Remaking SocietyBy: Jester Refuerzo, Michael Yoon, and

Carl Malagodi

1.Urbanization and Urban Problems

Jester

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Urbanization and Urban Problems

- Market revolution of the economy led to a dramatic growth in cities and towns from 1820-1850

- Urban population reached 6 million by 1850

- Urbanization in the East was most prominent due to cities such as Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and specifically New York being centers for foreign trade

- Eastern cities were also promoted by the development of the factory system during the Industrial Revolution

Urbanization and Urban Problems (pt. 2)

- Mass migration by immigrants led to inexpensive and shoddy houses along crowded neighborhoods

- Large problem with sanitation, safety, and pollution (air and water due to the factories)

- Local officials were unable to cope with the large growth of cities; could not enforce law of tax-raising structures effectively

- Public works projects were expensive

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2. New Reform Movements

Michael

New Reform Movements

- By the 1830s, the democratic spirit of the age, the expansion westward, and increasing prosperity created the hope that Americans could improve the society as a whole

- Examples of reform movements: abolitionism, women’s rights, religious reform movements, and the temperance movement

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3. Revivalism, Morality, and Order

Carl

Revivalism, Morality and Order

- The Second Great Awakening gave rise to a revival in religion among everyone, but especially Protestants

- The Second Great Awakening was focused on a push toward personal betterment as a way to reach perfection

- The Second Great Awakening was centered around rejecting Calvinist ideas and embracing unitarianism, universalism, and European romanticism

- The Second Great Awakening opened up opportunities for women and put an emphasis on making abolition happen

- The main effect for women was an increase for opportunities in the church such as membership and leadership positions

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Revivalism, Morality and Order (pt. 2)

- The Protestant Reformation was a direct result of the Second Great Awakening that was strongest in the 1820s and said that the traditional Calvinist beliefs were obsolete and that a religious revival required effort from everyone, not a gift from God

- The Protestant Revolution agreed with transcendentalism /utilitarianism that everyone had a chance at salvation; in contrast with the previously popular Calvinist beliefs of “predestination” which said that only a select group of people could gain salvation

- The biggest gathering of Second Great Awakening supporters was at Cane Ridge

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4. Revivalism in the Burned-Over

DistrictJester

Revivalism in the Burned-Over District

- Region of New York along the Erie Canal which was a place of frequent religious awakenings

- Revivalism efforts by Charles Grandison Finney

- Preached against traditional Calvinist doctrines of predestination and individual human helplessness and instead advocated for individual spiritual rebirth and salvation

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Revivalism in the Burned-Over District (pt.2)

- Successful in burned-over district in part because of the construction of the canal which brought a transformation in local economy as well as local society

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5. Finney’s Doctrine of Personal

RegenerationMichael

Finney’s Doctrine of Personal Regeneration

- In Rochester, NY, Finney staged his series of emotional religious meetings that aroused the community

- Had success in mobilizing women especially (provided male relatives revivalism)

- Became not only a means of personal salvation but a mandate for reform of their society

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6. The Temperance Crusade

Carl

The Temperance Crusade

- The temperance crusade was a movement in the 18th century and the 19th century to curb the consumption of alcohol

- This movement was started by Benjamin Rush’s work “An Inquiry Into the Effects of Ardent Spirits Upon the Human Body and Mind” that said that excessive use of alcohol was bad for your physical and mental health

- This work was due to the amount of alcoholism in antebellum era America, this high level of alcoholism led husbands to purchase drinks with their limited funds instead of necessities needed by their families

- Many linked the high levels of alcoholism among fathers and husbands and high levels of domestic abuse

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The Temperance Crusade (pt. 2)

- In antebellum America, alcoholism was an even bigger problem than it has been recently, partially due to more grain farmers providing more alcohol and also due to the lack of things of things to do in small western towns

- In eastern cities, drinking was a socially acceptable pastime and eased the loneliness of working

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7. American Society for the Promotion of

TemperanceJester

American Society for the Promotion of Temperance

- Started in the late-18th century but gained momentum when new reformers pushed it to new heights in the early to mid-19th century

- The American Society for the Promotion of Temperance and the Washington Temperance Society emerged as notable groups (1826 and 1840 respectively)

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American Society for the Promotion of Temperance (pt.2)

- ASPT utilized techniques of revivalism in preaching abstinence while WTS represented over a million people who signed a formal pledge to forgo hard liquor; WTS did this by organizing large groups of workers who confessed their past sins

- Division amongst the temperance movement when certain advocates began to include beer and wine in the prohibited list of hard liquor

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American Society for the Promotion of Temperance (pt. 3)

- Division led to some demanding state legislation to restrict the sale and consumption of alcohol (ex. Maine in 1851)

- Other people insisted that temperance must rely on the efforts of the individual

- Temperance movement was an example of the promotion of moral self-improvement within individuals and discipline on society

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8. Cultural Divisions Over Alcohol

Michael

Cultural Divisions Over Alcohol

- Protestants vs. new Catholic immigrants

- Immigrants saw drinking as an important social ritual and an integral part of community

- The arrival of immigrants disturbed the restriction on alcohol and the established residents of many communities

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9. Health Fads and Phrenology

Carl

Health Fads and Phrenology

- In the 19th century, many Americans became interested in new theories surrounding health and science due to new threats to public health

- America in the 19th century was plagued by a series of outbreaks of cholera; this led to doctors and health-boards trying to come up with solutions to this issue

- These health fads included a “water cure” where the sick person was submerged in hot or cold water to heal them; this actually did have therapeutic effects but they were miniscule.

- Sylvester Graham suggested a healthier diet as a solution to the cholera outbreaks, such as fruits and vegetables with bread instead of meat

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Health Fads and Phrenology (pt. 2)

- Phrenology is the science of studying a person’s cranium and drawing conclusions about their intelligence and personality from that

- The main focus of phrenology was the size of the head and the indentation in it

- The theory was that the brain had different organs and that the study of the head would make a doctor able to draw conclusions about a person

- This was eventually used to further racism, as Europeans set their heads as the standard for the perfect human; other races were by definition inferior

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10. Medical ScienceJester

Medical Science

- Was always behind when it came to advancements due to greater difficulty of experimentation since it required human subjects and due to the character of the medical profession

- Biggest problem facing American medicine was the absence of basic knowledge about disease

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Medical Science (pt.2)

- Development of anesthetics by a dentist named William Morton in 1844; used sulphuric ether to help his patients

- A surgeon named John Warren began to use sulphuric ether to sedate his patients that same year

- Method was met with resistance by traditional physicians who mistrusted innovation and experimentation

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11. Discovery of Contagion

Michael

Discovery of Contagion

- Although there was difficulty for doctors to make progress in treating disease, progress towards the discovery of germ theory occurred in antebellum South

- Oliver Wendell Holmes concluded that disease could be transmitted from one person to another; at first it met criticism, but was later vindicated

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12. Public SchoolsCarl

Public Schools

- The central government wanted to support the growth of public education due to the rise of the value of education in the 19th century

- Republican values demanded that all people were given similar opportunities in life, such as an equal education

- The main result of this demand for schools was a burst of colleges usually sponsored by wealthy men

- The first state-sponsored universities were in North and South Carolina in 1795; they were founded in part because of federal land grants

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13. Reforming Education

Jester

Reforming Education

- No universal public school system as of 1830

- Interest in public education increased in the later 1830s however which reflected the new beliefs of innate capacity within individuals

- Also a reflection of the desire to expose students to stable social values as a way to resist instability

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Reforming Education (pt. 2)

- Greatest educational reformer was Horace Mann (first sec. of the Massachusetts Board of Education

- Believed that education was the only way to protect democracy since it would lead to an informed electorate

- Lengthened academic year (6 months), doubled teachers’ salaries, enriched the curriculum, and introduced new methods of professional training for teachers

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14. Rapid Growth of Public Education

Michael

Rapid Growth of Public Education

- Built new schools, created teacher colleges, and offered new groups of children access to education

- Henry Barnard helped produce a new educational system in CT and RI

- Pennsylvania passed law appropriating state funds for universal education

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Rapid Growth of Public Education (pt. 2)

- Governor William Seward of NY extended public support of schools

- By the 1850s, the principle of tax-supported elementary schools had been accepted to all states

- However, great majority of Native Americans remained outside the reach of educational reform

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15. Achievements of Educational Reform

Carl

Achievements of Educational Reform

- Prior to the educational reforms of the 19th century, only wealthy white males had widespread access to education

- While African-Americans did have public schools, most families could not afford them

- Most girls had to do housework instead of going to school

- The educational reforms of the 19th century were a result of the newly popular values of the innate power of everyone to achieve their potential and to expose everyone to these new societal values

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Achievements of Educational Reform (pt. 2)

- Connecticut, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, and New York all followed Massachusetts’ example in trying to provide a quality public education

- The major accomplishments of the educational reforms was the betterment of public school, and the much higher percentage of kids who could attend public school; this was accomplished largely by making public schools tax-funded

- These accomplishments culminated in the amazingly high literacy rates of America before the Civil War; 94% of the North and 84% of the South white population could read.

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16. The Benevolent Empire

Jester

The Benevolent Empire

- The Benevolent Empire was a network of charitable activities that sparked the creation of new institutions for the handicapped

- One of them was the Perkins School for the Blind (first such school in America)

- Was a great example of the romantic impulse of the era since it showed that even the handicapped could discover inner strength and wisdom

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17. Rehabilitation Michael

Rehabilitation

- The Asylum Movement: the creation of “asylums” for criminals and the mentally ill

- Prison Reform: the rise of solitary confinement as a popular method for punishment, along with penitentiaries that allowed people to reflect silently

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18. The Asylum Movement

Carl

The Asylum Movement

- The issue of mental health was a much different subject in the 18th century; problems were seen as a spiritual problem instead of a physical issue with your brain

- This began to change in the 19th century with mental problems being seen as a problem with your brain; this was in part due to new enlightenment thinking

- Prior to the asylum reform, insane people were confined to terrible jail conditions; many locked in horrible basements

- The asylum reform led to much better treatment of insane people; this was in large part because of advocates like Dorothea Dix, who campaigned for better living conditions in places like hospitals for the mentally ill

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19. Prison ReformJester

Prison Reform

- Jail conditions were horrible; most jails were simply holes in the ground

- People could be imprisoned for being in debt

- Popular form of punishment was solitary confinement

- Penitentiaries allowed people to reflect to themselves silently which led many people to go insane

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Prison Reform (pt. 2)

- Creation of “asylums” were attempts to curb the abuses of the old system and to reform/rehabilitate the inmates

- Some prison reformers believed that the asylum could serve as a model for other environments like schools and factories

- Eventually led to penitentiaries/mental hospitals/prisons becoming overcrowded and the ideal fading

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20. Religion Reform Movements

Michael

Religion Reform Movements

- Beginning of Mormonism (Joseph Smith: established Mormonism and developed a community in Salt Lake City)

- Second Great Awakening (gave rise to a revival amongst the Protestants)

- Charles Finney’s Doctrine of Personal Regeneration and Revivalism in the Burned-Over District

- Evangelical Protestantism added strength to the temperance crusade

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21. The Second Great Awakening

Carl

The Second Great Awakening

- This movement had its roots in the rejection of the Calvinist theory of predestination, a rejection that many groups like the Baptists, Methodists, and Universalists followed

- The Second Great Awakening said that all people were capable of salvation; held meetings in New Jersey specifically where they were concerned by low church attendance rates

- Charles Finney was a famous Evangelist who became famous for his revivalist ceremonies that used common language to educate the public about their abilities to give themselves salvation

- The Second Great Awakening ultimately democratized America, especially Christians, because the commoners were encouraged to participate in meeting in the church; some commoners even chose to become ministers

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22. A “Preaching”Jester

A “Preaching”

- Was a description by Anne Royal who attended a “camp meeting” in Alabama in 1830

- Talked about the Cumberland Presbyterians and their rituals

- Included dancing, shouting, singing, jumping, and tumbling on the ground

- Tone of the excerpt was professional and descriptive, not meant to poke fun at the Cumberland Presbyterians

- Descriptions such as these were common as “camp meetings” became common when religious revivalism swept the country

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23. Reform Movements and the

Rise of FeminismMichael

Reform Movements and the Rise of Feminism

- Women faced traditional gender restrictions and barriers from doctrine of “separate spheres”

- Sarah and Angelina Grimké: abolitionists who ignored attacks from men and argued that men and women are created equal

- Catherine Beecher, Harriet Stanton, and Dorothea Dix pressed at the boundaries of acceptable female behavior

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24. Women’s RightsCarl

Women’s Rights

- As a whole in 19th century, American women gained more rights in America than in any other time period in American history

- This was largely due to the utopian ideals that people were trying to hold society to like republican values and transcendentalist theory; both supported feminism at their core

- One example of these movements was the Oneida Community, where traditional notions of marriage were disregarded and all residents were together

- One of the most important figures in this time period in gaining rights for women was the transcendentalist, Margaret Fuller; she was one of the first independent American women who changed many people's perspectives on what a women could be

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25. American Feminists in London

Jester

American Feminists in London

- 1840: a group of American female delegates arrived at an anti slavery convention in London

- Were prohibited to enter the convention by a group of men who were in charge of the event

- All of the delegates were furious by this which led to many of the delegates (Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton especially) trying to elevate the status of women over the next several years

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26. Seneca Falls Convention

Michael

Seneca Falls Convention

- Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton decided first duty as reformers would be elevate status of women, pointing parallels between plight of women and plight of slaves

- They organized a meeting in Seneca Falls, NY and developed “Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions” (demanded the right to vote)

- More important for its rejection

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27. Declaration of Sentiments

Carl

Declaration of Sentiments

- The Declaration of Sentiments was a document drafted by Elizabeth Cady Stanton that was modeled after the Declaration of Independence

- The idea for the Declaration came from the group of women who gathered at the Seneca Falls Convention to discuss the growth of women’s rights in America

- This Declaration was in part successful due to its connection to the Declaration of Independence, one of the biggest signs of liberty in America

- The Declaration was mostly focused on showing that the current laws in America were targeted to make women subjective to men and that must be changed due to women also being citizens of the US who should have equal rights as the men of the US

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28. Limited Progress for Women

Jester

Limited Progress for Women

- Overall progress toward feminist goals was not substantial during the antebellum years

- Instead, individual women broke social barriers to advancement

- Ex. Elizabeth Blackwell was a popular physician, Antoinette Brown Blackwell became the first ordained woman minister in the US, and Lucy Stone retained her maiden name after marriage (was a revolutionary action)

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Limited Progress for Women (pt. 2)

- Some women worked on behalf of education (ex. Emma Willard founded the Troy Female Seminary in 1821 and Catharine Beecher founded the Hartford Female Seminary in 1823)

- Some women expressed feminist sentiments by adopting a distinct style of dress (ex. the “bloomer” costume which was introduced by Fanny Kemble and named after Amelia Kremble)

- Was very controversial which led to its abandonment

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Limited Progress for Women (pt. 3)

- Some irony in the rise of interest for the rights of women; benefitted from other reform movements but also suffered from them

- Most direct reform movement that affected the women’s rights movements was abolitionism

- The demands of women were assigned a secondary position to the greater issue of the rights of slaves

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29. National Organization for Women (NOW)

Michael

National Organization for Women (NOW)

- Founded in 1966- Called for equal employment

opportunity and equal pay for women

- Championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution

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https://play.kahoot.it/#/k/6823438e-d053-417c-8624-436268e60481

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