CARBOHYDRATES

CARBOHYDRATES

most abundant compounds on earthCarbohydrates are made of carbon,

hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

The formula for a carbohydrate is (CH2O)n

The n represents the number of times the CH2O unite is repeated.

ALL CARBOHYDRATES CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS EITHER:

Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

MONOSACCHARIDE

S (MONOS) A Monosaccharide is made up of

1 sugar unit. Monos are reducing sugars.

The common monosaccharides are :oGlucose oFructoseoGalactose

GLUCOSE

The chemical formula for glucose is C6H12O6

serves as the essential energy source, and is commonly known as blood sugar or dextrose.

Sources of glucose includes starch, the major storage form of carbohydrate in plant

GLUCOSE

• The structure on the left is a simplified structure of glucose

FRUCTOSE

“fruit sugar”Fructose is the sweetest,

occurs naturally in honey and fruits, and is added to many foods in the form of high-fructose corn syrup.

FRUCTOSE

• The structure on the left is a simplified structure of fructose

GALACTOSE

Galactose rarely occurs naturally as a single sugar.

Galactose is not normally found in nature in large quantities, however, it combines with glucose to form lactose in milk

GALACTOSE

• The structure on the left is a simplified structure of galactose

GLYCOSIDIC BOND

This is when two monosaccharides join to form a Disaccharide. The reaction involves the water been given off.

DISACCHARIDES means “two sugars” formed by a condensation

reaction where one molecule of water condenses or is released during the joining of two monosaccharides

The common disaccharides are: sucrose lactose maltose

SUCROSE

sucrose is found in common table sugar

It is composed of glucose and fructose

found naturally in plants: sugarcane, sugar beets, honey and maple syrup

SUCROSE

Glucose + Fructose = SUCROSE

LACTOSE

“milk sugar” it is composed of galactose and

glucose It is found in milk and milk

products

The bond formed between two monosaccharides is called a beta glycosidic bond

LACTOSE

Glucose + Galactose = LACTOSE

MALTOSE

derives its name from its presence in malt, the juice from sprouted barley and other cereal grains

is the final disaccharide and consists of two glucose joined by an alpha glycosidic bond

MALTOSE

Glucose + Glucose = MALTOSE

POLYSACCHARIDES

are usually monomers and consist of thousands of repeating glucose units.

Types of Polysaccharides• Starch• Glycogen• Cellulose

STARCH the major storage form of

carbohydrate in plants Found in rice, corn, barley,

potatoes, tubers, and legumes Starch consists of two

compounds: Amylose – this is made up of a single chain of α glucose molecules that form spirals

amylopectin – this is made up of branched chains of α glucose

Amylose

Amylopectin

GLYCOGEN

• Storage form of glucose in the body•Provides a rapid release of energy when needed

CELLULOSE form cell walls in plant cells

also called fiber or ruffage

The role of cellulose is to impart strength and rigidity to plant cell walls, which can withstand high hydrostatic pressure gradients.

The polysaccharide cellulose is composed of glucose units connected by β glycosidic bonds

THANK YOU! -jastine