bt - building stones
Post on 14-Sep-2014
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BUILDING STONES
Ar. Rino D.A. Fernandez, uap
Class Instructor
Stone a natural, hard substance formed from
minerals and earth material which are present in rocks.
Rockthe portion of the earth’s crust having no definite shape and structure
To qualify as a construction material, stone should have the following qualities:
Strength: Most types of stone have more than adequate compressive strength. The shear strength of stone, however, is usually about 1/10 of its compressive strength
Hardness: hardness is important when stone is used for flooring, paving, and stair treads.
Hardness:
Talc, easily scratched with the thumb-nail: 1Gypsum, scratched by the thumb-nail: 2Calcite, not scratched by thumb-nail but easily cut by knife: 3Fluorite, can be cut by knife with greater difficulty than calcite: 4Apatite, can be cut only with difficulty by knife: 5Orthoclase, can be cut w/ knife w/ great difficulty on thin edges: 6Quartz, not scratched by steel, scratches glass: 7Topaz: 8Sapphire: 9Diamond: 10
Durability: Resistance to the weathering effects of rain, wind, heat, and frost action is necessary for exterior stonework
Workability: A stone’s hardness and grain texture must allow it to be quarried, cut and shaped
Density: A stone’s porosity affects its ability to withstand frost action and staining
Density:
Porosity of Stones
24-hours Water Absorption of Stones by Volume
Appearance: Appearance factors include color, grain, and texture
CLASSIFICATION OF STONES
(according to geological origin):
Igneous rock
Metamorphic rocks
Sedimentary rock
Igneous rock is formed by the crystallization of molten magma, as granite, obsidian and malachite
Igneous rock also known as primary, unstratified or eruptive rocks
Metamorphic rocks has undergone a change in structure, texture, or composition due to the natural agencies, as heat and pressure, especially when the rock becomes harder and more crystalline, as marble and slate
Metamorphic rocks:
Examples of Transformation of Rocks
Sedimentary rock is formed by the deposition of sediment by glacial action, as limestone, sandstone and shale
Sedimentary rocks are also known as aqueous or stratified rocks
As a load bearing wall material, stone is similar to modular unit masonry. Although stone masonry is not necessarily uniform in size, its laid up with mortar and used in compression. Almost all stone is adversely affected by sudden changes in temperature and should not be used where a high degree of fire resistance is required.
Stone is used in construction in the following forms:
Rubble
Dimension stone
Flagstone
Crushed stone
Rubble - consists of rough fragments of broken stone that have at least one good face for exposure in a wall.
Dimension stone - is quarried and squared stone 2’ or more in length and width and of specified thickness, used commonly for wall panels, cornices, copings, lintels and flooring.
Flagstone - refers to flat stone slabs used for flooring and horizontal surfacing.
Crushed stone - is used as aggregate in concrete products.
TYPES OF BUILDING STONES
Argillite – formed from clay, dark blue with faint shades of green.
Used for: floor tilestair threadscoping stones
interior wall base interior window stools of exterior window sills.
TYPES OF BUILDING STONES
Granite – igneous origin, hard, strong, durable and capable of taking high pressure polish. Red, pink, yellow, green, blue, white and brown.
Used for: flooringwall panelingcolumnmullion facingstair threads
flagstone
TYPES OF BUILDING STONES
Limestone – sedimentary rock like dolomite, no cleavage lines, low in absorption, smooth, uniform in structure & composition. High compressive & tensile strength
Used for: wall & floor surfaces
TYPES OF BUILDING STONES
Travertine – sedimentary rock, pleasing texture with small natural pockets on a cut surface.
Used for: interior decorative stone
TYPES OF BUILDING STONES
Marble – metamorphic rock, a re crystallized limestone forming into carrara, parian, onyx and vermont.
Used for: flooring wall & column facing
TYPES OF BUILDING STONES
Serpentine – igneous with mineral serpentine. Typically olive green to greenish black but impurities may color the rock.
Used only for interiors due to weathering
TYPES OF BUILDING STONES
Sandstone – class of rock of cemented silica grains with texture ranging from very fine to very coarse. Colors vary from buff, red and light brown. Porous where as 30% of volume composed of pores
TYPES OF BUILDING STONES
Slate Rock – metamorphosis of clays and shale's deposited in layers. May be separated into thin, tough sheets called slates . Colors are black, green red, grey, or purple.
Used for: flooringwindow sillsstoolsstair treads & facing
STONE CONSTRUCTION Largely used as facing for building material with steel and concrete frames.
Application Categories :
1. Paneling
2. Ashlars
3. Rubblework
4. Trim
Running Bond - a masonry bond formed when all units are laid in stretcher position, with a half-unit overlap
Paneling – thin slabs of stone cut to dimension and thickness to cover back up walls and
provide finished exterior
Stack Bond - a masonry bond formed when there is no overlapping of all units and all horizontal & vertical joints are aligned
Paneling – thin slabs of stone cut to dimension and thickness to cover back up walls and
provide finished exterior
Ashlars – work requires the use of cut stone that includes broken ashlars, regularly / irregularly coursed.
Coursed Ashlar - Ashlar masonry laid out in courses of equal height; blocks of various sizes may be combined to make up the height of the course
Ashlars – work requires the use of cut stone that includes broken ashlars, regularly / irregularly coursed.
Random Ashlar - Ashlar masonry laid without regular courses but with an overall effect of horizontal orientation
Rubblework – random & no attempt to produced an orderly course either horizontal or vertical.. Small spaces are filled with smaller stones.
Coursed Rubble - Fieldstone or roughly dressed stone, with or without mortar, assembled to give a effect of courses
Rubblework – random & no attempt to produced an orderly course either horizontal or vertical.. Small spaces are filled with smaller stones.
Fieldstone - Stone found on the ground (i.e., not quarried) that is a suitable size and shape for use
as drywall or rubble masonry
jambs
sills
copings
cornices
lintels
steps
arch stone (voussoirs)
Trim – stones cut for specific purposes like:
Stone Finish
Rusticated - A term describing stone masonry with a recessed cut margin, so a channel is formed when the blocks are aligned
Sand Finish - A stone finish that is granular and moderately smooth, varying with the characteristics of the specific stone
Sawn Face - A term describing stone exhibiting the marks left by the saw used to cut it
Rock Face - A stone finish with emphasized face-plane shifts and rough corners, exaggerating the natural look of the stone
Split Face - A stone finish exhibiting the natural quarry texture resulting from splitting the stone
Stone Pavers
Cobble stone - A stone used in paving. It may be rectangular, or naturally rounded
Durex Blocks - Roughly cubed, usually granite blocks used for paving