BREAD CULTURE

4^ F pniLiceo “G.Ulivi”

Parma 2008-2009

LLP

Speaking of bread, these last two years, has meant for us to get information about

cereal crops, which it derives from.We have discovered in this way that

nowadays there’s a great contradiction: on one hand it is essential for human

nutrition, on the other it is decreasing because it’s used to increase mobility.

Why don’t we “think” together about it?

Let’s start!

The political context

-Europe-The U.E. asks to increase the quote of renewable energy sources from 5.4% of 1997 to 12% of 2010.Directive 2001/77/EC : on the promotion of the electricity produced from renewable energy source, which should increase from 14% of 1997 to 21% of 2010 for the U.E. 25 (22.1% for U.E. 15)Directive 2003/30/CE: substitution of 5.7% diesel and gas emissions by 2010It’s known that a quote between 4% and 13 % of the agricultural territory is dedicated to the production of biofuels.Besides new technologies must be developed to use (and obtain) new raw materials and new processes that are competitive and sustainable.

Bio-fuel production in the world

In 2004, all over the world, 33 millions of biofuels have been produced (and 1.2 billions of gas)

Brazil for 25 years world’s leader: E95 azeotropic ethanol and E25 (25%ethanol,75%gas)

The USA has been first world’s producer since 2005: from 4 millions in 1996 to 16 millions in 2005.

The world’s production of bio-diesel is of 2 millions (90%into UE)

The biofuels market in EU 25 of 2004 amounts to 0,7% of the market.

Million litres

USA 16130

Brazil 15990

China 3800

India 1700

European Union

2900

Others 5480

Bio-fuel Production in 2005

The biodiesel The bio-diesel is a natural product that can

be used as fuel for car-traction and as a gas for heating.

In chemical terms it is a mixture of acid methyl ester of grease acids.

It’s named FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters).

It is obtained from vegetal oils by squeezing oily seeds of different cultivations: soya, rape, sunflowers, etc.

Technologies for biofuelBio-diesel

Maize, rape, soya, sunflowers, palm…

Oily seeds Biodiesel

Methanol Glycerine

Typical render

1000 KG of oil (triglycerides) + 115 KG of Methanol

950KG of Biodiesel (methyl ester) + 90 KG of Glycerine

Chimical Process

From biological maize…to biodiesel!

Technologies for biofuel Bio-ethanol

Biological processSugary plants Ethanol

Wheat, sugarcane, maize, barley, beet…

Typical render:

1 kg maize

0.31 kg (0.4 L) ethanol (+ 0.31 kg cattle feed)

From biological wheat…to bio-ethanol..!

“The price of wheat”

The price trend of wheat confirms the prediction of the main economic analysts,

for example those of W.E.F. (World Economic Found) in Davos. It was in fact told here that

the reduction of food availability together with the oil crisis, the USA recession and the

globalisation of the risks are among the threats for the world economy in ten years

from now.

There are so many reasons:

1) Lack of water and population growth,

2) degradation of the fertile soil,

3) price increase of fertilizers and

fuel, 4) change of

lifestyle and …

5) Soil use to produce biofuel…!!!

«It's a crime against humanity to convert agricultural productive soil into soil which will be burned into biofuel »

(Jean Ziegler,ONLUS lecture about the right

of the feeding, October 2007)

(Jean Ziegler, rapporteur on right to food)

“The red men’s land”of Marco Bechis

This film, shown in Italy in September during the Venice

film festival, is about the dramatic

impact of the biofuels cultivations

and the customs and traditions of

the Guaranì-Kaiowà population of the

Mato Grosso do Sul.We invite you to see

it!

Good luck to everybody!

The 11th grade studentsat “G.Ulivi” High School

(Parma – Italy)and their teachers