and the unit for example: the results of measuring the length is 5 meters means:long

Principal amount is the amount that has to have a unit that is defined Amount of a derivative is the amount that the units of the principal

amount.

1.Principal amount and unit

NO

Name of the principal amount

Name for unit Unit symbols

1 2 3 4 5 6

LengthMassTimeTemperatureStrong electrical currentLight intensityNumber of moles of substances

Amount of additionalFlat angleCorner space

MeterKilogramSecondKelvinAmpereCandelaMoles

Radiansteradian

MKgsKACdMol

radSr

2.Some Amount of Derivatives and Unit

No Name the amount of derivative

Unit symbols

Specific name

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.

AreaVolumeMass densityVelocityForceEnergyPower

m2

m3

kg /m3

m /skg m/ s2

N mJ / s

----newton (N)joule (J)watt (W)

3.Human standard data measurement result of 30 years of age as well as the units are often used in medicine/nursing

Name for the human scale Price and unit Weight Height Body mass Body surface area Normal body

temperature Body heat temperature Heat body types Basal metabolism Oxygen consumption Need carbon dioxide Blood volume Cardiac output Blood pressure Heart rate Total lung capasity Vital capasity Tidal capasity Dead space Breathing rate Muscel mass Fat mass

690 N=154 lb172 cm70 kg1,85 m2

37,0 ℃43,0 ℃0,86 kcal/kg℃38,0 kcal/m2hr260 ml/mnt280 ml/mnt5,2 ltr5,0 ltr/mnt120/80 mmHg70 beat/mnt6,0 ltr4,8 ltr0,5 ltr0,15 ltr15/mnt30 kg (43%massa)10 kg (14%massa)

BIOMECHANICS

Goalstudents are able to understand and be able to apply mechanics in understanding the intricacies of living organisms, including the human body and its treatment

Definition Mechanics is the part of physics that studies the movement and

phenomenon, including rigid body and fluid Biology is a branch of science that studies the ins and outs of living things,

including the human body and its treatment So, Biomechanics is the subject to discuss the application of mechanics to

understand the ins and outs of living organisms, including the human body and its treatment

Basic Principles of Mechanics and Fluid

1. Newton's first law"Each object at rest tends to take place ( v⃑=0)or move straight uniform (∆ v⃑=0), unless there is external force (F)"if F⃑=0, then ( v⃑=0) or (∆ v⃑=0)

2. Newton’s second law"acceleration of an object (a⃑) comparable comparable and in line with the style of cause (F⃑) and inversely proportional to its mass (m)"

If F⃑ > 0 , then a⃑ = F⃑m

3. Newton’s third law"If an object action force F⃑a on another object, then simultaneously other objects that also perform reaction force F⃑r that is equal to the first object in the opposite direction"so F⃑r = -F⃑a

4. Law of conservation of mechanical energy"mechanical energy (E) can not be created and can not be destroyed."E = Ek + Ep = constant

5. Physical properties of objects that depend on the temperature or temperature is referred to as the nature thermometric. Thermometric nature is used as an indicator of temperature changes on different types of thermometers.

a. Thermometer liquid based on a change in the long dominant liquid column in the capillaries (∆L) of the first long Lolength expansion coefficient( α), if the temperature changes by (∆t).

∆L = Lo α ∆t

b. Thermometer barriers based on changes in electrical resistance of a conductor substance barrier (∆ R ¿barriers beginning Rowith the expansion coefficient (δ ), if the conductor temperature changes by ¿t).

∆ R=Ro δ ∆ t

c. Thermometer voltaic based natural voltage changes between two different metals (∆V ) from the initial voltage (V o) to the voltage coefficient of expansion (τ ¿, if the temperature changes by ¿t).

∆ V =V o τ ∆ t

d. Volume gas thermometer fixed by pressure changes (∆ P¿ of pressure initially (Po ¿ with expansion coefficient of gas pressure (γ ¿, if the temperature changes by ¿t).

∆ P=Po γ ∆t

7. Heat (Q ¿ is a form of energy that can pass because of the temperature difference ¿t).

8. SI unit is the Joule heat in, where 1 J = 0.24 calories

9. The tools used for measuring the calorific called Calorimeter

10. The amount of heat (Q ¿ absorbed or released by objects whose mass (m) and heat of its kind (c) so temperature change is referred ¿t) to as heat temperature changes that satisfy the relationship :

Q = m c ∆t

11. Amount of heat (Q ¿ absorbed or released by objects whose mass (m) and latent heat (L) so amended form at a constant temperature change is referred to as a form of heat (latent heat) which satisfy the relationship:

Q = m L

12. Heat capacity (C) is the amount of heat required by a substance to raise its temperature by one degree temperature (for example, 1 K) :

C = m c = Q∆ t

13. heat transfer due to delivery as a result of the particles vibrate substance called conduction (conducting). usually occurs in solids. if the rod length (L), cross section (A), the temperature difference between the two ends of the rod ¿t) , and the coefficient of thermal conduction substance or the stem (k), then the rate of conductivity calorific (H) is:

H = k A ∆ tL

14. Heat transfer due to the flow as a result of the presence of substances that follow to move is called convection (flow). usually occurs in the fluid (liquid or gas). If convection coefficient is (h), the fluid is a cross-sectional area (A), and the temperature difference is ¿t), the calorific flow rate (H) is:

H = h A ∆t

15. Radiant heat transfer due to electromagnetic waves is called radiation (emission). if the emission coefficient is (0≤ e≤ 1¿, steven Boltzmann constant (σ=5,7 x10−8 J /sm2 K 4, heat emission cross-sectional area (A) and the absolute temperature (T), the rate of emission calorific (H) is:

H = eσ T 4 A

16. Evaporative heat is a form of transition from liquid to vapor. if the water vapor pressure at the surface is (Pp ¿, the pressure of water vapor in the air (Pu ¿, and the air flow rate (v), the rate of transfer of heat in a wide unit (U) is :

U = 13,7 – (Pp−Pu ¿ v1 /2

17. The laws of Thermodynamics

a. Azas black

"If two objects or different system temperature is contacted with one another and there will be a transfer of heat from a hotter object to a colder object, such that thermal equilibrium is reached". if the heat given off by hot objects (Q1 ¿ are and heat cold object is Qt received, then apply:

Qt=Q1

b. 0 Law of Thermodynamics"If there are two systems A and B are in thermal equilibrium, then the system C are also in thermal equilibrium".

T A=T B=¿ T C

c. First Law of Thermodynamics"If a system absorbs heat energy for (∆ Q ¿, then the heat energy that can convert the energy of inner life or the rest of the system (∆ U ¿ and used to do work for (W)".

∆ Q=∆ U +Wd. Second Law of Thermodynamics"If a system is changed by heat energy (∆ Q ¿, at a certain temperature (T), then the system will experience a change in entropy (∆ S ¿ .

∆ Q=T . ∆ S

e. Third Law of Thermodynamics"At temperature T = 0 K, then the change in entropy of the system (∆ S¿ is constant and the coefficient of the whole substance of the system tends to zero"for T = 0 K, then ∆ S = 0 or S = constant

18. The effects that can be caused by heat energy: a. Physical effects; such as: expansion, change in shape, change in conductivity, etc. b. Chemical effect; such as: the chemical reaction rate can be increased, etc. c. Biological effects: such as: an increase in white blood cells, increased blood pressure, dilation of blood vessels, and decreased blood pH, etc.

Some examples of thermodynamics connection with biology(Note and note the examples given by lecturer)

4. bioptic

goal

students are able to understand and be able to apply the optics in understanding the ins and outs of living organisms, including the human body and its treatment.

understanding

optics is part of physics that studies the phenomenon and its light wave, including geometric optics, physical optics, optical devices, and photometry.

biology is a branch of science that studies the intricacies of living organisms, including the human body and its treatment.

So bioethics is a subject to discuss the application of optics in understanding the intricacies of living organisms, including the human body and its treatment.

Some basic principles of optics

1. The wave equation of light as an electromagnetic wave, consisting of an electric field (E) and magnetic (H) perpendicular to each other as a function of position (r) and time (t) is as follows:

∂2(E ; H)∂t 2 = 1

μo ε o

∂2(E ; H)∂r2

2. Propagation speed (c) of light waves (electromagnetic waves) in vacuum or in the air.

c = √ 1μo εo

≈ 3 x108(ms)

3. The relationship between the electric field (E) and magnetic (H) in an electromagnetic wave (light):Ec = -μo H

4. pointing vector (S), linear momentum (P), and the pressure of radiation (Prad ¿ of electromagnetic waves:S = ExHP = μo ε o(ExH)Prad= ε o E2+μo H2

5. Light can be seen as a form of electromagnetic waves because it can exhibit symptoms:a. Reflectionb. Refractionc. Dispertiond. Interfrensie. disfractionf. Polaration

6. Light can also be viewed as particles as it can exhibit symptoms:a. Transmitting (radiation) by the material.b. Absorption (absorption) by the material.

7. The light from the symptoms developed the 3 approaches in studying, namely:a. Geometrical optics learn: Reflection and refraction of light.b. Physical optics learn: Dispersion, Interpretation, Diffraction and Polarizationc. Studying Quantum Physics: Radiation and absorption by the material.

8. Light reflection law* Rays come, normal line, and the reflected ray is a plot* If a beam of light coming at an angle (i) to the normal line of the light is reflected at an angle of reflection (r) that meet:r = i

9. The properties of the shadow formed by plane mirrors: always virtual, upright, and as large as the object. And satisfy the relationship:1f=1

s+ 1

s' with f = ∞

M= s '

s=1

10.The nature of the image formed by a convex mirror is always virtual, upright and reduced (is diffused light). And satisfy the relationship:

1f=1

s+ 1

s' with f = −f

M= s '

s<1

11. Attributes of the image formed by a concave mirror: it can be virtual, real, upright, inverted, enlarged, or reduced (to be gathering light).And satisfy the relationship: 1f=1

s+ 1

s' with f = −f

M= s '

s<1 orM= s '

s>1

12.Law of refraction of light light comes, the normal, and the refracted ray is a plot if a beam of light coming at an angle (i) of the normal line N, then the

light is refracted at an angle of refraction (r) that satisfies :n2

n1= sin i

sin r= c

v=

f . λ1

f . λ2

13.The lens maker formula :1f=

n2−n1

n1 ( 1R1

+ 1R2 )

14.The properties of the shadow formed on the concave lens: Always virtual, upright, and reduced (is diffused light). And fulfilling relationship :1f=1

s+ 1

s' with f = −f

M= s '

s<1

15.The properties of the image formed by a convex lens: it can be virtual, real, upright, inverted, enlarged, or reduced (to be gathering light). And satisfy the relationship:

1f=1

s+ 1

s' with f = −f

M= s '

s<1 orM= s '

s>1

5. BioelectromagneticGoal

students are able to understand and be able to apply electromagnetic understand the ins and outs of living organisms, including the human body and its treatment

understanding

Electromagnetic is part of physics that studies the phenomenon and its electricity and magnetism, including static electricity, dynamic electricity, magnetic fields, electromagnetic induction and electromagnetic waves.

biology is a branch of science that studies the ins and outs of living organisms, including the human body.

so bioelectromagnetic is a subject to discuss the application of electromagnetic understand the intricacies of living organisms, including the human body and its treatment

Some basic principles of electric and magnetic

1. The electric charge is composed of the charge (+), which is a charge similar to the charge of a piece of glass that has been rubbed with Woll and silk. While the charge (-) is a charge similar to the charge of a piece of plastic that has been rubbed with hair.

2. If the electric permittivity in the air that there are two charges each point (Q) and (q) separated by a distance (r), then the electric force (f) between the two charges amounted

F =1

4 π εo

Q . qr 2

3. A large electric field strength (E)generated by the charge (Q) at a point within (r) of Q is equal to the magnitude of the electrical force (F) per unit test charge (q).

E = Fq

= 14 π ε o

Qr2

4. Electric potential energy (Ep) at a point within (r) of the charge (Q) which perform Electrical force (F) at that point is:

Ep=F . r= 14 π ε o

Q . qr

5. Electric potential (V) between two points located within a homogeneous electric field is defined as:

V=Ep

q= 1

4 π εo

Qr

6. The capacitance of a capacitor (C) is defined as the ratio between the fixed charge (Q) and the retaining potential difference (V).

C=QV

7. Parallel-plate capacitor capacitance (C) are cross section (A), the distance between the plates (d), and permittivity mediaum of which is (ε):

C=ε Ad

8. Capacitance equivalent (C) capacitors with capacitance C1and C2are arranged in series are:

C=C1 .C2

C1+C2

9. Capacitance equivalent (C) capacitors with capacitance C1and C2 are arranged in parallel are:

C=C 1+C2

10.The electrical energy stored in the capacitor (W) which is charged (Q), capacitance (C), which was given a potential difference of (V) is equal to:

W =12

Q2

C=1

2QV =1

2C V 2

11.If at any point in a conductive flow of electric charge (Q) in time (t), then the electric current (I) on the conductor was defined as:

I=Qt

Or if the conductor cross section (A) flowing as much as (n) charged electrons (e = 1,6 x 10

−19C) with the speed (v), the electric current (I) on the

conductor is I=−nevA

24.Faraday’s law of chemical elements – electricity

In the event of mass electrolysis substances that precipitate (m) strong electric current (i) and time (t) is used .

M= ait = eF it

e= mass / valensi = mass ekivalen

a= e/F = ekivalen elektrokimia

25.lorentz force law

If there is a positive charge (q) moving at a speed of (v) in a magnetic field induction (B) , then if the angle between V and B is θ,then a large magnetic force (f) experienced by the charge is :

F= qvBsinθ Type equation here .

26. magnetic induction (B) at a point within (a) of an electric current carrying straight guard (i) placed in a medium permeability (µ) is equal to :

B = µi2πa

27. magnetic induction (B) at the end selonoida (coil) that the number of windings ( N), length (l) .core permeability (l ¿fast-listric (i) is equal to :

B = 12 μ b Nl

28. faraday – lenz

If there is a change of magnetic flux ( dΦ) versus time (dt) which is surrounded by a coil whose number of windings (N ) , then there will be induced emf (ε) of :

ε=−N d Φdt

29. self induction ( L) coil depends on the permeability (μ¿) , the number of truns (N) cross – sectional area (A) , and the length of the coil (l) :

L = μ N2

lA

30.emf generator (E) of alternating current depends on : the number of coil windings (N) , magnetic induction (B) , the coil cross – sectional area (A) , the speed of rotation angle (A),The speed of rotation angle (w) and the time interval (t) :

E=N.B.A.w sin w t

31.Electromagnetik energy :

Electrical energy used in the resistor E= i2Rt

Electrical energy stored in the capacitor (energy in an electric field)

E=12CV 2

Electrical energy stored in the Inductor (the energy in the magnetic field )

E=12Li2

(6) BIOATOMIC

Basis Competition:Student able to understanding and applied atomic, quantum and nuclear kocenpt in understanding the ins and outs of living beings, including humans body and the treatment.

The Purpose: Atomic is part of physics which learn about atomic and the nuvlear whit the

phenomenon, including quantum consept, aomic concept and nuclear concept. Biology is a branch of IPA which learn about ten ins and outs of living beings,

including humans body.

So Bioatomic is a subject to discuss the emplemantion in understanding the ins and outs of living beings, including humans body.

SOME OF BASICS PRINCIPS OF ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR

1. Atomic can be compesed for:a. Positively charged protons in the nucleusb. None charged neutron in the nucleusc. Negatively charged electron in the atomic shellWhich can generally be written as:

XZA N

X = elemet symbolZ = atomic number = the number of electrons = the number of proton ine the nucleusA = mass numberN = the number of neutron in the nucleus = A-Z

2. The binding energy of the core (E)

E1= [ z.mp + (A – z )mn + z.me – mint I ] x 931 MeVamu

mp= 1,6726x10 -27kg = 1,007276.amu = 938,28. MeV / c2

mn = 1,6750x10 -27kg = 1,008665.amu = 939,57 .MeV / c2 me = 0,0090x10 -27kg = 0,000549.amu = 0,51 .MeV /c2

3. Shedding / Decay (α)- Decay reaction formula

XZA

N Yz−2A−4 + α−1

0

- Action of energy (Q )Q = (m X + m Y + m α ) x 931 .MeV /amu

- Kinetic energy α ( K α )

K α ≈ A−4A

Q

4. Shedding / Decay ( β ) - Decay reaction formula

XZA N Yz−1

A + β−10

- Action of energy (Q )Q = (m X – m Y ) x 931 .MeV /amu

5. Naturally Decay- Decay activity (A)

A = λ.N = Ao.e-αt = Ao (½) t / T

- Single atom residual decay after time ( Nt )N t = No .e-αt = Ao (½) t / T

- Relationship between half-time (T ) and decays constant ( λ )

T = 0,693λ

- Atom residual related to decay (N’t )

N’ t = λ 1λ '−λ No ( e λ’t – e -λ t)

6. The intensity of radiation the is passed (I) on the interaction of radioactive material thickness ( x ) and its statutes are absorbed half ( µ ) is :

I = Io .e-µx

7. Light photon energy (E) the number of photons (N), frequency (f), the Planck constant:

E = N.h.f

8. Relations temperature (T) with a wavelength of light that gives the maximum intensity (λ max )

λmax.T = 2,898x10-3 m.K

9. The angular momentum of electron mass (m), the linear velocity of (v) in orbit around the nucleus with the distribution radius (r), the orbit of quantum numbers (n) :

L=m . v . r=n h2 π

10. The energy levels of the hydrogen atom with the quantum number n :

En=−13 , 6n2

(eV)

11. The process of Cathode Rays

Is actually a cathode ray electrons coming from the cathode. These electrons move toward the anaode in a low-pressure gas cylinders

12. The properties of the cathode ray

- Negatively charged- Propagating straight- Can be deflected in an electric field and a magnetic- Have energy- Casting some kind of substance

13. The usefulness of the cathode ray

- Detect electromagnetic vibrations- TV transmitter monitoring tools

14. The process of X-rays

Rays ‘X’ happens because of collisions of high-energy electrons. The high-energy electrons menunbuk innermost electrons of atoms of a metal, So that the atomic electrons jump up and out of its orbit. The place left to be filled by electrons of atoms which is beyond its trajectory while releasing energy in the form of a photon of light is observed as X-rays.

15. Frequency (f) X-rays of some kind of metal satisfy the relationship :

F = (z-1).0,2465x1016 (Hkm. Moseley)

16. The properties of the X-ray

- Very difficult to propagate straight and deflected by electric and magnetic fields- An electromagnetic wave with a frequency that is slightly smaller than gamma rays- Can discolor movies - It can penetrate objects- Can cause the metal to release electrons

17. The usefulness of X-rays :

- photographing organs in the body- Eradicate tumor- Make a concrete skeleton picture- Cutting steel

18. The process of laser beam

( Light Amplification by Simulated Emission of Radiation )

Electrons from the ground state energy E0 dieksitasikan with energy E1 with the photon energy

hf = E1 – E0. Furthermore , there is a transition quickly to a metastable state with energy E1/2.

In this situation, the position of metastable contains very much. The incidence of transmission of the induction of metastable ground state to generate photons with considerable intensity (depending on the number of electrons in transition). Photons emitted light is what is known as laser beam.

19. The properties of laser light :

- Koheren- Monochromatic- High intensity- Can be polarized

20. The usefulness of laser light

- Sharpening diamond- Making the three dimensional image- Signal for radar- Tumor exterminator- Cut body tissue- Cutting steel- Determining the rate of minion of a body- Destroying missiles