carolingian coinage / by karl f. morrison ; with the collab. of henry grunthal

7/26/2019 Carolingian coinage / by Karl F. Morrison ; with the collab. of Henry Grunthal

1/535

R R I S O N

T H A

NNU M SMAT CSO C E T

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T S AN M O NO G R A H S

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C ASS F I CAT O NO F CAR O L I NG ANCO I NS....I

AT O N O F T P E S 22

32

6 5

A H Y A ND K E Y T O AB B R E V I A T O NS U S D I N TH E

C H AR L E MA GN

L O U I S TH E P I O U S

C H AR L E S TH E B A D

F F I N D S33 9

S 33 9

S 38

R R I S O N- GR U N TH A 4 1

R I S O N- GR U N T H A 4 3 3

CA TA O G U E

NS CR I P T O N S4 41

SCR I P T O NS AND G N R A 448

I NV E N TO R Y O F F I N D S 4 2

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7/535

l l s unhappy time notonlyweresomethingsof

hehousesofthe Churchandofthereligiouswere

swerealienatedfromthebishopric.And thosefew

htsustenancefromtrade andtheyboundhere

theleavesofbooksthecoins whichtheyac uired

V i t a Sa n ct i R e m i gi i p r ef a ce M G H S S . R e r . Me r . I I l

ndedtobe auniformclassificationof

Carolingianseries.I tcomprisesthree

othematerial aninventoryoffinddata

ecataloguewascompiledin fortunate

enryGrunthaloftheAmericanNumismatic

st thelong-neglectedCarolingiansection

hassince 1957becomeoneofthelargestand

ntheworld hehasbroughtthissame

tha lif e time se perience innumismatics

theintroductoryremarks theorderofclassi-

nofthe finddata I assumesolerespon-

I havewishedtodonothingmorethanto

vey forthetruecorpuswhich hope w ill

eworkoftheSyllogeCommitteeofthe

snowrevolutioni ingthestudyofAnglo-

hassetane ampletowhichscholarsinother

mismaticsmustrise forithas shownthe

asdefinitiveanycataloguewhichdoes

andobverseofeverycoinor atleast o fevery

rthew eight die -a is andprovenanceof

roventhat suchageneralsurveyofa national

ybeundertakenfor eachcollectionsepa-

tataskforone scholartoassumealone.Mr.

haveattemptedto introducethesenew stan-

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mismaticswithourSyllogeofCarolingian

eum andw ehopethatourco lleaguesw ill

learning towhatmustbea j ointeffort.

meneedforaw ork of reconna issance andI

entbooktomeetthatneed.

atauniformclassificationof thissortwas

studentintheA mericanNumismaticSociety

7 , I f ounditnecessary toconsultthe indepen-

adictory andincompletecataloguesofGariel

mplaryw orksforthe irt imes Gariel scata logue

on( thebulkofwhichis nowintheStaat-

andProu scata logueof theB iblio the ue

abinetdidnotonthew hole includetypesfound

chtheyinventoried althoughGarielmade

oincludereferencesto theciviccollections

tothecabinetsof theB ibliothe ueNationa le

oya le( B russels , andtosevera lprivateco l-

.The cataloguesalsomadetheworkof

venient forhehadto classifythetypes

undertwonumbers andtheyafforded

ergentattributionswithoutanystate-

wedin datingandattributingtheseries.

gue w ehopethatthisconfusionw illbe

ned andthattheshortcomingsofthe

willbelargelyrectified.E veryefforthas

ypespresentlyk now n w ehavenot how -

resentanybutma orvariants and underany

es theremaybeasmanyminorvariants

ned.Wehavealso surveyedasmanycollec-

thosewhomaywishtofollowourclassi-

wehavecollatedtheclassificationsofGariel

heneverappropriate wehavementioned

stheycatalogued arrangingothercoins

othecabinetswhichownthem.E x cept

" w hichseemstousmoree actthanthe

rd w ehaveconformedtotheaccepted

ion ourrulehasbeentoconfessuncerta int .

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therthanto ha ardaguesswhichmight

shedfact.

uldbedone onlybyvisitingthewidely

dI amunderaheavyobligationtotheA meri-

oritsGraduateF e llow ship( 1959/ 0 , to

icalSocietyforagrant-in-aidfromthe

1 a n d to t h e Am e ri c an C ou n ci l o f L e a r ne d S o-

9 3-4 w hichmadethispossible . The

cietyhasalsomostgenerouslygranteda

erials theD eutschesArchaeologisches

h l em r e ce i ve d m ea s a g ue s t in 1 9 0 w h en I

llection theU niversityofMinnesotapro-

heGraduateSchoolR esearchF unds

e a n E . M c D i a rm i d o f t he C o ll e ge o f S ci e nc e L i t er a -

iversityofMinnesota verykindlyassigned

copyofthecatalogue.

nthedebtofprivatepersonsw ho asidef rom

bleforstudy havemadetheworkmore

t andadvice:Mr.ChristopherB lunt

r e re S a ra i ng - su r -M e us e B e l g i um D r . E . G o se

P rofessorPhil ipGrierson Gonvil leandCaius

P r o fe s so r D r . W . H a v er n ic k a nd D r . G . H a t ,

m issionderL anderinderB undesrepublik

. - . K e l l n er P r a hi s to r is c he S a mm l un g M u ni c h

A mericanNumismaticSociety andDr.

t h m a rs c he n .

however istothe learnedinstitutionsand

theircabinetsforstudy.These arelisted

recededbythenamebywhichthey aredesig-

ee ceptionstotheruleof alphabetical

arisandB erlin indeferencetothecata-

e l theyhavebeenplacedf irst inthe listings.

Nationa le C abinetdesMedailles. M. J . B abelon

. Y v o n J . - B . G i ar d M l . J a c u i ot .

g StaatlicheMuseenzu B erlin. P ro f . Dr.

r . E . E r l e be n F r l . S. L i c ht e nb e rg F r l .

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ciety ( A NS . D r. G. Miles Mr. H. Grun-

v inciaa lMuseumvanD renthe A ssen . V iew ed

TheHague.

e ll inger New H aven C onn.

lunt R oya lNumismaticSociety L ondon.

eberdenC oinR oom B odle ianL ibrary Ox -

ho m ps o n.

rtmentofCo insandMedals fD r. J ohn

. R . H . M. Do lley formerlyA ssistantKeeper

niversity B e lfast. MissM. A rchibald A ssis-

n n a n d Mr s . J o a n M ar t in .

ueR oya le C abinetdesMddailles. M. F . B a il lon

on Mlle . J . L a llemand.

Mentsamling.D r.O .Morkholm.

. D i c ki e N e w Y o r k.

abinettdesStadtischenMuseums. Dr. F ried-

k GarrettL ibrary TheJ ohnsHopk ins

re Mary land. Mrs. S. E. F reeman.

lipGrierson Gonvil leandC aiusC o llege

w edintheR oya lC abinet TheHague.

kK abinetvanMunten P enningen enGesne-

nnovanGelder. D r. G. vanderMeer.

rica.V iewedattheAmericanNumismatic

seum. D r. M. Schluter.

d. D r. B . M. P otin C uratoro fWesternEuro-

T . H o l m es J r . C ha p el H i l l N o rt h C ar o li n a.

ersityC ollection( e WinchesterC athedra l

McC lymont B rook lyn New York .

sammlung. Dr. D . Ste inhilber.

esMuseum L eeuwarden . V iew edintheR oya l

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blicMuseum. Mr. T . A . Hulme D irector. Miss

ofA rchaeo logy .

yntkabinett. Dr. K . Sk aare .

padopo li L eMonetediV ene ia . V enice 1893.

onishousedinthe MuseoCorrer V enice.

person.

niversityL ibrary . Mr. L. C . West.

smuseumSchlesw ig. Dr. K . W. Struve.

chesLandesmuseum. D r. E . Nau.

desmuseum.Dr.E .Gose.

intheR oya lC abinet TheHague.

posto licaV aticana. P . GuyF errari D r. Miche-

mungvonMedaillen Miin en undGeld e ichen

u se u m . D r . H o l m a ir D i r e k to r . D r . B . K o c h.

yLibrary . P ro fessorA lfredB ell inger. P ro fessor

orecalltheassistancewhichthese institutions

andespeciallythatofthe membersofthe

r. R . M. H . D o lley w how elcomedmeto

kerratherthanasa visitor.Thedataoncoin

dI relandaretheresultof collaborationwith

formationontheCuerdaledepositwas much

herB lunt whoverykindlyopenedhis

thatf indtoMr. Do lleyandme.

meoftheargumentspresentedin theintro-

ose portionsoftheintroductionwhich

sarticles " TheGoldMedallionsofLouisthe

a n d th e S yn o d of P a r is ( 8 2 5 , " S p ec u lu m

1 , p p . 59 2 -5 9 9 a n d " N u mi s ma t ic s a nd C a ro l in g ia n

vidence " SpeculumX X X V I I I ( 19 3 ,

mindebtedtothe lateMr. C harlesR . D . Mille r

fora llow ingthereuseof thismateria l. Other

sybeenpublishedinmyessay ' " Mules

" NumismaticC hronicle ser. 7 vo l. 1

5234 andintw oadditiona lart iclesdoneinco llabora-

A NoteonF our' type immobilise co insof

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d s " N u mi s ma t ic C h ro n ic l e s e r. 7 v o l. 2 ( 1 9 2 ,

indsofC aro lingianC oinsf romGreatB rita in

t i sh N u mi s ma t ic J o u rn a l 3 2 ( 1 9 4 , p p . 75 - 87 .

metrologicalcalculationsnowhavebeen

ofthe kindandperceptiveadviceofMr.

eterSawyer.

Collectionareillustratedphotographi-

e.P reviously theyhavebeenknownonly

Gariel scataloguemadewhentheywere

ection.Theinclusionofthesephotographs

arygenerosityofP ro fessorP eterB erghaus

crecordofthe B erlincabinetavailable

stthank sareduea lsotoProf . D r. A . Suhle

hstobemade.

entionthosefriendswhoseunfailingkind-

thecourseofthiswork:P rofessorH oward

so r P e t e r B e r g ha u s D r . P e t er F r a nk e P r o fe s so r

fe s so r R a l p h E . G i e se y P r o fe s so r E . K a r af i ol D r .

mand P ro fessorDorisR aymond andPro-

y lieSypher. F ina lly shouldbe indeed

recallthemanykindnessesofMr. andMrs.

he" goodangels presidingovermystudiesin

fMr. andMrs. C hristopherB lunt w hoa llow edme

atreasuremoree ce llentthanthesilver

andf inersti l lthanthego ldofOf fa .

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C ASS F I CAT O NO F

NC O I N S

ents andtheymayrevealmuchabout

conditionsofthe governmentwhichstruck

eweightofmonetaryissues variationsintheir

andchangesininscriptionsand typesmaysub-

mliteraryandepigraphicalsourcesc on-

mmercialaffairs ortheymaysuggestcon-

erevidence.Thevalueof coinstothehis-

irectlyproportionatetothee actitudew ithwhich

onthisdependstheirc orrelationwithotherevi-

eringas anindependentbodyofevidence.

emainsfromtheCarolingianperiodis

nklycon ectura l. Withtherareste cep-

lngianseriescanbedatedtotheyear and

thedecade.O neseriesthe issuewhich

A D - lR E X circumscriptiona laboutamono-

s canbeascribedonly tothesi ty -year

tionbyC harlestheB ald( 8 4 andthede-

mple( 923 . A nother theseriesstruck in

iousw iththereversetypeofatempleand

A N A R E L I G O , w as i n au g ur a te d b y L o u i s th e P i o u s

inCarolingianlandsforeightyyears

ndswhichprovethiscontinuityalso

es tendtobefarmore degeneratein

tthantheearliest butthereisno evidence

cesstruckin thethirtytofortyyears j ust

mthosestruck inhislif e time.

blishingnumismaticchronologyhave

ppliedto Carolingianissues.I nscriptions

the issuesdonotbearprecisedates( asdothe

micseries andsincethetit lesascribedtothe

e ceptontheimperialaccessionof the

en thechangefromroyaltoi mperialtitles

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es:itis impossibletoseparatetheimperial

df romthoseofC harlestheF at. F urther

uently theco insw hichtheyconta in cannot

st becausetheycannotbeplacedinaparticular

asthecircumstanceswhichledtothe irbe ing

now n and secondly becausethey lack

depositswhichwoulddate them.Within

ndsdoprovethe synchronismofsomeissues

onotindicate whetherthecoinsrepresent-

dcirculation atthesametimeor onwidely

factthatkingssometimesstruckseveral

udsthequestionstillf urther. L ik ewise the

typesdoesnotaffordane actchronology

altypesusedin Carolingianissuesareso

defyascriptiontoanyspecificevent.F inally

tingisimpossibleonothergrounds metrolo -

edonly tothewholespanof thereignof

dencedoesnotwarrantattributingvarious

ithinany reignonmetrologicalarguments.

hisrule aretheissuesofCharlemagneandof

hofwhominstitutedmonetaryreformsso

ofeach isdividedintotwodiscreteseries

yle.

nttodateCarolingianissues therefore is

o f theco ins butthee ternalproofo f

story.E venthisevidenceisso fragmen-

s ambiguousastoprevente actattributions

shavetendedtoassume fore ample that

wnnameonly afterthedeathofhis pre-

meissuesofP ippin C arloman andC harle -

nd R . S e r r ur e T r ai t i de n u mi s ma t i u e d u mo ye n a ge I

A . S uh l e D i e d e u ts c he n M ii n e n d es M i tt e la l te r s 2 n d. e d . ( B e r -

. V o l c k er s " D i e C h r is t ia n a R e l ig i o- G ep r ag e E i n B e i t ra g z u r

H a m b ur g er B e i t r ag e z u r N u mi s ma t ik V I / V I I ( 1 9 52 / 3 ,

eertotheprim itive issueofL ouistheP iousw hich

rlemagne sfirstseries buttheydonotobserve

ruckcoins askingsduringthelifetimeof their

L esmonnaiesroya lesdeF rancesouslaracecaro lingienne

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anCoins

versetypes( cat. nos. 42 83 228 24 87

suesofL ouistheP iousareof theprim itivetype

shedabout790.2L othaireI seemstohave

f if teenyearsbeforehisfather sdeath and

k silverdenarii inToursandinB ordeau ,

w hileCo- mperorw ithhisfather but

actsim ilarityofotherissuesofL otha ireto

usinrespecttotit les epigraphica lsty le and

ethatL othaire smintagebeganverycon-

mesoleE mperor Thesupposition there-

antostrikecoinsin hisownnameimmediately

ngor emperor andthatCharlemagne

ingin755 thatLouistheP iousbeganhis

mperia lco inagein813 thatLotha ire I

n817 thatP ippinI ' sf irst issuew asinthe

arlestheB ald sw asin829 w henhewasde-

ia orin839 w henhewasadvancedasKing

ouldnothavemintedinLorra ineuntilhe

a s K i n g o f L o r r a in e i n 8 9 . A mo n g th e E a s t

heGermanmayhavestruck f romhisproclamation

hs s on s L o u is o f S a o n y C ar l om a n a n d Ch a rl e s

cc e ss i on i n 8 1 . L i k e wi s e L o u is I I p r ob a bl y

w henhebecameKingof theL ombards and

ayhavebegunhisin8 6 , w henhebecame

i p pi n I a n d L o t h ai r e I I s u cc e ed e d on l y at

838and855 respectively .

1 88 4 , p l. X I V , 1 M . P r ou L e s mo nn ai es c ar ol in gi en ne s ( P a ri s

i i f.

th e P i ou s n os . 45 9 4 0 4 1 .

re I , n o s. 5 5 3 5 5 5 .

y the linearreversesw hichhestruck inthe" P a lace "

M e t , T o ur s P a v ia M i la n T r ev i so a n d V e n i ce . L o t h ai 1 e s

E L I G O s e r i es a n d th e g ol d m ed a ll i on w h ic h h e st r uc k j o i nt l y

s M V N V S D I V I N V M " m e da l li o n a l s o sh o w a ve r y gr e at

ofhisfather.

uita inew iththeobverse inscription+C A R O L V SR E X

oC harlestheC hild w hoprecededLouisasK ingof

rlymid-ninthcenturyinfabric anddesign.F urther-

ow nonly inthisseries itdoesnotoccurintheattribut-

ald.

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circumstancesthwartsvirtuallyany

coinswithina reasonableperiod.Adeposit

yL othaire I andbyC harlestheB ald for

avebeenburiedbetw een840 w henLotha ire

rlesenteredinto theW estF rankishking-

istheP ious and855 w henLotha ireab-

r thedateofdepositcouldbepushedback

meofC harles sf irstproclamationasKing.

ta iningco insofLouistheP iousandL otha ire I

nytime inthethirty-eightyearsbetween

sprocla imedC o- mperor and855 instead

ween840and855. I nsomeinstances there-

tingsuggestedbythe datesofroyalacces-

rulersiswidenedso farastobe uselessin

actnumismaticchronology.

demoree actdatesforsomecritical

etaryhistory.D ecreesoftheSynodof

da lettero fA lcuinw rittentw oyearslaterrefer

ew mintage " andthussetthedateofhismone-

efore794. C onse uently theprimitive

riptionCA R o/ V Sintw olinesontheob-

earand circumscriptionalinscriptionson

efore ca.790 andthemorerefinedtypes

w edinP . Grierson " L atrouva il lemon ta iredTlan , "

er I V ( 1 9 53 , p p . 4 - 4 8 " C h ro n ol o gi a d el l e ri f or m e

" R I N1954 pp. I _151andw ithrevisedconclusions

underC harlegmagne K arlderGrosse: Persdnlichk e it

u s s e ld o rf 1 9 5 , p p . 50 f f . Gr i er s on s e a rl i er v i ew w h ic h w e

sstheposit ionadvancedbyR . Gaettens w hoarguesthat

774.H isargumentrestsuponhis newdatingofthe

anduponthesupposit ionthatC harlemagne sdemon-

ecreewasapartof hisreform.Thoughproblematical

fMantuacanbesetdefinitelyasabout787( F . L .

ssurlescapitula ires[ P aris 1958 , p. 114 , andtheev idence

oinfinds alikeindicatesthelaterdatefor there-

hedessay MaureenA . F ennell( be low n. 89 has

ysupporttoGanshof sargument whichshehas

tens " Miin enK arlsd. Gr. sow iederP apsteHadrian

. vonhistorischer staatsrechtlicherundw ahrungsgeschicht-

J ahrbuchfurNumismatik undGeldgeschichte I I ( 1950/51 ,

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anCoins5

dtitle oftheK ingcircumscriptionalabout

hek ing snameontheobverse andthename

ptionalabouteitherofthesamesymbols

datedlater. Tw odecreesofLouistheP ious

monetaryreformaccompaniedbyde-

20 7andthe increasebyLouiso f thew eight

isfatherwassurelya partofthismeasure.

issuedin832referstoco inagew hichLotha ire

mpliesgradualdemoneti ationinfavorof

ately theedictdoesnotdescribethe issue

hypothesi ethatL otha irereferredtohisonly

hepredominanttypesofL ouistheP ious a

fre uencynotonlyinthe issuesof

theearly issuesofC harlestheB aldandP ippinI

uita ine: namely anobversetypeconsistingof the

circumscriptionalaboutacross anda

f themintcitycircumscriptionalabouta

srare intheseriesofLouistheP ious and

ns 9itmust havebeeninstitutedlatein

couldw ellbethetypementionedinL otha ire s

C harlestheB aldattempted by theEdicto f

oestablishauniformtypefora llhisco inage. H ecom-

ariisnovaenostraemonetaee una. partenomen

tin medionostrinominismonogramma e

v itatisetinmediocru habeatur. 10This

seriesinscribedGR A T A D - lR E X w hich

rcumscriptionalaboutthemonogramof

sP roumainta ined theseriesw iththeobverse

r . I , p . 28 5 n o. 1 39 c . 19 p . 30 , n o. 1 50 c . 20 .

. I I , p . 6 3 n o. 2 02 c . 2: " D e m on et is i n u ir at ur q u a

uafraudevitiantureta q uibuspersonishocperpetra-

eranobisinstituta instanterf igurariprecipiantur. V erumtamen

hannisdenariumargenteumetnanf ractumcuiuscum ue

.

r . I I , p . 3 15 n o .2 7 3 c . 1 1 . S ee a l so K . . Mo r ri s on

o li n gi a n Se r ie s " J V C 1 9 1 p . 2 30 . O n t h e s o- c al l ed " t y pe

" s e e th e c om m en t s of J . L a f au r ie " D e u t r es o rs

s R N 1 9 5 p . 2 6 , e s p . n .1 .

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V S R E X F R , w h ic h o cc u rs c i rc u ms c ri p ti o na l a bo u t

tdoes aboutamonogram.Theapparent

menoftheE dictandthenomenof the

type istobee pla inedintermsofninth-century

th-centuryauthors thekinghadtwo

. " C ar o lu s ) a n d th e n om e n re g is t h e ro ya l

dwithC hrist. 11I tw asthiscombinationofnomina

esprescribedandtheGR A T A D - lR E X type

catethatthedemoneti ationwhichCharles

ec t iv e a n d th a t th e G R A T A D - l R E X t y pe w a s

romits institutionuntilthefirstyears of

eddatesinCarolingianhistory.The

l a n I f i nd ( 7 9 0- 7 9 ) , w h ic h c on t ai n s on e

ssecondperiodandnearlyone hundred

of twodirhems thelaterofwhichwas

shidin789/ 90 setsthedateofdeposit the

efind togetherwiththedocumentswe

ethatCharlemagne smonetaryreformoc-

s. Ne t documentaryev idenceplacesthe

io n s o r " s o l i di b y L o u i s t he P i o us a n d

A ndf inally thedateof theC uerda ledeposit

esty list icpreva lenceof theGR A T A D - lR E X

hcentury.14

smaticevidencecombined therefore yield

additiontoregna lyears tow ardw hichachro-

ismaticsmustbeoriented.Thehistorian

co inagereformca. 790 15andattributehisissues

h en I I I ( 8 1 , M a n si X V , 6 1 1 : " . . . n on s i ne g r av i g em i tu

ncipiadmemoriamredu imus utnonimmemor

dnominecenseturoperecompleat utre regumChristus

contulitinterris...

ersoncitedabove n. 6 .

. H . I . H . Stew art " TheNorthumbrianV ik ingC oinsin

i n R . H . M . D o l l ey e d . A n gl o -S a o n C oi n s ( L o n do n

1.

ew intero f793/4 ) , " MoneyandC oinageunderC harle -

p p . 50 7 5 1 1.

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anCoins7

0 orsecond( ca . 790-814 period. A few ofC harle -

arthe imperialtitlecanbe assignedmorepre-

1-814.1 Thehistorianislikewiseawarethat

tedanew seriesabout819 thathisson L oth-

ultaneouslyw ithhimco insof typese actlypara llel

aire I inauguratedanew series perhapsw ith

pleandacityname in832. F ina lly hecan

rlestheB aldintotwoperiods thef irst

w hencoinsbearingvarioustypesandinscrip-

thesecond between8 4and877 w henthe

t y pe p r ed o mi n at e d.

innumismatichistorydonotleadtow ard

ting andthey leavetota llyunclarif iedmany

nologyandattribution.Tobesure the

rt C arloman C harlemagne L ouistheP ious

i re I I , C h ar l es t h e B a l d ( i n h i s e ar l y pe r io d , A r nu l f

a n d L o t h ai r e I V , a n d so me i s su e s of C h ar l es

dto thoserulerswithgoodassuranceof

wever someverygravedifficultiesconcerning

andthereareotherissues whichcannotbe

tyasto ruleroryear.

riseto theseproblems:thecontinuation

oftypes.Thefirstterm impliestheuseof

uccessionofsynonymousrulers whilethe

ualstriking ofparticulartypes nomatter

rs. Thecontinuationoftypeshasproduced

ishingthe issuesofL ouisI f romthoseof

ec es w it h th e CA R L V S R E X o r C AR L V S R E X F R t yp e

ldfromcoinswiththe sametypesstruckby

nsinthenameof Charleswiththeimperial

aldfromthosestruckbyCharlesthe F at

. 511f f. 5248. arguesfor7 8-793/ 4fortheprim itive issue

oyalissue and80 -814forthe issuesw iththe imperial

hichMr.Grierson presentsiscapableofseveralin-

preferredtoretainthedating whichseemstomehistoric-

ouldsuggestfurtherthatMr.Grierson spositiondoes

suppositionthatCharlamagne ssecondroyalseries

eissued simultaneously.

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lR E X issuesofC harlestheB aldf romthoseof

rlestheSimple . On presentev idence the

are how ever pure lymattersofhypothesis

i n g o f t he E a s t F r a nk s K i n g of t h e W e st

or hemusthavestruck co ins. There isnocon-

iateorto refutethishypothesis.Aswe

eevidenceofcoinfinds permitsatentative

biguousseries betweenCharlestheB ald

butitdoesnotclarif y theq uestionofC har-

.

lement theimmobili ationoftypes

cationofthe twomostnumerousCarolin-

SR E X F R typeofMellecontinuedtobestruck

astone hundredyearsafterCharlemagne

halftheCarolingiancontentin theCuerdale

oC arolingianpiecesinthedeposit w ereof

snothingto distinguishoneissuefroman-

P I S T A N A R E L I G O s e ri e s in t h e na m e of L o u is

avea lreadymentioned posesthemostserious

foralthoughitis themostprolificofthe

althoughitheldan importantplaceinCaro-

ornearlyacentury itsvariousissuescan-

tions beclassif iedaccordingtotimeorplaceof

r ip t io n H L V D O W I C V S I M w h ic h o cc u rs

uttheninth centuryandintothetenth

esofattribution. F ortunate ly theX P I ST -

s e ri e s st r uc k i n th e n am es o f o th e r ru l er s L o t ha i re I ,

ha rl es t he B a l d L o th ai re I I , A rn ul f a nd L o u i st he

chgreatproblemsofchronology asthey

otheregnalyearsof theissuingking.

nf la tionofChristianaR eligio issuesinthe

usmaybeseparatedinto itscomponents and

ditsrelationtothe restoftheCarolingian

ificationwill mostlikelybeachievedthrough

lationshipsandtheestablishmentofdie-

arities especiallyastheyappearin the

dualco inf inds. I ndeed D r. vanGelderhas

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anCoins

study ofthefindsunearthedinthe Nether-

abletoshow bysty list ica f finit ies thatthe

meofL ouistheP iousatD orestadtatthe

orestadttemple-typesofLotha ire I w ere

maysummari ew hatw eknow aboutthe

eligioseries.Charlemagneinstitutedit

nasthe reversetypeofane traordinary

s portraitontheobverse.18O therportrait

sametimeatDorestadt( cat. 105 , Trier

en to vi c ( c a t. 1 21 a , R o ue n ( c a t. 1 42 , L y on ( c at . 1 7 ,

a n d wi t h th e i ns c ri p ti o n + M T A L - G R M A N ( c a t.

artheimperialtitle andiconographicalreverse

bverseinscriptionsareidenticalwiththose on

s: t h us K A R O L V S I M A V G a p p ea r s on t h e

u e nt ov ic R o u en L y on a nd + M T A L . G R M A N

ChristianaR eligiostrik ings(cat. 317-319 )

I M A V G R E X F E T L m ar ks t he A rl es s er ie s an d

s ue ( c a t. 3 1 4 . D N K A R O L V S I M A V D a p p e ar s

igioseries( cat. 315 31 ) . Thisseriesa lone

donlyonportraitobversesof ChristianaR eligio

earbeneaththe portraitbust( cat.315=

c a t. 3 1 8 = M a n d ca t . 31 9 = F ) . S om e s ch o la r s

elettersindicatespecificmints thatC

V e n ic e M M i la n a n d F , F l o re n ce b u t su c h

oaccountthe possibilitythattheletters

rs the initia lle ttero famoneyer sname ora

nthe nameofthemintcity whichinany

endesignatedonthe obverse.We donot

pieceswerestruck buttheiraffinitieswith

entionedindicatethat theywerepartofan

andtheirdifferencesindicatethatCharlemagne

ttributedtonospecificmint.

er " D e k a r o li n gi s ch e M un t sl a g te D u u r s te d e J a a rb o ek

k n de 4 8 ( 1 9 1 , p p . 35 1 .

simperia lseries seethee ce llentana ly sisbyGrierson

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P iousdidnotreta intheC hrist ianaR eligic

thene trulerw holink editwithhispor-

andtheevidenceofco inf indsmay indicatetha l

ialportraitseriesevenin thelifetimeol

uisreta inedalltheothericonographica lreverse

er.The ship whichCharlemagnestruck

orestadt l ik ewiseappearsonL ouis por-

t(cat. 330 andatQ uentov ic( cat. 351 as

me r s of + M T A L - G R M A N a p pe a r on L o u is

; andthecitygate w hichCharlemagneissued

y o n a n d Ar l es m ar k s L o u i s p o rt r ai t s er i es a t

O rleans( cat.372 , Sens( cat.374 375 , Toulouse

A r l e s ( 4 3 5 -4 3 8 , P a v i a ( c a t. 4 4 5 , a n d T re v is o ( c a t .

ersonlyononeofL ouis portra it issues and

n insteadoftheChristianaR eligioin-

how ever restoredthetypetohisportra it

9 , and abandoninga llo thericonographica ltypes

he reversetypeformostofhis other

surroundingitwith thenameofthemint

opttheChristianaR eligiotypeinhis

istheP iousdidissuethetype ingreatvo lume

seshowinga centralcrosssurroundedby

lt it le L othairecontinuedto issueco ins

mesimultaneouslywiththeChristiana

re I , theC hrist ianaR eligio ltempletypehad

withthe likenessoftheemperorwhich

and w henLouisadoptedthetempleas

andatD orestadt( cat. 337 andL othaire I

ostofhisknownmintcities substituting

ueforthe originalinscription theentire

sissue itscouplingwiththeimperial por-

m particularmintshadvanished.Some

sofLouistheP iousevenlack thetemplea lto -

8 i n t he m t h e la s t tr a ce o f Ch a rl e ma g ne s c a re f ul

pbetweentheE mperor theChurch( repre-

andtheC hrist ianaR eligio legend w asdestroyed.

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anCoins

hetypehad entirelychangedinthe

magne sdeath and forourpurposes tw o

mostimportant:thede-imperiali ationof

verse andtheadoptionofthetemple type

causethetypew asadoptedbyLotha ire s

ppinI o fA uita ineandC harlestheB ald and

andintheseriesof la terk ingsasw ell and

pearin theissuesofknownmints wecan

the geographicalareaswherethetemple

tw aspredominant andf ina lly by referring

asmostprevalent.Thefollowinglistsumma-

thegeographicaldistributionof thetemple

ameofeach rulerthemintsknowntohave

eferencenumberinthecata logue andf inds

d.

e P i l li g er h ec k .

f ind.

fi n d.

e l ate P il l igerheck.

ngen.

Numerousf inds( seecata logue .

m m e n B a l lo n P i l li g er h ec k .

agenbogen I de P il l igerheck.

g en b og e n Z e l a t e P i l li g er h ec k .

. W a g en b og e n Z e l a t e P i l li g er h ec k .

P illigerheck.

E m m e n G r on i ng e n P i l l i g er h ec k .

r i s ia " Z e l a te H o n.

il l igerheck.

sw er d- i ng u m I I , P i l l ig er he ck -

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08 . N of in d.

ha mo u - M ar c il l y.

E trechy.

heck .

nd.

we rd - i ng u m I I .

a te I d e P i l l ig er he ck E m m en C ha mo u - M a r

d e Z e l a t e P i l li g er h ec k W a g e nb o ge n L o p

gerheck .

au -H o u lm e K i m s we rd - i ng u m I ( ? ) , F o n

l u m Z e l a t e I d e P i l l i g er h ec k W a g en b og e n

.

lg er h ec k .

genbogen.

il l igerheck Midlaren.

er or

174. Nof ind.

.

d.

de W agenbogen.

- 14 2 7. H a u t e - s l e.

by.

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anCoins

. No f i nd .

53 7 . N of in d.

Nof ind.

hld

C uerda le .

alby.

uerda le .

77. C hateauneuf -sur-Cher.

ind.

dtobestruck inI taly atP aviaand

, H u g h an d L o t h a ir e B e r e n ga r I I , a n d R u d o l f

b y R u do lf I I I a nd C on ra d I I , w ho a ls o st ru ck t he

atMet andR egensburgbyHenry the

a n d Tr i er b y O t t o I a n d/ o r O t t o I I . K e a r y h as

histypeinto thelaterfeudalperiod and

erredto hisessayforinformationabout

e.19

en threethingsre levanttothehistoryof the

maybededuced. F irst thefactthat e cept

essiverulersdidnotcontinue strikingthe

citiesindicatesthatthetype wassimply

toe periencecontinuityof thatsort. I t

heP iousandA rnulf issueditatMilan

t h e Si m pl e a n d L o u i s th e C hi l d a t T ri e r L o u is

e I a tD orestadt A rnulfandLouistheC hild

a n d L o t h ai r e I I a t V e r d u n C h a r le s t he B a l d

is I I I a t S en s C ha r le s t he B a l d a n d L o t h ai r e of

a n d p r ob a bl y P i p p i n I a n d P i p p i n I I a t " A u i -

iswidediscontinuity insomeof thesese uences

noughtogiveevidenceoftypological

stohaveen oyedabriefvogue.

T h e Mo r ph o lo g y of C oi n s " N C 18 8 , p p . 74 f .

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thatthe voguereacheditsheightinthe

C harlestheB ald thatis ca . 840-855 and

cedintheR hineV alleyandinad acent

emintsinthesouthofF rance( D a , B ourges

n t he w e st ( " A u i ta n io r um " M e l l e L e M a ns

a r is S t . Ma r ti n o f To u rs B o r d e au ) d i d is s ue

egreaternumberofmints issuingitlayin

hineandbyanimaginaryline drawn

andthencetoQuentov ic.

woobservationsforourunderstanding

seriesisunderscoredby thethird:namely

etempletypeen oyeditsgreatestvogue

periodinw hich ontheev idenceofco in

R eligioseriesachieveditsgreatestvolumeof

aliketendto beabsentfromdepositslaid

u ch a s " F r i si a " C o s n e a n d A u e v il l e b u t t h ey

epositso f theperiod840-8 4 suchasI de

agenbogen. F indsburiedaf ter8 4 suchasC our-

an t on I I I , G l i y a n d Cu e rd a le c h ar a ct e ri s ti c al l y

ypesentirely andconta invery few ifany

w ithacity sname.

therefore showsthatthehistoryofthe

in somemeasurealsothehistoryofthe

oncetheChristianaR eligiotypehadbeen

ndthetempletypehadenteredthenormalseries

vesuggestedabove in832 , theC hrist ianaR eligio

shedtogether inthesameareasand atthe

ertheylosttheirpredominantpositionabout

a ld smonetary reformof8 4.

nces onecouldw elle pectto f indsty list ic

esbetweencoinsoftheseries ofidentifiable

ristianaR eligioseries andthusidentify

ny C hrist ianaR eligiomintcit ies. I ndeed

towardidentifyingthemhas beenmade

od. I nthisw ay Dr. vanGelderhasshow n

hristianaR eligioseriesarestylistically

heDorestadtseriesofLotha ire I andw e

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anCoins15

tinctive styleofthetemplewithan

heepigraphyof the inscriptionX A U R E L I A N S

truck atOrleans( cat. 945 , correspondsso

meChristianaR eligiodenariithatO rleans

dentified.I nanotheressay wehave

meansofidentification themulesandhybrids

w hichaddtothe listo fChristianaR eligio

e iers and f romalaterperiod C onstance. 20

nistheappearanceofdistinctivemarkings

erof ChristianaR eligioissuesofL ouis

05 . Someof thesecorrespondw ithmark ings

I andofC harlestheB ald onedot

o u is c a t. 4 8 3 = L o t ha i re c a t. 5 8 = C h ar l es

ronbeneaththetemple( L ouis cat. 482= C harles

dots triangularlyarrangedbeneaththetemple

C h ar l es c a t. 1 1 6 ) , t h re e d ot s h or i o n ta l ly a r -

e( L ouis cat. 494 495= L otha ire cat.

s triangularlyarrangedbeneaththetemplewith

etemple( L ouis cat. 498= C harles cat.

ves thesecorre lationsaremere ly interestingevidence

edhistypes(andperhapshisdies . B utw eare

sisofthesamemarkingson othertemple

esemarkingsindicateknownmints:three

edbeneaththetempleoccurontheHuy

c a t. 5 4 1 5 4 2 a n d ( a s P r o u ha s a lr e ad y o bs e rv e d ,

arrangedbeneaththetemple w ithonedot

e occuronaQuentov icissueofC harlesthe

idef romthesemark ings w hichoccuronthe

sbothofL ouistheP iousandofhissons

nL ouis sC hristianaR eligioseriesparalle led

w hichmay indicatetheminto fLouis s

thecrossbeneaththetemple( cat. 474 ispara lle l-

hetempleinissuesof CharlestheB aldat

d a t Me a u ( c a t. 8 4 8 .

ntendedtosummari eourpresent

stianaR eligioseries andtosuggestsome

C ar o li n gi a n Se r ie s " N C 1 9 1 p p . 23 1 i .

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uture investigationsmay fo llow. I fw ecan

entifyD orestadt O rleans H uy Q uentov ic

aps L aonandMeau ascit iesw heretheC hrist iana

ck w ehavegonea litt lebeyondourprede-

k andwecantakehopethat thecom-

eriesw illu lt imatelybee pla ined.

iscussionabovemerelyillustratestheprob-

ncumberthestudyof Carolingiannumis-

presentconcludethatthedifficultiesof

econtinuationandimmobili ationof

ionbythehistorical evidencereviewed

possible mustcomefrompurelynumis-

n finds andfromthecoinsthemselves.

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scannotbe datedprecisely theirchief

nologicalse uenceofmintageisas

smoftypesin circulation fortheyindicate

cyon thespecificoccasionswhenthe

ydonotindicate however whenthose

etherthevariousissueswhichtheycontain

ametime oroveraspaceof manyyears.

knownfromdocumentaryevidence finds

atelyaccordingastheyconsistentirelyor

mCharlemagne sfirstor secondperiod of

o u s a nd h i s so n s o r o f th e G R A T A D - l R E X

ismethodofclassificationarenarrow for

h c on s is t s la r ge l y of G R A T A D - l R E p i ec e s ca n

4 intheabsenceofmorerestrict iveevidence

nly issuesofL ouistheP iouscanonlybe

istheP ious ora litt le later proofonly that

rculatedinhisown day.

haracterofCarolingianfinds however

onsinattributingtheircontents torulers

nemaysupposethatthebulk ofco insinany

thina shorttimebetweenfiveand

lybeforedeposit.Andsecondly onemay

afind willnotcontainissuesof tworulers

nce f romthesamemintsandlack entirely

rsfromthosemints.

nciplesto findsfromtheearlierCaro-

calastheir applicationtothelater

stdifficult.Amongtheearlyfinds K rink-

ntasit provesthecirculationofan issue

ra lle linsty letothepre-re formissueofCharle-

at primitiveissue asalreadyobserved

ndatingC harlemagne smonetary reform. A sforthe

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hesameperiod thereisnomistakingthe

oman andC harlemagneinthe I mphy f ind or

harlemagnewhichconstitutedtheB el-Air

C he y -l A bb ay e " J u ra " a nd S ar a na f in ds . D e -

ssecondperiodprovethathe struckthe

SR E X F R circumscriptiona laboutacrossora

hroughouttheE mpireinA gen A rles

C he ll es D o r es ta dt L y o n M ai n , M el l e M il an

ours andTrev isoandthattheco insbearingthe

e r ev e rs e l eg e nd E X M A L O N O V O c i r-

arolusmonogrammustalsobeattributed

ouistheP iousandtheperiodj usta f ter

flybecauseof theattributionstoCharles

k epossible. B yv irtueof the issuesofL ouis

I , a n d P i p pi n I o r I I a s so c ia t ed w i th i s su e s of

t isclearthatthe inscriptionC A R L V SR E X ,

Charlesthe Simple occurredontheobverse

a ldinA uita ine 22B ruges 23C hartres 24

O r l ea n s 2 7 P a r i s 2 8 T ou l ou s e 2 9 t he p a la c e 3 0 a n d o n

A NA R E L I G O s er ie s. 31 F u r th er t he Z e l a te f in d

to n K A R O L V S G R A T A D l R E X , w h ic h

on be longstoC harles 32andP il l igerheck

s cr i pt i on C A R L V S R E F R A N C O ( w h ic h

depositsofArrasandCuerdale mustbe

thedepositsfromthisperiodprovethat

theC A R L V SR E X F R typeofhisgrandfather

n ar e B i e b ri c h B o n d e no I b e rs h ei m V e u i l l in B e l v z e t

) .

s o f Mu i o n -l e - M al i ne s E t r ec h y.

agenbogen.

P il l igerheck .

f K i n s we r d- i n g u m I I , P i l li g er h ec k .

i o u .

fC osne.

agenbogen.

A u ev il le .

o f Co mp i eg n e N o ur r ay C o ur b an t on I I I , G l i y B e a u m on t .

E L I G O F i n do fP i l li ge rh ec k.

so fC hamou -Marcil ly E trechy .

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y i n A u e r re 3 3 B o u r ge s 3 4 C ha r tr e s. ^ L y o n 3 8

8 O r l e an s 3 9 P a r i s 4 0 Q u e n to v ic 4 1 R h e i ms 4 2 S t.

To ul ou se 4 5 To ur s 4 4 an d on h is X P I S T A NA R E L I G O

versetypes.

w oulde pectsomeclarificationof thecon-

E X series andof the late issuesinthenameof

eEmperors C harles butsuchclarif icationas

circumstantialand farfromsatisfactory.

utionstatedabovecannot onthewhole

ytothefindsdepositedpriorto theE dict

nciplesaredesignedmerelyto provideattribu-

pecificrulers afunctiondischargedbyin-

mselvesin depositsburiedfromthereign

ut8 4. Onlyw ithregardto f indsf romthe

herecontinuityandimmobili a tionof typesob-

esegeneralprinciplesbecomerelevant.

ecanarbitrarilydistinguishsomefindsfrom

hanothers.Thelaterdepositsmaybe

arlestheSimple andtheearliertothe

orofC harlestheF at accordingtothree

ples:F irst thatfindsconsistingentirely

aC harlesasKingand/ orasEmperor w ith-

ds o f Co s ne E m me n M i dl a re n .

fC hamou -Marcil ly .

fE mmen E trechy Midlaren P il l igerheck.

i l l i g er h ec k .

c hl u m B r i ou , C h a mo u - M ar c il l y M e l le R i s .

of Z e l a te .

o f A ch l um C h am ou - M ar c il l y E t r ec h y I d e O u d w ou d e

bogen.

L o p p er s um O u d w o ud e P i l li g er h ec k W a g e nb o ge n .

ds o f P i l l i ge r he c k Z e l a t e.

of A ch lu m F o n t ai ne s I d e K i m sw er d- i ng u m I I , N eu vi -

b o ge n Z e l a t e.

of Z e l a t e.

m m e n M i dl a re n P i l li g er h ec k W a g e nb o ge n Z e l a t e.

f Au e v il l e B r i o u .

l l igerheck .

E L I G O F i n d so f Ac hl um C ha mo u - Ma rc il ly E m m en

K i m sw er d- i ng u m I a n d I I , L a u e s M ui o n- le - Ma li ne s

heck Wagenbogen.

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ons o fL o ui s I I / I I , O d o o r L o u is I V , b el on g

econd thatdepositscontainingprincipally

th a n a dm i t u re o f c oi n s of L o u is I I / I I a n d/ o r

estheB aldorCharlestheF at.Andthird

whichconta inco insof la terrulers e . g. B eren-

ouistheChild w eredepositedinthere ignof

erthefirstcorollary thefollowingfindsmay

ofC harlestheB ald: B eaumont B ourgneuf

) , E v r eu , G a nn a t J o u ay e -M o nd a ye M a rs u m

hichcontainissuesofanE mperorC harles ,

el d N o ur r ay V a u - d e- V i r e a n d Y r o nd ( a l l of w hi c h

nderthesecondcoro llary " C harles issuesin

ybeascribedeitherto CharlestheB aldorto

n B l i g n y B o n n e va u , C o ur b an t on I I , C o ur -

ndlssy - l E ve ue( a llo fw hichcontainimperia lissues

rr as C om pi eg ne E t a m pe s R o c he s l E v e u e R o s wi n-

gn -sous- le - udeandTroyes. U nderthe last

findscanbedated tothereignof Charlesthe

chconta insanimperia lissueof " C harles ) , B ruere

C o ud r e C ue r da l e D a l e n E v r eu ( S t -T a ur i n ,

I , L a n gr e s M e t , a n d S a um u r. 5 0 Th e d ep o si t o f

93 , wh i ch c o nt a in e d on e X P I S T A N A R E L I G O

ious onedenariusof thesametypeinthename

F R , a n d nu m er o us p i ec e s ( t h e e a c t nu m be r i s no t

A D - l R E X t y pe s h ou l d pr o ba b ly b e a ss i gn e d to

a ldasw ell. A ndthe" C harles pieces( im-

senf ind w hichalsoconta inedissuesofLouis

I , andL ouistheChild be longeithertoC harles

eF at. Thedeposito fR ennes w hichwould

dclass canbedatedca. 920 since itcon-

issuesofA uvergne I ta lyandEastA nglia.

ow ever hasthe inconclusivecharactero fanyargumentum

afaurie sperceptivesuggestionaboutdistinctionsbetw eenthe

E i s su e s of C h ar l es t h e B a l d an d Ch a rl e s th e S im pi e a p-

rporatedintothisessay . See now " Deu tr sors

s " R N 1 9 5 p p . 2 8 f .

fCharlemagnestruck atMilanisane ception.

op. cit. vo l. I , p. 153 , thisf indhasbeenegregiously

arolingianportionscanbe acceptedasbelongingto

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it isapparentthatmanyprolif icmints

ou rs B l o i s E v r eu , C am br ai P a r i s B r u g es a nd

GR A T A D - lR E X typebothunderC harlesthe

heSimple.Theseissues areidenticalin

andw eight. A ndevenunderourf irstprinciple

nafind maybeassumedtohavebeen

yearsofdeposit thereisanopenpossi-

piecesinthethirdgroupw erestruck not

butbyC harlestheF at.

tentativelyattributethef indstothereigns

theattributionofthe coinswhichthosede-

onthew hole amattero fcon ecture . Only

hegroupunderthefirst corollaryabove

irdegreeofcertaintytoa particularruler.

sis there isnoabso luteev idencethatthey

the F atorbyCharlesthe Simpleandde-

e igns. F ina lly thedepositsadduceno

eseriesofP ippinI andL ouisI I f romthose

es.51

fromsynchronismofcurrencyto syn-

ternalevidence eitherdocumentaryor

reason theev idenceofco inf indsisinconclusive

Manyissuescanbe attributedtospecific

eorweight.F ortheseclassifications( e.g.

arlestheB ald co inf indsaddusefulsupport

s whichmightbeambiguouslyattributed

tiontogetherwithpieceseasilyattributable

hisprinciple isva lidonlyw hentherulersin

ltaneously oralmostsimultaneously.Coin

roundsonlyforthemosttentativeattribution

ncedoesnota lreadye ist theycannot

usedseriesofthe lateninthandearly

nderstood therefore thatsystemsofclassificationlik e

ueare tentative.I nadditiontothe classifications

eeEngelandSerrure op. cit. J . A . B lanchetandA .

ed e n um i sm at 1 u e f ra n fa i se I ( P a r i s 1 9 12 . R . S e r r ur e

edesateliersmoneta iresdeC harlesleC hauve: 840-877 "

m is m at i u e e t d a r ch i ol o gi e I I I ( 1 8 83 / 4 , p p . 37 - 44 .

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AT O NO F T P E S

thatonecould byclosestudyofcointypes

arolingianissueswithinaprecisehistorical

udentsofclassicalanti uityhavebeenabletodate

dw holeseriesby theportra its a llegorical

mpedonthecoins.B utforthestudent ofCaro-

einterpretationoftypesismethodologically

ticularcoinsor eveninestablishingwhen

henitwasdiscontinued.Therearethree

fficulty.Theconfusionof typesusedby

ndL ouis s w hichwehavementionedabove

mmobili a tionof types constitutethef irst

tenthcenturyissuesinan historicalse-

hetypesnortheweightof theco insnorthe ir

caltypeswhichwere struck ontheevi-

by tw oormorerulersoveraperiodof f if ty to

easonis theessentiallyaniconigraphical

s.U nlikeclassicalissues Carolingiancoins

esentationsdesignedtocommemorate

altypesarecircumscriptionalinscriptions

e rulerontheobverseand thenameofthe

aboutacross amonogram or more

are sotospeak historica llyanonymous for

definablehistorical circumstances.The

icharepreservedaresimpledesigns e.g.

w ithoutspecia lattributeswhichw ouldre late

nces.Clearly theywereunusualissues

onstituteaclosechronologicalse uence

dreasonforourdif f iculty the irsymbolismis

plicitdating.

oe donotprov ideanyev idenceforestab-

olingianmintage dissociatedfrompartic-

alueisin theirabstractsymboliccontent.

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esentationaltypesisreadilyapparent.

portra itbustsw hichappearontheco insofCharle-

o us a n d L o t h ai r e I , a s E m p e ro r s t h e re ve r se

pedondenariiw hichL ouistheP iousstruck at

f thecitygate w hichappearsonissuesof

theP ious andC harlestheB aldbeforehisimpe-

patternedonR omanimperialprototypes.

e F rankishrulerstoestablishas apoliti-

itimategovernmentrunningfromthem-

.52Similarlyobviousarethe meaningsof

ss whichappearinterchangeablyas

sontheissues ofCharlemagneafterhis

os e o f Ch a rl e s th e B a l d L o u is I I / I I , a n d O d o .

eofthe reigningkingwasguaranteethat

anofficialissueof theproperweightand

estedtotheauthenticityof theco in j ustas

yalsealsattestedto theauthenticityof

hemonogramwasthesignof theearthly

aphyheldin Carolingiannumismaticsmayhave

ppositionofsomepowerfulecclesiasticsto repre-

resentpurposes A gobardofL yon sq uotationf rom

especia llyapt: " Q uibusverbisapertedeclaratorq uod

ibenturabhominibus q uaeinvenerationemdeorum

mpii q uae ueadco lendumat ueadorandumgentil itas

umsimpliciterhaecfierinulla utreor legisdivinae

tDominustentantibusseP harisae isdetributoC aesari

menetimaginemC aesarise pressamessedicebant ne ua-

R edditeq uaesuntC aesarisC aesari e tq uaesuntD eiD eo.

eterrorem dicens:' Nonlicetvobisinpercussuraauri

aesaris q uiata lemsculpturamle div inaprohibet.

tostensosibinumismatecensushocdiceret siineoC aesaris

ae etnonadj udiciummagisregiaepotentiae essetformata . "

m a gi n ib u s Sa n ct o ru m c . 2 1 M i gn e P L . 1 0 4 2 1 7. S e e

bardofL yon( Sy racuse 1953 , p. 55. C f . Wala f ridStrabo

M G H C ap . R e g. F r . I I , p . 48 3 : " E t f or ta ss e q u i i mp er at or i s

ontempsitimaginem antetribunalipsiusprotervitatis

dinispoenase solvit.Nonenimleveminiuriamseculi

tam siimaginemsuamvelnomeninq uolibetnomis-

gnoverintet calcari.

f themonogram seetheEdicto fP ltres(8 4 ,

I , p . 3 15 n o . 27 3 c . 1 1: " U t i n d e n ar i is n o va e n os t ra e

omennostrumhabeaturingyroet inmedionostrinominis

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atof theheavenly. A stheSynodofF rank furt

a n ti n e ic o no d ul e s " H o c [ i . e. t h e cr o ss e s t

nquedampictura q uodnostrie ercitusindesi-

ocestsignumnostriimperatoris noncon-

uodadproe liumnostraese uunturcohortes. 6 * I t

imedtheuniversaldominionof the

bothinHeavenandonearth dominionovera ll

hadw onbyHisP assion. 6 Thecombinationof

rseandreversetypeson thesamecoins

rednatureofcoinagewhichisalso indicated

atthefalsificationofcoinagewaspunish-

theroya lcourtsandassacrilege intheepis-

lsoe pressesthepersona lrelationshipwhich

ughtdennedbetweenGodandtheearthly

resentativeorv icar andbetweentheHeavenly

averopartenomencivitatisetinmediocru habeatur.

ypothesessurl originedumonogrammecaro lingien "

de n u mi s ma t i u e ( 1 9 5 3 , v o l. V I I ( P a r is 1 9 57 , p p . 33 5 -

ttheKaro lusmonogramderivedf romf if thorsi th

ototypes.

, 2 8 M GH C o nc . K . A . I I , S up pi . p . 89 .

i ms L V C a p it u la c . 1 5 M i g ne P L . 1 2 , 3 2 8 : " N a m e t

ubi ueD ominisignificatregnumetmonarchiam

s e ud o -A l cu i n L i b er d e D i v i ni s O f f i c ii s c . 1 8 M i gn e

Namipsacru magnuminsemysteriumcontinet cu usposit io

rscoe lospetat inferiorterrae inhereatf i a infernorum

temeiuspartesmundiappetat.... acensverocru

appetit o rientemv ide licetetoccidentem a uilonemet

hristusperpassionemsuamomnesgentesadsetrahit e t

u taq uodipsesurgensamortuisdicit: ' D ataestmihi

interra . Seea lsoA malarius D eecclesiasticiso f f i-

e P L . 1 0 5 1 o 28 f f. E i n ha r d Q u a e s ti o d e ad o ra n da c r uc e

l p . 1 49 a n d R h a ba n us M a ur u s D e L a u di b us S . C ru c is

M i gn e P L . 1 0 7 1 4 3 .

tr es ( 8 4 , M GH C a p. R e g .F r . I I , n o. 2 73 p . 31 5 c . 13 : " . ..

a lsismonetariisinlibro I V . capitulorumX X X I I I .

at etutsacrilegusacpauperumspoliatorpublicaepoeni-

subiciatur. I bid. c. 9 p. 314: R eferringtotheoaths

ould dischargetheirofficesfaithfully Charles

uoSacramentoquicun uecomprobatusfueritperiuratus. et

amutperiuruspuniatur sicutincapitularidecessorum

mcontineturinfinecapitulidecimi e tertiolibro et

sticampublicaepoenitentiaesubigatur.

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rialwhichwasits reflection.Anycharacter-

vernment includingmintage wasan

ro leasthe" ministero fGod " anditconse-

imensionof thesacred. 7

ntheCarolingianserieshavearoused

y interest and asthere isnogeneralagree-

bolicmeaning areviewofpertinentevi-

heearliero f thesetypesistheX P I ST A NA

verse w hichconsistso fatetrasty letempleontw osteps

thetopofthesteps andanotheratthe

n d t he l e ge n d X P I S T A N A R E L I G O c i rc u m-

e.Thesecondandlater typeisthereverse

o ld " m ed a ll i on o r " s o l i du s o f L o u i s t he

crosssurroundedbyaw reath thew holedesign

sc r ip t io n M V N V S D I V I N V M .

ANAR E L I G O typee pressedsomecriticalaspect

ologyisshownbythe factsthatCharle-

erhis imperialcoronation thatthebulk

uistheP iousareof thistype andthat

oisknowntohavestruck coinsatall

T A N A R E L I G O d e n ar i i. 8 S c ho l ar s h av e n ot a g re e d

of thetemple how ever andconse uently

e ideologicalpointwhichite presses.

atthetemplerepresentedparticular

ample maintainedthatitw asSt. Peter sin

emagnecommissionedthedesigntocommem-

erialcoronation. 9R ivoirabelievedthat

piesofpo lit ica lthoughta lludedtohere seeA . J .

M ed i ev a l P o l it i ca l T he o ry i n t he W e s t I ( L o n do n 1 9 30 ,

e na u D a s k a r ol i ng i sc h e I m p e r iu m ( Z u r ic h 1 9 49 ; E . H .

udesR egiae: A Study inL iturgica lA cclamationsandMediaeval

r ke le y 1 94 ) .

" H amburga lsk aro lingischeMiin statte " H amburger

at i k I ( 1 9 47 / 51 , p . 1 2 n . 1 3 : R e f er r in g t o th e X P I S T A N A

p e of P r o u 10 5 5 H a v er n ic k w ri t es : " E i n e Z u w ei s un g a n K o n ig

istunwahrsche inlich anK onigLudw igdasKindun-

e ichsdenareauchvonK onigKarlI I I . undK onigA rnulf

SeeC ata logue nos. 1523-1531 1540-1543 1570.

p . x i .

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fSt. MartinofTours butthisargument

e tw ee n t he X P I S T A N A R E L I G O t y p e of

struckbyCharlesthe B aldatTourswhich

toC harlemagne. 0A ndf inally E . B a ldwin

umentwhichGaehdehadalreadyformulated

thinastill-unpublishedessay 6 1statedthe

ctedwasthe chapelofCharlemagne s

therscholarshaveadvocatedmoreabstract

nnwritesof thetempleassymboli ingthe

6 3Gattenshasdescribedthetempleasrepre-

h; MandSchrammandF a llonho ldthatit

t ianChurch. 5I nv iew of thisw idedis-

perhapsw ise ly re f rainedf romstatingany

6

mpletyperepresentsa specificchurch

helack ofpositiveevidence.Thereareno

cit ly identif y thetempleasSt. P eter s St.

sinA achen. More important the inscription

L I G O s e em s a d el i be r at e d ep a rt u re f r om t h e co n ve n -

edthemintcity wheretheparticularcoin

agnehadintendedtorepresentadefinite

dhavefo llow edusua lpractice hav ingthe

eastthenameof itscityinscribedaboutit.

E L I G O type however byitsverylackof specificity

iarseriesattributableto particularcities

echurchortoonecity buttotheEmpire .

o mb ar di c Ar ch it ec tu re I I ( O x f or d 1 91 0 , p . 11 3.

TheTempleonC harlemagne sI mperia lC o ins: A Study in

" M. A . Thesis New Y ork University ( October

oismof I mperia lR omeandtheMiddleA ges( P rinceton

Mittela lterlicheA rchitehtura lsB edeutungstrager( B erlin

t tn e n K a r l s d . Gr . " o p . c i t. p . 5 7.

" D i e A n e rk e nn u ng K a r ls d e s Gr o ss e n al s K a i s e r: E i n K a -

dermitte la lterlichen' Staatssymbolik ' H istorische

9 5 1 p p . 44 9 ff . H . F a l lo n " I m p er i al S y mb o li s m on T wo

N S M N V I I I ( 1 9 58 , p p . 11 9 -1 3 1.

. ci t . p . 1 4 .

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27

biographyofC harlemagne E inhardconnected

lfortheChristianaR eligiow iththebasil ica in

s " R e ligionemchrist ianamquaabinfantia

imbutus sanctissmeetcumsummapietateco luit

pulchritudinisbasil icamA uisgranie stru it

uminaribusat uee aeresolidocance ll isetianuis

utne itherE inhardnoranyofhiscontemporaries

gionsocloselywith onebuildingthat

methefamiliarnameofthatbuilding.

ritingswhichmoldedthethoughtsand even

authorsconsistentlyidentifyChristiana

lChurchor withthemorallifewhichthe

w ork sofL actantius 6 8St. A ugustine 6 9and

mentiononlythreeof theauthoritiesto

erslookedforguidance accordinholding

iowasthefaithand disciplinewhichunited

themthe templeofGod.F ollowingthem

3 referredtotheC hurchastheChrist ian

aking itse amplefromtheancient

Christianareligiowasbuildingchurches

ntedwith oil andreceivingthesac-

1I nhisDe R hetorica w rittenforthe in-

himself AlcuindiscussesChristianareligio

dethicalsystemsetapart fromphilosophy

ptism butsharingw ithitthecult ivationof

rt itude andtemperance. 72

ST ANAR E L I G O therefore denotesthepointsof

characteri edtheC hurch andthetemple

c . 2 , M GH S S. i nu su m Sc ho l. p . 30 .

e tR e l i gi on e I V , 2 9 M ig ne P L . 6 , 5 40 .

V I I , 4 C o rp u s Ch r is t ia n or u m v o l . 48 p . 5 5 . E n n a r ra t io

3 . Mi gn e P L . 3 7 1 7 1 7.

I , 1 0 1 9. Mi gn eP L . 7 , 1 0 9 .

I , p . 7 35 c . 2 3. C f. R e l a t io E p i sc o po r um ( 8 2 9 , M G H

p . 2 8 n o . 19 c . 1 : " P r i mu m f un d am e nt u m ch r is t ia n ae r e li -

hocest credere inP atremetF il iumetSpiritumSanc-

eum trinuminpersonisetunuminsubstantia .. . .

R h e to re s L a t in i Mi no re s ( L e ip i g 1 8 3 p p. 5 48 f.

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scanonly representtheChurch the

ntary letterw hichPopeNicho lasI sentto

I tow ardthemiddleof theninthcentury

ationship recallingincidentallythe

e t he i n au g ur a to r o f th e X P I S T A N A R E L I G O

oninihilo f f icit immoprof icit sicaritate

me terisquibus ueproremediisetsecuritate

neritis cumconstetnonohaliudidf ieri nisi

uae inf ide lesunanimitere ardescit a li uo

mSalomonemcumalienigenisadsanctum

tadtemplumD ominofaciliusconstruendum

edominicasciamusreferenteistoria q uid

gloriamD eietadsecuritatemsanctae

iv inumesttemplum cume terisgentibuspiacitum

umpiaememoriaeKaro lus[ i. e . C harlemagne ,

adremediumetsolatiumC hrist ianorum q ui

am uamgranainterpaleastundebantur

penosciturproculdubio perpetrasse. n

E L I G O type therefore atteststothatdevotion

inhardattributedtoCharlemagne andit

niversaldominionconventionallyascribed

or dominiontow hichC harlemagnehadtitle

us.B utsincetheinstitutionof thistype

iselythan800-814 theperiodwhen

ror thecoindoesnotappreciablyaddto the

ningpoliticaloreconomicdevelopmentsin

tillacritical historicaldocumentwithout

hestrongprobabil ityw ithw hichtheMV NV S

medallion canbedatedandthe interpretationof its

V , p p. 3 51 f . n o. 5 4. Cf . Al cu in M GH P o e t .L a t. I ,

- 8: " U r b s a e tt r na d e i t e rr a e sa l l u mi n a mu n di I B i s s e

erquateranni / A t uedie : horae lapides ue instemmate

rirepo lumpoteritvelclaudere lingua. / D octoresv itae mag-

/ V osfontesv iv i paradisietf luminasacra / V osdecus

ianua lucis / I nclitaprogenies Sa lomonisnobile tem-

totheC hurchasthe" H ouseofGod " orthe" Temple

ycommoninC aro lingianliterature .

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atingmakespossiblesharplyillustrates

ogy inthere ignofL ouistheP ious. I n

vegivenreasonsforassociatingtheMV NV S

e w it h aV I T A E T V I C TO R I A i ss ue o fL o th ai re I , r ep re -

erlincabinet( cat. 593 , andforthink ing

moratedtheSynodofP aris( 825 . 74

characterofthetwoissues ingoldandin

ntedinF rank ishcoinage butentire lyhar-

manandB y antineseries indicates w e

ereparto f theF rank ishansw ertoachallenge

4/ 5.

erefirstpublished Mr.Griersonhas

atingforthetwopieces.75Acceptingthe

eofamedallionofL otha ire I closely re latedto

e Mr. Griersonmainta insthattherew ere in

arly issueofso lidiintheMunusD iv inumtype

theoccasionofhisimperialcoronationin81 ,

o f ( heavier medall ionsbyL ouis inthesame

I , i n t he V i t a et V i c to r ia t y pe o n L o t h a ir e s

rorin817.H isreasonsfordiscountingthe

o intissuesare(1 thatit is" pluslogi ue

usD ivinumwiththewreaththanwiththe

reisno connectionbetweenthecrossandin-

o lingianissues ( 2 that oncetheassociation

isremoved noreasone istsforconnecting

of825 and( 3 that if thisisso there lation

ronationsisapparent thewreathbeinga

ce.Mr.Griersonpoints outthattheword

tsotherthantherecordsof theSynodofParis

nsuchinstances ito f tenreferstotheroya lorim-

heargues w asconventiona lly representedbya

a inta insthattheMunusDiv inumissueof

nim itationof the issueofLouistheP ious

nsofLouistheP iousandLotha ire I andtheSynodof

p ec ul um 3 ( 1 9 1 , p p . 59 2- 59 9.

a d a te d e s mo n na i es d o r d e L o u i s le P i e u , " L e M oy e n Ag e

74 .

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w ulfdiedin821 theC aro lingianprototypeof

vebeenmintedbefore thatyear.

tinguishednumismatistcommandsre-

turetosuggestthe plausibilityofanother

rmino logy thequestionisnotproperly

ccursinotherconte ts butinw hatcon-

ningthe highlyspecifictermmunusdivinum

tw een" of f ice and" D iv ineOf f ice "

e moreimportantsincethetermMunus

tothe imperialofficeandonlyoncetothe

nderthemostunusualcircumstances.7

nerof theMunusDiv inumissuehadaspecif ic

planneditsreverse legend and sincethe

ccursonlyinthe liturgicalsenseofthe

e isevery reasontothink thathew ishedtoemploy

ahemadehispurposeclearbysettingacrossin

surroundingitw iththev ictor sw reath an

Christiandesignrepresentingthevictory

argumentthat inusua lreversetypes the

t city ortosomeelementotherthanthe

ttleconv iction sincetheMunusDiv inumseries

everyway ande ually sincethereare in

esintheCarolingianseries suchasthe

letypeandtheissuesdepictingcitygates

fthe mintcity inwhichtheinscription

entinthe design.F inally thelateimperial

waspatternedserveasprecedentforapplying

mtothecross forthetermsSalusMundi

nthoseissuesindisputablyreferto thecentral

erveningwreaths.

blereasonforidentifyingthelegend with

ntlywiththebusinessbeforetheSynodof

C oenw ulf sim itationasacheck onthe825

. I l l n o 3 5 p . 5 4 2 a t h e le t te r o f P o p e P a u l I t o C a rl o ma n

ouldbedif f iculttosuggestthatthisobscure letter o f

w rittensi tyyearsbeforetheSynodofP aris( 825 , gives

inology intheGaulo fLouistheP ious. Indeed the

ontheimperial office.

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ret sinceonecouldmaintainonthe same

sissuew astheprototypeandL ouis sthe

t inmaintainingthattheuni ue

piece( no. 514 w eight7. 04gr. , onw hichthe

mustbedistinguishedfromthemore

15 w eightabout4.30gr. , onw hichitfacesto

itaetV ictoriastrik ingseemstohavebeen

sD iv inumissue since ontheB erlin

esleft. AlthoughotherheadsinCarolingian

. g . n o s 6 4 3 a 1 0 9 t h e tr a it i s d is t in c tl y

gsomeheavierpieces thusdistinguished

eriesmayhavein factnotbeenpurely

mingthem" medallions implies butw hetherit

minationsuperiortothesoliduscannot be

Grierson spositionthatthepieces in

woissues the lighterin81 andtheheav ierin

da highlyeducatedhypothesispendingits

calevidence.

acteroftheMunusD ivinumandV itaet

rguefor simultaneousstriking andthe

storica l philological l iturgica l andeven

tsthattheyweremintedin825. Suchcon-

ow ever uni ue intheC aro lingianseries. The

heMunusDiv inumandtheV itaetV ictoria

ating.Sincethe lackofevidence

I S T A N A R E L I G O i s su e o f Ch a rl e ma g ne a n d

dabovecloudsourunderstandingoftheir

toricalevidenceisproportionatelydiminished.

bolismofCarolingianiconographicaltypes

estrictedbytherelativelysmallnumberof

rygeneralsymboliccontent andthe

correspondinglylimitedbytheinability

pestospecific historicalconte ts.

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nterpretationoftypes numismaticmetrol-

ofattributionunresolved.I foneacceptsthe

gestedbyfindevidenceandbytypology

cefrommetrologymuchconcerningthe

oftheCarolingianrulers butitmustal-

atsuchdeductionsareonlyas secureasthe

ny studyofCarolingianmetrology

rmofCharlemagne.D espitedisagreement

sagreethatthemonetaryreformofCharle-

orturning-pointsinmediaevaleconomic

ightstandardsintroducedthenwerethe

logywellintothelater MiddleAges in

helandswhichthegreatCharlesonce

r noscho larlyagreementonthecircum-

hereformoron thenatureofthereform

whichCharlemagnedesignedhisnew

ebeengreaterease andeleganceinreckon-

ubtfavoredby theca lculatoresw homtheK ing

etoF rancia in787. B uttoappra isethe

ementin thereform theincreaseinthe

onemustrefertothe historicalpressures

formandthe practicalgoalstheyinspired.

canperhapsneverbefully knownorappreciated

e reformisindoubt.D opschsuggested

o restoreconfidenceinofficialcoinage

nunderminedinsome waybytheearlier

8Morerecently B olinhasproposedthat

V i t a Ca r ol i M ag n i B o u u e t V , p . 1 85 .

i r ts c ha f ts e nt w ic h lu n g de r K a r o l in g er e i t I ( W e i m ar

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ighto f thestandardco in thedenarius w as

tratherthatit wasconstantthroughoutthe

nly inthereignofC harlestheSimple. H e

hangesin weightweremoreorlessin-

Charlemagneandhissuccessorstochanges

aluesintheArabworld.79B utthebasis

entsis clear.Thatconfidenceinagold

nweakandeasilytransferredto silveris

reisnoevidenceeither inarchaeologicalorin

mercialcontactbetweentheCarolingians

yandconsiderableas toproducethechange

esametok en onecannotatpresentdetermine

eCarolinepoundwas theI slamicsilver

othershaveproposed 80oranindigenousGer-

comeveryclose tothetruehistorical

erringtotherupturebetweenCharlemagne

se plicitly recordedthatthebreak w assosharp

wentbetweenMerciaandF rancia.U ntil

eCarolingiansstruckuponthe sameweight

omeevidencethatco insofOf faandP ippin

mm e d C h ar l em a gn e a n d R u r ic " S c an d in a vi a n E c o n om i c

1 9 53 , p p . 14 f f.

e rd " L e s r ef o rm e s mo n t a ir e s ca r ol i ng i en n es " A n na t es :

C i vi l is a ti o ns 7 ( 1 9 52 , p p . 18 f . A. L e w is T h e No r th e rn

58 ) pp. 22 1. Thisthesisw asa lreadypresentinthemid-

enA . Soetbeerrefutedit " B e itr gez urGeschichte

sensinDeutschland I V , " F orschungenzurdeutschen

) , 332. Hiscommentissti l lava liddescriptionof thef ind

orausset ungj enesZ usammenhangsstehtderU m-

w hrend w ieschonbemerkt soh uf igaucharabische

en s a us s p t e re r Z e i t i m n r d li c he n E u r o pa b e i E n t -

t eausdemzehntenbiszw lf tenJ ahrhundertsich

nderndesf r nk ischenR eichsk e ineSummenvergrabener

inV erbindungmitf r nk ischenDenarendesachtenoder

untenJ ahrhunderts gefundenw ordensind se lbst

denenz uD omburgundWyk teD uerstedeentdeck-

e itenvorundunterKarld. Gr. sche inenarabische

mmenz usein.D ieseW ahrnehmungsprichtentschei-

nesE influssesdesarabischenMiin wesensaufdie

a r l d. G r .

on o lo g ia " o p . ci t . p p . 75 f f .

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Continent.82Asto thepreciseyearofthe

ouistheP iousissuedco insinthefirststy le

eseprimitiveissuescirculatedside byside

tproves showsconvincinglythatthenew

institutedbefore781 theyearofL ouis s

A uita ine andthecontentsof the I lan I I

rliertypesofCharlemagnewerepredo-

sta f ter790. Therecanbenoquestion there-

idnotoccurbefore790 andthehistorica l

actual yearofthereformis mostcompelling.

musthavepromptedCharlemagne s

rialaspirations whichwouldnaturally

anddistinctivecoinageforall thelands

buttheraisingofthemonetarystandard

theadoptionofaniconographicaltypes

andthecommercia lbreachw ithOf fa a ll

suggestverystronglythatprimaryamong

reformwastheestablishmentofthemone-

k ishrea lm. I nfact noA nglo-Sa onco ins

any kind-occurin ninth-centuryfinds

undsofthe E mpire.83

ancopenedthequestionintheseventeenth

shednumismatistshaveattemptedtoascer-

mthroughwhichCharlemagnesoughtto

tegrity.Theirestimatesofhisnewmone-

w hichregisters" apennyofOf faw ithouttheportra it

foundatR ome " perhapsev idenceofaco indeposit.

kndlydrew myattentiontothisentry .

ptions: twodirhems the laterstruck byHaruna l-R ashid

n d in t h e I l a n I I d e po s it ( F . J e c kl i n. " D e r l a n go b ar -

fundbeiI lan , " MitteilungenderHyerischennumis-

2 5 [ 1 9 0 ] , 7 1 f . ; t h e di r he m of H a r u n a l- R a s h id w h ic h

f ind(A . C ahn V erste igerungs- ata log no . 42[ 1922 ,

terB erghausandPhil ipGriersonbroughtthisentry

odirhems( struck betw een84 and8 1 intheO doorn

t. p . 7 3 , a n d a di r he m ( d a t e d 8 6 ) s u pp o se d ly f r om t h e

ai ne s ( H . R o o se n s in R B N 1 9 50 p p . 20 3 -2 0 8 . A s t he

wasdispersedandreassembledoveralongspaceof

elater dirhemattributedtoitis bynomeansimpec-

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fom3 6 . 57gr. (B lancard to491.179gr.

a n c t h e i n it i at o r of t h e en u i ry p r op o se d 3 7 . 13 g r .

whohasdiscussedtheproblemmostrecently

nsufficientevidencehasbroughtmostofthese

pothesis formostofthem havebeende-

a fewcoinsofq uitedifferentprovenances

s.A decadeago P rofessorNasterdrew

hodologybyattemptingtoassessthe

undfromtheweightsof pieceswhich

e l ateandMui on- le -Malines atechni ue

hauthorityand e actitude.

orkinCarolingiannumismaticmetro-

oraryliteraryremains.Thefewrelevant

ndconciselythatthere weretwodenomi-

edenariusandtheso lidus thatthesoliduswas

enarii andthatthepoundconsistedof tw o

Thereisnomentionine tantdocuments

, c . 1 1 M G H Ca p . R e g .F r . I , p . 7 2 : " I n a r ge n to d u od e ci m

C a p. L e g i Ad d it a ( 8 1 ) , c . 3 M G H C a p .R e g . F r . I ,

solutioad ueconposit io que legeSa licacontineturinF rancia

so lidosconponatur. . .. C ap. LegibusA ddit. ( 803 ,

. F r . I , n o . 39 p . 1 14 : " O m n ia d e bi t a q u a e ad p a rt e m re g is

duodecimdenariorumsolvant e ceptofredaquaeinlege

odemsolidoq uocaeteraecompositionessolvidebentcom-

g o fcourse w asstandardlongbeforethe790reform.

7 4 3 , c . 2 M G H C ap . R e g . F r . I , n o . 11 p . 2 8 a n d t he

7 4 3 , c . 2 M G H C o nc . K . A . I , n o . 2 p . 7 . Th a t th e re

undis notestablishedindocumentsafter790

manearlier( 780 capitulary. MGH C ap. R eg. F r.

E t u n us u i s u e e pi s co p us a u t ab b as v e l ab b at i ss a q u i h oc

argentoinelemosinamdonet mediocresveromediam

s uin ue. .. E t uiredimerevo luerit f o rt io rescomitesuncias

iametdimidiam minoresso lidumunum. A sC harlemagne

koningproportionsof theearliersystemunchanged

onemaysurmisethathecontinuedtocalculatetw enty

ent paperssubmittedtotheAmericanNumismatic

narhavetreatedthe q uestionoftheCaroline

ichappro imatethosestatedinthepresent essay.

l l( " C arolingianMonetaryPo licy inI ta ly : 774-814 )

f405.72gr. consistingoffifteenounces andMiss

NorthI ta lianC o inageofOtto I andtheH onorantiaeCiv ita-

a inta inedthatthepoundw eighed434. 4gr. or435. 9gr. The

ysarefiledat theAmericanNumismaticSociety.

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ion theobolus thoughitappearstohave

eyondthis thesourcesadmitofambiguity.

dictofP ippin commandsthattw enty - twoso lidi

85buttheproportionof twelvedenariitothe

urcesspecify indicatesthattherewereonly

240denarii= 1 pound= 20so lidi .

ningise plicitly substantiatedbyadecreeof

rehisreform whilehewasstill strikingon

sfather.88Secondly thesourcesmention

ofweightandofvalue eventhoughthere

etimesquiteappreciableones inthew eightsof

ameissueand asw esha llsee inthew eight

heCarolingianrulers.F inally valuesare

nariiandsolidi sometimes asinthePo lyp-

termsbothofdenariiandofsolidi eventhough

ystruck byCarolingians.( TheMunus

stheP iousmaybeane ception. Numismatists

clarifythese ambiguities andthedivergent

he Carolingianpoundderiveinpartfrom

tiesasthese.

uggestthere uiredclarification for

ourcescitedabove n. 84 seeacapitularyofP ippin

, n o . 13 p . 3 2 c . 5 : " D e m o ne t a co n st i tu i mu s s im i i t er u t

rapensantenisiX X I I so lidos etde ipsisX X I I so lidis

umI etil losa liosdominocuiussuntreddat. F rom

ncluded " P epinava itf i e lava leurde la liv reav ingt-

scaro lingiennes p. x x i . A ndsomescho larshavesurmised

nderP ippinconsistedof2 4denarii( e . g. H . H .

p. 32 . Thedocumentdea lsw iththenumberofso liditobe

ver( themintpound notw iththenumbertobe

sinessnegotia tions( theaccountpound andone

ent asthemonetarycharge ortheprofitsof mint-

mment wronglyattributedtoI sidoreofSeville

lo gi co ru m Sc ri pt or um R e l i u i a e I I ( L e ip i g 1 8 6 ) , p . 13 9:

aparsunciaedenariusest etduodecimdenariisolidum

tanummerumdenariorumtresunciaequin ueso lidoscomplent.

ntresunciasredeunt. Namduodecimunciae libramX X

unt.Sedveteressolidumq uinuncaureusdicitur

ment however doesnot correspondmathematically

decree accordingtow hich5so lidi= 33/ 4o . =

1 5 o . = 1 l b .

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arii j o intly they indicatethatthedenarius

nabstractstandardofva lue and infact that

narii thedenariuswhichservedasa

ndthatw hichservedasastruck co in. When

pressedintermsofdenarii therefore the

tothestruck denarius thew eightofw hich

aningfulinsuchaconte t buttothe

arius-weight.Thispointis importantindeter-

rolinepound foritindicates thatone

nef igure asscho larshavehithertodone but

dappliedin mintageandthepoundupon

konedbytally.Thesepoundsmaybe

mintpound andtheaccountpound. The

f re uenciesof theco inagestruck byL ouis

sorsindicate thevariabilityoftheaccount

ynarrowscopeof thosefluctuationsandthe

rcontentrevealthepersistanceof the

outtheninthcentury.

m intdenarius dist inctf romtheactua lcoin

hreeambiguitiesmentionedabove the

dlikewiseclarifiesthe firstambiguity

noftwenty-twosoliditothepound byone

tysolidito thepoundbyothersources.

ncommandedthattwenty- tw osolidibestruck

andthattwoofthese shouldbedisposed

oneyerandtheotherto" the lord. H ere

specifythe allowancefortheprofitandthe

andto limitthesetotenpercentof thetota lm int

wenty-twosolidithereforecorresponds

ndtheremainingtwentysolidicomposedthe

rii.

distinctionsandproportionsinmind it

datarelatingtoCharlemagne smonetary

nceisthebody ofsurvivingcoins andwe

yoftheseremains.

entoftheseconclusionswaspublished

shedyetanothereffortto ascertainthe

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undCharlemagneinstitutedabout790; 87

anelaborationofourearliercomments. It is

ifted scholarsineasternE uropehave

ttentiontoproblemsconcerningtheir

canonlyhopethat westernscholarswill

w henitappearsandeven ifposssible return

hodolski sessayclaimsmeriton twocounts:

anew method theconclusionssuggestedby

ter w ithsomevariation bymeaboutthe

spound and second itpublishesinthe

uchodolskiemployed currentamongnumis-

hertoneglectedbywesternscholarsin

unk now ntomostof them. O f these the

mportant.H isconclusionsthatthestandard

harlemagne sreformwasabout1.70gr.

hew eightof thepoundw as respectively

isentirelyin linewiththeconsensuspreviously

chodolskihaspromisedafurtherstudy of

eferfullercommentonthis aspectofhiswork

fhismorematureconclusions.

nder reviewliesintwoaspectsof its

reefre uencytablesforthesamebody

ationbyformulaofaprecisemodalweight.

rts oneonthesca leof0. 05gr. ( f rom1.2 gr.

onthesca leof0. 10gr. (onef rom1. 21gr. to

m1.2 gr. to1. 8 gr. erroneouslymarked

, 1 .5 , 1 . 1 1 .7 1 1 .8 1 , t he a ut ho r ha s sh ow n th re e

uencyofhisspecimencoinsoccurs atabout

gr. and1. 71gr. between1. 1gr. and1. 71gr.

and1.7 gr. buthehasa lsoclearly suggested

dif ferentsca les thesamebodyofco insmay

eP o idsdesmonnaiesdeC harlemagneemisesapresla

u mi s ma t ic a ( F e s ts c hr i ft W . H a ve r ni c k e d s. P . B e r gh a us

b u rg 1 9 5 , p p . 43 - 50 . O n t h e p ra c ti c e of c o mp e ns a ti n g

sthroughw ear asusedbyDr. Suchodo lsk i seethe

son " C o inWearandtheF re uencyTable " P residen-

lMeetingof theR oya lNumismaticSociety

carolingian coinage / by karl f. morrison ; with the collab. of henry grunthal

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