cabeza and nyberg, 2000 - review of fmri studies

47
Imaging Cognition II: An Empirical Review of 275 PET and fMRI Studies Roberto Cabeza University of Alberta Lars Nyberg Umea Ê University, Sweden Abstract & Positron emission tomography (PET) and functional mag- netic resonance imaging (fMRI) have been extensively used to explore the functional neuroanatomy of cognitive functions. Here we review 275 PET and fMRI studies of attention (sustained, selective, Stroop, orientation, divided), perception (object, face, space/motion, smell), imagery (object, space/ motion), language (written/spoken word recognition, spoken/ no spoken response), working memory (verbal/numeric, object, spatial, problem solving), semantic memory retrieval (categorization, generation), episodic memory encoding (ver- bal, object, spatial), episodic memory retrieval (verbal, non- verbal, success, effort, mode, context), priming (perceptual, conceptual), and procedural memory (conditioning, motor, and nonmotor skill learning). To identify consistent activation patterns associated with these cognitive operations, data from 412 contrasts were summarized at the level of cortical Brodmann's areas, insula, thalamus, medial-temporal lobe (including hippocampus), basal ganglia, and cerebellum. For perception and imagery, activation patterns included primary and secondary regions in the dorsal and ventral pathways. For attention and working memory, activations were usually found in prefrontal and parietal regions. For language and semantic memory retrieval, typical regions included left prefrontal and temporal regions. For episodic memory encoding, consistently activated regions included left prefrontal and medial-temporal regions. For episodic memory retrieval, activation patterns included prefrontal, medial-temporal, and posterior midline regions. For priming, deactivations in prefrontal (conceptual) or extrastriate (perceptual) regions were consistently seen. For procedural memory, activations were found in motor as well as in non-motor brain areas. Analysis of regional activations across cognitive domains suggested that several brain regions, including the cerebellum, are engaged by a variety of cognitive challenges. These observations are discussed in relation to functional specialization as well as functional integration. & INTRODUCTION Functional neuroimaging has made possible the identi- fication of large-scale activation patterns associated with higher-order cognitive processes. Here we review posi- tron emission tomography (PET) and functional mag- netic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of attention, perception, imagery, language, working memory, se- mantic memory retrieval, episodic memory encoding, episodic memory retrieval, priming, and procedural memory. The present review is the second edition of our review of PET studies to December 1995 (Cabeza & Nyberg, 1997), which we have extended to encompass both PET and fMRI studies up to December 1998. In the three years since the first edition, we have witnessed an explosion in the number of published papers relevant to the scope of this review from 73 to 275 articles (see Figure 1). This enlarged database has allowed us to evaluate the robustness of some of the activation pat- terns identified in the first edition. In general, salient activation patterns still seem to hold, but new patterns have been discovered. The review has three main sections, Introduction, Re- view by Process, and Review by Region. The Introduction is concerned with the basics of functional neuroimaging methods and design, the scope of the review, the orga- nization of the tables, and caveats of the review. The Review by Process section identifies activations patterns for processes of attention, perception, imagery, language, working memory, semantic memory, episodic memory encoding, episodic memory retrieval, priming, and pro- cedural memory. The Review by Region section identifies the processes typically associated with different prefron- tal, temporal, parietal, occipital, and subcortical regions. Methodological Considerations Noninvasive functional neuroimaging methods can be classified into two broad groups, electromagnetic tech- D 2000 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12:1, pp. 1 ± 47

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Page 38: cabeza and nyberg, 2000 - review of fMRI Studies

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Page 39: cabeza and nyberg, 2000 - review of fMRI Studies

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Page 40: cabeza and nyberg, 2000 - review of fMRI Studies

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