biso environmental sustainability assessment · 2016-06-03 · biso environmental sustainability...

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BISO Environmental Sustainability Assessment

Jorge Cristobal, Cristina T. Matos, Jean-Philippe Aurambout,

Simone Manfredi, Boyan Kavalov

21.11.2014

European Commission

JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability

Sustainability Assessment Unit (JRC.H.08)

3 Bioeconomy Pillars

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Bio-based ProductsBioenergy Food and Feed

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Environmental factsheets

All factsheets available on the WEB

http://biobs.jrc.ec.europa.eu/analysis

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Environmental Factsheets structure

• SECTION 1: Process / Product information

• SECTION 2: Environmental data and information

• SECTION 3: References / Further information

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Environmental Factsheets

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• Schematic value chain

• Technological overview

• Technology readiness levels

• SWOT

SECTION 1: PROCESS/PRODUCT INFORMATION


SECTION 2: ENVIRONMENTAL DATA AND INFORMATION

• Objective:

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MAP AND

PRESENT

AvailableRelevant

EnvironmentalData

BioeconomyValue Chains

for

• Identify differences and similarities in LCA methodologies;

• Normalize reported data � compare impact categories.

• Identify Knowledge gaps;

Addressedby further research

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SECTION 2: ENVIRONMENTAL DATA AND INFORMATION

• Content:


System boundaries of the environmental assessment1

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SECTION 2: ENVIRONMENTAL DATA AND INFORMATION• Content:


Environmental assessment: settings and impacts2

Collected Data

Impact Category

Climate Change

Ozone Depletion

Freshwater Ecotoxicity

Human Toxicity - cancer effects

Human Toxicity – non-cancer effects

Particulate Matter, Respiratory Inorganics

Ionising Radiation – human health effects

Photochemical Ozone Formation

Acidification

Eutrophication – terrestrial

Eutrophication – aquatic

Resource Depletion – water

Resource Depletion – mineral, fossil

Land Transformation

TABLE

• Different impact categories analysed.

PEF

Mainly using Product Environmental Footprint

methodology.

• LCA data presented in ranges �

Maximum and minimum values for the

same functional unit.

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SECTION 2: ENVIRONMENTAL DATA AND INFORMATION• Content:


Comments and interpretation of the environmental performance3

• Explanations on the collected LCA results

(identification of methodology and

technology issues that influence the

results)

• Using normalisation factors � emissions from the EU27 in 2010

• Inventory reported in the 2014 JRC technical report on normalisation

• Other impact categories � ReCiPe or IFEU reports

• Graphical representation of the

normalised results

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SECTION 3: REFERENCES / FURTHER INFORMATION

• References

• Main FP7 projects � with LCA info on the process/product

Further info in CORDIS – Community Research and Development

Information Service:

http://cordis.europa.eu/home_en.html


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Bioenergy Pillar

Bioenergy Pillar

Biodiesel via TRANSESTERIFICATION

Bioalcohol via FERMENTATION Biofuels

Small-scale heating

Large-scale heating

Electricity

Combined Heat and Power

Small-scale heating

Large-scale heating

Electricity

Combined Heat and Power

Biofuels

Hydrogen

Heat and/or Power

Biofuels

Hydrogen

Heat and/or Power

Factsheets Published

Factsheets Under Construction

Via DIRECT COMBUSTION

CHP

Via GASIFICATION

Factsheets Under Consideration

Biodiesel via HYDROGENATIONBiodiesel via HYDROGENATION

Heat and/or Power via TORREFACTIONHeat and/or Power via TORREFACTION

Biofuels

H2

CHP

CHP

Biofuels

Heat and/or Power

Fuel

Heat and/or Power

Fuel

CHPVia A. DIGESTION

Biofuels

Heat and/or Power Heat and/or Power CHPVia PYROLYSIS12

2nd Generation Ethanol via HYDROLYSIS2nd Generation Ethanol via HYDROLYSIS Biofuels

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Bioenergy Pillar

Bioalcohol via FERMENTATION Biodiesel via TRANSESTERIFICATION

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TRL

Bioalcohol via

FERMENTATION

Biodiesel via

TRANSESTERIFICATION

TRL – TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVELS

Process information

Feedstock

Feedstock

Esterfi/Transeterif

Extraction

Saccharification/ Fermentation

Distillation

Hydrolysis

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Environmental data

- Esterification – Transesterification

- Hydrolysis – Fermentation

� Different system boundaries:

� Cradle to Grave

� Cradle to Gate

� Gate to Gate

� Depending on the feedstock, the process

must include:

� Esterification previous to

transesterification for biodiesel

� Hydrolysis previous to fermentation

for bioethanol

� Special case for biofuels in transport:

� well to wheel – same as cradle to

grave (without considering the car

manufacturing or disposal).

Focused on GHG and energy

efficiency.

LCA

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� Data availability

� Data in line with PEF methodology

� Priority to studies accounting for the highest number of

impact categories

� Peer-reviewed, most cited and most recent

Selection Criteria

Mid point

Identification of gaps

Bioalcohol via FERMENTATION Biodiesel via TRANSESTERIFICATION

9 STUDIES

34 CASE STUDIES

7 STUDIES

24 CASE STUDIES

Environmental data

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Impact Category Biodiesel Bioethanol

Climate Change

Ozone Depletion



Human Toxicity – non-cancer effects UNITS UNITS



Photochemical Ozone Formation UNITS UNITS

Acidification UNITS UNITS





Land Transformation

Impact categories

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Environmental data

Data

In the factsheet � presented as ranges TABLETable 1. LCA results for Functional Unit (F.U.) 1 kilometre driven

Raw material input (feedstock) Rapeseed Soybean FFA-rich wastes Microalgae

Impact categories from Environmental Sustainability Assessment methodology

Climate change (kgCO2eq) (4.8E-3 – 0.2) 1.15 1.08 (0.031 – 0.043) (0.032 – 0.044) (0.33 – 5.24) (0.15 – 1)

Table 1. LCA results for Functional Unit (F.U.) 1 kilometre driven

Raw material input (feedstock) Wheat Sugar cane Willow Glycerol Corn

Impact categories from Environmental Sustainability Assessment methodology

Climate change (kgCO2eq) (-0.016 –

1.15)

0.15 (0.05-0.25) (0.06-1.59) (-0.032-

0.072)

-9.75E-

7

0.22 (-1.23-0.39) 0.11

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Environmental data

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Normalization

� Negative values when substitution – system expansion is used as allocation

criteria (wheat straw and DDGS replace animal feed production)

� Ozone depletion and Resource depletion – high due to the use of fossil

fuels in agriculture

� Fresh water eutrophication – use of agrochemicals and fertilizers in

feedstock production

Bioalcohol via FERMENTATION

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Environmental data

Normalization

� Negative values – due to substitution (glycerin – from fossil propane gas;

rapemeal – imported soymeal)

� High values due to intensive agricultural activities for rapeseed cultivation

� Assumption of a lower utilization efficiency of biodiesel in the car engine

Biodiesel via TRANSESTERIFICATION

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Environmental data

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Bio-based Products Pillar

Bio-based Products

Lactic Acid

Acetic Acid

Adipic Acid

Succinic Acid

Organic Acids

1,3- Propanediol

Gycerol

Polylactic Acid (PLA)

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)

Alcohols

Polymers

Citric AcidCitric Acid Organic Acid

Lysine

Glutamic Acid

Lysine

Glutamic AcidAmino Acids

PaperPaper


Factsheets Under Construction

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Chemical Building Blocks

Bio-polymers

� Data availability;

� Technology readiness: demonstration to

full scale application;

� Market importance of the bio-based

production pathway;

� Actual and future perspectives for market

growth.

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Lignocellulosic

Crops and

Residues

Starch Crops

Sugar Crops

Oil Crops

Animal Fats

Used Cooking

Oil

Saccharose

Starch

Cellulose

Vegetable Oils

Oils

Tallow Fatty Acids

Glycerol

1,3-

Propanediol

Acetic Acid

Adipic Acid

Succinic Acid

Lactic Acid

Polyhydroxyalk

anoates

Polylactic Acid

Glucose

Hemicellulose

Lignin

Solvents

Polymer

Inks

Food Additives

Pharmaceutical

Soaps

Resins

Lubricants

Biomass Intermediate Platforms Bio-polymers

Building Blocks

Applications

Coatings

Packaging

Medical Devices

Fibers

Process information Value Chain

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Lignocellulosic

Crops and

Residues

Starch Crops

Sugar Crops

Oil Crops

Animal Fats

Used Cooking

Oil

Filtration

Fermentation

Crystallisation

Distillation

Glycerol

1,3-

Propanediol

Acetic Acid

Adipic Acid

Succinic Acid

Lactic Acid

Polyhydroxyalk

anoates

Polylactic Acid

HydrolysisSolvents

Polymer

Inks

Food Additives

Pharmaceutical

Soaps

Resins

Lubricants

Biomass Conversion Bio-polymers

Building Blocks

Applications

Coatings

Packaging

Medical Devices

Fibers

Extraction

Transesterification Electrodialysis

PolymerisationCell Disruption

Process information Value Chain

Centrifugation

Hydrogenation

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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Acetic Acid

Lactic Acid

1,3- Propanediol

Glycerol

Polylactic Acid

PHAs

Succinic Acid

Adipic Acid

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TRL of Bio-Based Products Production

Demonstration

Scale

Full Commercial

Application


Bio-polymers

TRLProcess information

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Demonstration

Scale

Full Commercial

Application

TRL of Feedstock Use

Technology readiness levels

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Identification of gapsEnvironmental data

30 publications / 175 LCA case studies

� Limited reliable and available data;

� Few impact categories analysed, most common impacts

reported: climate change, non-renewable energy, primary

energy, acidification, freshwater eutrophication and land use;

� Few studies using large scale data.


Impact Category 1,3- Propanediol Gycerol Polylactic Acid PHA Lactic Acid Acetic Acid Adipic Acid Succinic Acid

Climate Change 2 6 8 7 1 1 1 2

Ozone Depletion 3 2 1

Freshwater Ecotoxicity 1

Human Toxicity - cancer effects 1 1 1 1

Human Toxicity – non-cancer effects 1 2 1 1 1

Particulate Matter, Respiratory Inorganics 1


Photochemical Ozone Formation 1 3 2 2

Acidification 1 6 4 1 1 2

Eutrophication – terrestrial 1

Eutrophication – aquatic 1 6 5 3

Resource Depletion – water 2

Resource Depletion – mineral, fossil 3 1

Land Transformation 1 6 4 2 1 1 1 1

Total number of publications 2 6 8 7 1 1 1 2

28Data Dif. Units No data

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System boundaries of the environmental assessment:

� Most of the studies consider a LCA cradle-to-gate approach;

� Few studies compare different end-of-life options;

� Most of the studies use one kg of product as LCA functional unit;

� Most studies refer to European and US case-studies.

Environmental data

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Bio-polymers

� The LCA data was reported in the environmental factsheets in the form of ranges (maximum minimum).

� Credits are usually assigned to the sugar cane processes for the energy surplus generated from bagasse burning; decreasing climate change and non-renewable energy impacts.

� When burning of lignin-rich wastes are considered in the LCA analyses, the climate change and non-renewable impacts associated with lignocellulosic decreases.

� LCA data was available for large scale production systems of PLA. While for PHA only lab to pilot scale systems were reported.

Environmental data

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� The LCA data available for acetic acid, succinic acid and adipic acid was obtained mainly from systems at lab to pilot scale.

� LCA data for lactic acid and 1,3-propanediol, was also available from large scale production systems.

� Lower conversion yields are reported for acetic acid and adipic acid, which increase their environmental impacts when compered with other products.

Environmental data

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Normalisation

� The data shows high variability.

� When reported, the higher (normalised) impacts were found for eutrophication of freshwater and primary energy demand.

� The methodological assumptions and the technologies chosen for the LCA study influence the results.

PLA1,3-PropanediolGlycerol

Environmental data

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Conclusions

� The higher environmental impacts are reported for cradle-to-grave LCA systems.

� Few studies account for the carbon uptake during biomass growth, which in some cases can have a significant impact in the LCA results.

� The approach used to model multi functionality influences the results. The lower LCA results are associated with the use of substitution. Different allocation assumptions (mass, economic, energy) can significantly impact the results.

� Few impact categories are reported. A complete environmental picture of bio-based products is missing.

Methodological

Findings

Environmental data

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Conclusions

� The lower values found for climate change and non-renewable energy demand were obtained when using sugar cane as feedstock; owing to the credits assigned to the process for energy surplus generated from bagasse burning.

� Lower impacts are reported, when considering the burning of lignin-rich waste in lignocellulosic systems.

� Low land requirements are reported for the use of corn stover as feedstock.

� Generally, lower impacts are reported when wastes are used as feedstock, because the generation of these wastes is not included with in system boundaries.

� Lower impacts are reported for organic acids productions when continuous fermentation processes are used compared with batch case studies.

Technology

Environmental data

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Food & Feed Pillar

Food & Feed Pillar

Wheat

Sugar


Factsheet Under Construction

� Significant EU production;

� Produced across the EU;

� LCA data availability;

� Potential use in the bioeconomy

Selection Criteria

Milk

Wine

Eggs

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Food & Feed Pillar

Wheat

- 284 Mt- Starch

Milk

- 140 Mt- Whey

Wine

- 15.7 Ml- Seed oil

Eggs

- 7.4 Mt

Food & Feed Pillar

Wheat

- 284 Mt- StarchPublications

29 (11)

Milk

- 140 Mt- WheyPublications

46 (18)

Wine

- 15.7 Ml- Seed oilPublications

15 (5)

Eggs

- 7.4 Mt

Publications

16 (11)

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Technology readiness level

Technology and processes in food and feed production are well

known, standardized and mostly in “full commercial application”.

- Exploratory research exists but few LCA publication available

- GM crops / Variety selection / Management practices / Precision ag.

- Organic production less advanced.

We looked at:

- Production systems: intensive / extensive / organic

- Crop variety

- Geographic location

System boundaries: Cradle to farm gate39

Food & Feed Pillar

Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats

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Food & Feed Pillar

Common strength:

� Strong R&D

Common issues:

� Weed and pest control: reliance on chemical inputs and pesticides

� N Fertilization or Nutriment management

� Animal welfare and feed digestibility

Common Threats:

� Climate change (more for crops)

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Impact Category Wheat Wine Milk Egg

Climate Change

Ozone Depletion



Human Toxicity – non-cancer effects



Photochemical Ozone Formation

Acidification





Land Transformation

Good data Data but... No data

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Climate Change Ozone Depletion Ecotoxicity for

aquatic fresh water

Acidification Eutrophication –

aquatic

Land

Transformation

Pro

du

ct R

efe

ren

ces

Wheat Wine Milk Eggs


Data but…Good data

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What we found out: Milk• Large variability between studies

• Divide: Organic / conventional practices in the literature

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Food & Feed Pillar

What we found out: Milk• Large variability between studies


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Food & Feed Pillar

Organic

Conventional

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What we found out: Wheat• Large variability between studies


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Food & Feed Pillar

What we found out: Wheat• Large variability between studies


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Food & Feed Pillar

Organic

Conventional

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What we found out: Wine• Large variability between studies


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Food & Feed Pillar

What we found out: Wine• Large variability between studies


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Food & Feed Pillar

Organic

Conventional

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What we found out: Eggs• Large variability between studies


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Food & Feed Pillar

What we found out: Eggs• Large variability between studies


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Food & Feed Pillar

Organic

Conventional

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What we found out

• Divide: Organic / conventional practices in the literature (not necessarily justified)

• No “silver bullet” practice or technology but trends are visible. High emission are associated with low land transformation (and vice versa).

However, no studies incorporated all 14 categories so we do not have a complete picture.

+ Missing elements such as taste…

We could not find any studies looking at “closed systems”

food or feed production (no fossil fuel inputs: N fixation /

Diesel for machinery).51

Food & Feed Pillar

Thanks for your attention!

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biso environmental sustainability assessment · 2016-06-03 · biso environmental sustainability...

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