botany 102 ( lab ) - respiration
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Respiration
• Is a process that breaks down complex carbon compounds into simpler molecules and simultaneously generates ATP.
• ATPS are used to power other metabolic processes.
C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP + Heat
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Respiration and photosynthesis
In plants, photosynthesis occurs in chloroplast, while
respiration occurs in mitochondrion.
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The breakdown of sugar to release energy can occur with or without oxygen
Two types:
1. Aerobic respiration - requires oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.
2. Anaerobic – respiration without oxygen, often called fermentation.
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Three groups of organisms:
• Strictly aerobes or obligate aerobes –
e.g.plants, animals, human, some fungi and protists.
• Obligate anaerobese.g. Clostridium tetani and C.botulinum
• Facultative anaerobes or aerobese.g. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
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ATP synthesis
1. substrate-level phosphorylation and 2. oxidative phosphorylation
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3 stages of aerobic respiration
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Three stages of aerobic respiration
1. Glycolysis – Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway
constitutes the major portion of anaerobic respiration and is also the first part of aerobic respiration
10 steps all occurring in the cytosol
glyco = sugar lysis= split
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The Citric acid cycle
• Also called the citric acid cycle – one of the intermediates is citrate, anion of citric acid
• Kreb’s cycle- was carried out by Hans Krebs
• Tricarboxylic acis cycle – several intermediates are tricarboxylic acids
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The mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain
• Chemiosmotic Phosphorylation
The steps that transport protons from the matrix to the crista lumen, establishing a proton/hydroxyl chemiosmotic gradient.
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Products:
2 pyruvates
Four ATPs
2 NADH
Net ATP = 2 ATPs
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The Kreb’s Cycle
The Kreb’s cycle generates CO2, NADH, FADH2, AND ATP
“There is an intermediate step before the Kreb’s Cycle takes place”
This is called NADH Shuttle
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Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative phosphorylation.
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Substrates other than glucose can be used in respiration.
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Fermentation: In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate produced by glycolysis is converted to ethanol or lactate.
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Alcohol fermentation occurs in yeasts, most plant cells, and some bacteria
Lactic acid fermentation occurs in animal muscle cells, some fungi and bacteria to make cheese and yogurt
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Some commercial use of fermentation: wine and beer.
Yeasts in the process of “budding” or reproducing.
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Carbon dioxide in beer and cake- due to yeast fermentation
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The electron transport chain can generate excess heat to produce “hot flowers” “when alternative oxidase moves electrons from NADH to O2 without leading to
oxidative phosphorylation
Skunk cabbage- Lysichiton americanum
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An Indonesian corpse flower
(Amorphophallus titanum)
The heat evaporates fragrant molecules from the flowers, attracting particular pollinating organisms.
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