campbell outline biology - napa valley college pages …napavalley.edu/people/sburns/documents/biol...
TRANSCRIPT
1
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
CAMPBELL
BIOLOGYReece • Urry • Cain • Wasserman • Minorsky • Jackson
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
TENTH
EDITION
1Evolution, the
Themes of Biology,
and Scientific Inquiry
Dr Burns
NVC
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Outline
Introduction
Class organization, exams, grading
Levels of Organization
Energy
Characteristics of life.
Evolution
How do we organize the biological world
How do we study biology? What is the scientific method, how
do we set up an experiment.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Course Overview
Biol 120 is a general biology class for science
majors
This class will focus on the cellular and molecular
aspects of biology
After this class you will take Zoology and/or
Botany.
The prerequisite for this class is Chemistry 120.
You will need a good understanding of basic
chemistry including metric system, molarity,
atoms, and bonding
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Path to Success
Lecture attendance is critical for success in this course, most of the material that you are required to master is given in lecture.
Come to lecture prepared. Read the assigned chapter before lecture.
Do the homework assigned on the Mastering Biology website.
Review material after each class, focus on the “important concepts”. Make study notes.
Study daily, don’t cram for exams.
Come to office hours
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Exams
There are four lecture exams and one final exam.
The final will be comprehensive
There will be two lab practical exams.
There may be pop quizzes given in class and lab. The quizzes will not be announced ahead of time. They are given at the start or end of class/lab. There is no make-up for missed pop quizzes (Come to class/lab on time)
There will be homework assigned on the Mastering Biology website
Exams will cover: The lectures and reading
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Early Exams
If you need to take the exam early, contact me as
soon as possible.
Early exams will only be allowed in rare cases.
2
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Late Exams
If you have to miss an exam, you must contact me before the exam. If you have a documented medical excuse, you may make up the exam.
But you must contact me before the scheduled exam. If you don’t contact me before the scheduled exam you will receive zero points for the exam.
There will be no make up exams for the final, you will receive zero points if you miss the final.
There are no make ups for the lab practicals
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Exams
If you miss an exam and don’t contact me
before the scheduled exam you will receive
zero points for the exam.
You may leave a message for me on my phone,
or the biology dept phone number or email me.
All make-up exams are given during the last
week of lecture (the week before finals).
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cheating
Cheating will not be tolerated
If you cheat you will receive a zero for the exam and your name will be given to the VP of student services. A second incident will result in a zero in course.
During exams, all packs, bags, phones, notes, jackets, hats, etc will be left at the front of the class.
If you have notes or a cell phone with you at your desk during an exam you will receive a zero for the exam.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cheating
If you copy answers from another student you will be given a zero for the exam/homework.
Plagiarism is a form of cheating, if you copy information from the internet, books, friends, etcand use it as your own work in a report, you will receive zero points.
If you cheat, a report will be submitted to the VP of Student Services.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Course Points
Midterm Exams = 150 points (600 pts total)
Final Exam = 200 pts
Lab exams = 60 points each (120 pts total)
Quizzes = 5 -10 points each
Lab Participation= 28 points
Homework = 5-20
Mastering Biology = 50 points
In general the course will be graded on a straight 90, 80,
70, 60%
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Lab
There will be 2 exams given in the laboratory, covering the material in laboratory.
Read the lab assignment prior to the lab.
3
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Lab
Occasionally laboratory time may be used to cover material that will be covered in the lecture exam.
I will check lab notebooks at the end of each lab period – therefore to get the points for the lab you need to be present at the beginning and the end of each lab
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
How many lecture exams (not including the final) are there?
1. One
2. Two
3. Three
4. Four
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Is the final comprehensive?
1. Yes
2. No
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Can you take an exam early?
1. Yes
2. No
3. Possibly, if you contact me
early, and have permission
Yes
No
Possib
ly, i
f you co
ntact
me ..
.
33%33%33%
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Can you take an exam late?
1. Sure – no problem
2. No possible way
3. Yes, if you contact me
before the scheduled exam,
and have a documented
medical excuse
Sure
– n
o pr
oble
m
No p
ossib
le w
ay
Yes
, if y
ou co
ntact
m...
33%33%33%
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Can you make up missed quizzes
1. Yes
2. No
3. Yes, with a medical excuse
Yes N
o
Yes
, with
a m
edic
al ..
.
33%33%33%
4
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
The biosphere
Ecosystems
Tissues
Organs andorgan systems
Communities
Populations
Organisms
OrganellesCells
Atoms
Molecules
Figure 1.4
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Molecules and Atoms
Molecules
Atoms
Chlorophyllmolecule
Molecule consists of two or more atoms bonded together,
atoms are the smallest unit of an element.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Organelles
Chloroplast
1 m
Organelles
Organelles are membrane-bound internal compartment in
cells for specialized functions
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cell
The cell is the smallest unit with the capacity to live and
reproduce independently or as part of a multi-celled organism
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Tissues
Tissues are organized collections of cells that function
together in a specialized function
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Organs
Organs are a combination of tissues that function together for
a particular function.
5
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Multi-celled Organism
Multi-celled Organism = Individual consisting of
interdependent cells typically organized in tissues, organs, and
organ system © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Population
A population is a group of individuals of the same species,
living together in the same area
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Communities
Communities are populations of all species living together in
the same area
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ecosystem
An ecosystem consists of all the living things in a particular
area, along with all the nonliving components of the
environment with which life interacts.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Biosphere
Biosphere: All regions of the Earth’s crust, water, and
atmosphere with all the living species.© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
All of the gray squirrels that inhabit Skyline Park
describes a/an:
1. Ecosystem
2. Biosphere
3. Community
4. Population
1 2 3 4 5
20% 20%20%20%20%
6
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Life Requires the Transfer and Transformation of
Energy and Matter
The input of energy from the sun and the
transformation of energy from one form to
another make life possible
When organisms use energy to perform work,
some energy is lost to the surroundings as heat
As a result, energy flows through an ecosystem,
usually entering as light and exiting as heat
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.9
ENERGY FLOW
Light
energy HeatChemical
energy
Plants take
up chemicals
from the soil
and air.
Chemicals
Decomposers
return
chemicals
to the soil.
Chemicals
pass to
organisms
that eat the
plants.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Organisms Interact with Other Organisms and the
Physical Environment
Every organism interacts with its environment,
including nonliving factors and other organisms
Both organisms and their environments are
affected by the interactions between them
For example, a tree takes up water and
minerals from the soil and carbon dioxide from
the air; the tree releases oxygen to the air
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Animals eat
leaves and fruit
from the tree.
Leaves take incarbon dioxidefrom the airand releaseoxygen.
Sunlight
CO2
O2
Cycling
of
chemical
nutrients
Leaves fall tothe ground andare decomposedby organismsthat returnminerals to thesoil.
Water andminerals inthe soil aretaken up bythe treethroughits roots.
Leaves absorblight energy fromthe sun.
Figure 1.5
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.6
Heat
Producers absorb lightenergy and transform it intochemical energy.
Chemicalenergy
Chemical energy infood is transferredfrom plants toconsumers.
(b) Using energy to do work(a) Energy flow from sunlight toproducers to consumers
Sunlight
An animal’s musclecells convertchemical energyfrom food to kineticenergy, the energyof motion.
When energy is usedto do work, someenergy is converted tothermal energy, whichis lost as heat.
A plant’s cells usechemical energy to dowork such as growingnew leaves.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Structure and Function Are Correlated at All Levels of
Biological Organization: Form Fits Function.
Structure and function of living organisms are
closely related
For example, a leaf is thin and flat, maximizing
the capture of light by chloroplasts
For example, the structure of a bird’s wing is
adapted to flight
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
7
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.7
(a) Wings(b) Wing bones
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Is it alive?
Sounds like an easy question to answer.
Usually we can look at something and know if it alive.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Is it alive?
But sometimes it is not as easy to tell
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Looking closer you see signs of life
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms
1. Contain biological molecules including:
Proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and
lipids
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
8
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms
2. Cellular
Cells are the smallest unit of life
Some organisms are composed of only one
cells (unicellular)
Other organisms are composed of many cells
(multicellular)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Cell Is an Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function
The cell is the lowest level of organization that
can perform all activities required for life
All cells
Are enclosed by a membrane
Use DNA as their genetic information
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cells
A eukaryotic cell has membrane-enclosed
organelles, the largest of which is usually the
nucleus
By comparison, a prokaryotic cell is simpler
and usually smaller, and does not contain a
nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Eukaryotic cell
Prokaryotic cell
Cytoplasm
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Nucleus
(membrane-
enclosed)
Membrane
Membrane-
enclosed organelles
DNA (throughout
nucleus) 1 m
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms
3. Reproduce
Simple one celled animals may reproduce
asexually by dividing in half – producing two
identical cells
More complex multi-celled organisms may
reproduce sexually, when genetic material is
combined to produce a unique individual
organism
9
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms
4. Acquire and use energy - Metabolism
Metabolism is all the chemical reactions that
occur in a living organism
Energy is taken in and used to perform work
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms
5. Growth and Development
Through metabolism, organisms obtain energy
from nutrients and use this energy to grow and
development
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms
6. Respond to environment
Living organisms detect stimuli and
respond to it. This can include
movement
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms
7. Maintain Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the relatively constant and self-
correcting internal environment of living
organisms
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Feedback Mechanisms Regulate Biological Systems
Feedback mechanisms allow biological processes
to self-regulate
Negative feedback means that as more of a
product accumulates, the process that creates it
slows and less of the product is produced
Positive feedback means that as more of a
product accumulates, the process that creates it
speeds up and more of the product is produced
10
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Animation: Negative Feedback
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Animation: Positive Feedback
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms
8. Populations of living organisms evolve and
have adaptive traits
Adaptive traits are those traits that
help you survive and reproduce
Members of the population that have
adaptive traits survive better than
members that lack those traits
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is not necessarily a characteristic of
life?
1. respond to environmental changes
2. metabolism
3. multicellular
4. reproduction
resp
ond to e
nviro
nmenta
l c...
meta
bolism
multi
cellu
lar
repro
ductio
n
25% 25%25%25%
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What is the lowest level of biological organization
that can perform all the activities required for life?
1. organelle
2. cell
3. tissue
4. organ system
5. organism
1. org
anelle
2. cel
l
3. tiss
ue
4. org
an sy
stem
5. org
anism
20% 20%20%20%20%
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classifying the Diversity of Life
Approximately 1.8 million species have been
identified and named to date, and thousands
more are identified each year
Estimates of the total number of species that
actually exist range from 10 million to over 100
million
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
11
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Taxonomy
Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Taxonomy
Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names
and classifies species into groups of increasing
breadth
Domains, followed by kingdoms, are the
broadest units of classification
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Three Domains
Three domains:
Bacteria – (Eubacteria) prokaryotic (no nucleus)
Archaea – prokaryotic (no nucleus)
Eukarya – Eukaryotic, have a nucleus
(a) Domain Bacteria (b) Domain Archaea
(c) Domain Eukarya
2
m
2
m
100 m
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Fungi
Protists
Kingdom Animalia
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.15a
(a) Domain Bacteria
2
m
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.15b
(b) Domain Archaea
2
m
12
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Kingdoms in Domain Eukarya:
Protist – most are unicellular, all are eukaryotic
Protozoans, algae, water mold, slime mold
Plantae – multicellular, produce their own food
using photosynthesis, eukaryotic, have cell walls
Fungi – do not photosynthesize, absorb
nutrients through hyphae, eukaryotic, have cell
walls
Animalia – multicellular, ingest other organisms
for food, eukaryotic, lack cell walls
(c) Domain Eukarya
100 m
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Fungi
Protists
Kingdom Animalia
Species
Ursus
Ursidae
Carnivora
Mammalia
Ursus americanus
(American black bear)
Chordata
Animalia
Eukarya
Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Binomial system
Binomial system of nomenclature
Names and classifies organisms
Basic unit is a species
Closely related species are grouped together in a genus (plural = genera)
Each species assigned a two-part name:
Name = genus and species (in italics)
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Example
Gray wolf = Canis lupus (C. lupus)
Red wolf = Canis rufus (C. rufus)
Coyote = Canis latrans (C. latrans)
All of these are members of the Canis genus
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Evolution, the Overarching Theme of Biology
Organisms are modified descendants of
common ancestors
Evolution explains patterns of unity and diversity
in living organisms
Similar traits among organisms are explained by
descent from common ancestors
Differences among organisms are explained by
the accumulation of heritable changes
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
13
Unity in the Diversity of Life
A striking unity underlies the diversity of life; for
example
DNA is the universal genetic language common
to all organisms
Unity is evident in many features of cell structure
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cilia ofParamecium
15 m
Cross section of a cilium, as viewedwith an electron microscope
0.1 m
Cilia ofwindpipecells
5 m
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection
Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by
Means of Natural Selection in 1859
Darwin made two main points
Species showed evidence of “descent with
modification” from common ancestors
Natural selection is the mechanism behind “descent
with modification”
Darwin’s theory explained the duality of unity and
diversity
Figure 1.16
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Darwin’s Observations
1. There is variation between individuals in a
species
2. Organisms produce more offspring than can
survive
3. Organisms compete for resources, those
with adaptive traits are better able to
survive
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Population Dynamics
Malthus proposed that populations increase
geometrically but human food supplies
increase arithmetically.
14
POPULATION
FOOD SUPPLY
Population with
varied inherited
traits
Elimination of
individuals with
certain traits
Reproduction of
survivors
Increasing frequency oftraits thatenhancesurvival andreproductivesuccess
1 2 3 4
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Natural Selection
In other words, the environment “selects” for the
propagation of beneficial traits
Darwin called this process natural selection
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Evolution
Evolution is a genetically based change in a
population over successive generations
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Natural Selection
Darwin proposed that natural selection could
cause an ancestral species to give rise to two or
more descendent species
For example, the finch species of the
Galápagos Islands are descended from a
common ancestor
Evolutionary relationships are often illustrated
with treelike diagrams that show ancestors and
their descendants
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Fig. 1.6
15
COMMON
ANCESTOR
Green warbler finch
Certhidea olivacea
Gray warbler finch
Certhidea fusca
Sharp-beaked
ground finch
Geospiza difficilis
Vegetarian finch
Platyspiza crassirostris
Mangrove finch
Cactospiza heliobates
Woodpecker finch
Cactospiza pallida
Medium tree finch
Camarhynchus pauper
Large tree finch
Camarhynchus psittacula
Small tree finch
Camarhynchus parvulus
Large cactus
ground finch
Geospiza conirostris
Cactus ground finch
Geospiza scandens
Small ground finch
Geospiza fuliginosa
Medium ground finch
Geospiza fortis
Large ground finch
Geospiza magnirostris
Insect-ea
ters
Seed
-eater B
ud
-eater
Insect-ea
ters
Tree fin
ches
Gro
un
d fin
ches
Seed
-eaters
Cactu
s-flow
er-ea
ters
Warb
ler finch
es
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Evolution
Population = A group of individuals of the same
species, living together in the same area
A species is one kind of similar organisms
whose members can interbreed with each other,
and are reproductively isolated from other
groups.
Populations can evolve (change over time) and
adapt to its environment
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Evolution
There are differences between organisms in a
population
Adaptations = characteristics that give an
organism an advantage – increasing its chance
to survive and reproduce.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Tree of Life
“Unity in diversity” arises from “descent with
modification”
For example, the forelimb of the bat, human,
and horse and the whale flipper all share a
common skeletal architecture
Fossils provide additional evidence of
anatomical unity from descent with modification
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Evidence for Evolution
Fossil Record
Age of the Earth – 4.5 billion years old
Life on Earth – 3.5 billion years old
Genetics
Comparative anatomy
Molecular evidence – DNA, proteins
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection
Fossils and other
evidence document the
evolution of life on Earth
over billions of years
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
16
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Important concepts
Reading for next lecture: Chapter 2
Know the vocabulary covered in the lecture
What are the characteristics of living organisms
Know the definition of evolution and natural
selection, the observations Darwin made that led
to his theory, the evidence for evolution
Understand taxonomic classification (domains,
kingdom, phylum, etc), binomial system.
Characteristics of the domains and kingdom
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Important concepts
Know the definition of evolution and natural
selection, the observations and inferences
Darwin made that led to his theory, the evidence
for evolution
Understand taxonomic classification (domains,
kingdom, phylum, etc), binomial system.
Characteristics of the domains and kingdoms