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Equator Initiative Case StudiesLocal sustainable development solutions for people, nature, and resilient communities
Cameroon
SUPPORT GROUPFOR CONSERVATIONAND SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES(CACID)
Empowered live
Resilient nation
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UNDP EQUATOR INITIATIVE CASE STUDY SERIES
Local and indigenous communities across the world are advancing innovative sustainable development solutions that wo
or people and or nature. Few publications or case studies tell the ull story o how such initiatives evolve, the breadth
their impacts, or how they change over time. Fewer still have undertaken to tell these stories with community practition
themselves guiding the narrative.
To mark its 10-year anniversary, the Equator Initiative aims to ll this gap. The ollowing case study is one in a growing ser
that details the work o Equator Prize winners vetted and peer-reviewed best practices in community-based environmenconservation and sustainable livelihoods. These cases are intended to inspire the policy dialogue needed to take local succ
to scale, to improve the global knowledge base on local environment and development solutions, and to serve as models
replication. Case studies are best viewed and understood with reerence to The Power o Local Action: Lessons rom 10 Years
the Equator Prize, a compendium o lessons learned and policy guidance that draws rom the case material.
Click on the map to visit the Equator Initiatives searchable case study database.
EditorsEditor-in-Chie: Joseph Corcoran
Managing Editor: Oliver HughesContributing Editors: Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Erin Lewis, Whitney Wilding
Contributing WritersEdayatu Abieodun Lamptey, Erin Atwell, Toni Blackman, Jonathan Clay, Joseph Corcoran, Larissa Currado, Sarah Gordon, Oliver Hughe
Wen-Juan Jiang, Sonal Kanabar, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Rachael Lader, Patrick Lee, Erin Lewis, Jona Liebl, Mengning Ma,
Mary McGraw, Gabriele Orlandi, Juliana Quaresma, Peter Schecter, Martin Sommerschuh, Whitney Wilding, Luna Wu
DesignOliver Hughes, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Amy Korngiebel, Kimberly Koserowski, Erin Lewis, John Mulqueen, Lorena de la Pa
Brandon Payne, Mariajos Satizbal G.
AcknowledgementsThe Equator Initiative acknowledges with gratitude the Support Group or Conservation and Sustainable Development Initiatives.
photo credits courtesy ohttp://www.magacam.com/about-maga.html and maremagna, via panoramio. Maps courtesy o CIA Wo
Factbook and Wikipedia.
Suggested CitationUnited Nations Development Programme. 2012. Support Group or Conservation and Sustainable Development Initiatives (CACID), Cam
oon. Equator Initiative Case Study Series. New York, NY.
http://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://www.panoramio.com/user/1270976?with_photo_id=9120369http://equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=com_winners&view=casestudysearch&Itemid=858http://www.panoramio.com/user/1270976?with_photo_id=9120369http://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdf -
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PROJECT SUMMARYThe Support Group or Conservation and SustainableDevelopment Initiatives (Cellule dAppui la Conservation etaux Initiatives de Developpement Durable CACID) was thelocal implementing partner to the Waza Logone oodplainrehabilitation project, an IUCN-led intervention in northernCameroon rom 1987-2000. The project piloted a successiono oodwater releases to rehabilitate an area badly aectedby hydroelectric dam development in the late-1970s.
Critical to these eorts was conict resolution between theareas pastoralist, agrarian, and shing communities, who
relied on the oodplains scarce water resources or theirlivelihoods. This was successully carried out by CACID,who also worked with Waza National Park authorities todevelop sustainable livelihood activities and conserve theparks biodiversity. The work o CACID has been carried outsince 2000 by three local NGOs, which each specialise in keyaspects o the initial project.
KEY FACTS
EQUATOR PRIZE WINNER: 2002
FOUNDED: 1992
LOCATION: Far North Region
BENEFICIARIES: 33 villages
BIODIVERSITY: Waza National Park
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SUPPORT GROUP FOR CONSERVATION ANDSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVESCameroon
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Background and Context 4
Key Activities and Innovations 5
Biodiversity Impacts 6
Socioeconomic Impacts 8
Sustainability 9
Partners 9
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44
he Waza Logone region lies within the Lake Chad Basin in northernCameroon, surrounding the vast Yar oodplain. This is a critically
mportant wetlands area, and is home to the 170,000-hectare Waza
National Park, a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. With a rich diversity o
lant and animal species, the region is also a centre o intense shing
nd agricultural activities, livestock production, and tourism. The
oodplain was nearly destroyed by the construction o the Maga
ydroelectric dam in 1979. The main river o the region, the Logone,
eceives its water rom a higher rainall zone in Cameroon, Chad and
he Central Arican Republic. In September and October the river
s at peak ow and, apart rom very dry years, typically breaks the
verbanks and spills over into the oodplains. As the area is very at,
he oodwaters spread over a large area. Beore the dam was built,
wo principal seasonal rivers rising in the Mandara Mountains alsoontributed to the ood o water. Thanks to the construction o the
Maga dam, however, the entire ow was captured.
looding was subsequently reduced across much o the oodplain,
aving a heavy impact on the downstream environment and on local
eople and their livelihoods. Seasonal ooding provides sheltered
pawning grounds and thereore generates large numbers o sh;
educed ooding meant that the remaining sheries were quickly
ver-exploited. It also aected the supply o water used or livestock
earing. Wildlie numbers ell due to the lack o dry-season grazing
nd surace water. The combination o these impacts contributed to
he mass migration o impoverished resident shermen, armers and
erders.
Mobilizing to reverse environmental destruction
n response to these environmental threats, a partnership bringing
ogether the International Union or Conservation o Nature
UCN), the Institute o Environmental Sciences (CML) o Leiden
University (Netherlands), and the Government o Cameroon set
ut to rehabilitate the oodplain. In 1987, the Ministry o Foreign
Aairs (DGIS) o the Netherlands unded the rst phase o the
Waza Logone Project, operated locally through the Support Group
or Conservation and Sustainable Development Initiatives (Cellule
dAppui la Conservation et aux Initiatives de Developpement DuraCACID). This rst phase comprised pilot studies carried out withi
region by CML researchers in the late 1980s that exposed the ex
o the damage caused by the dam. The DGIS subsequently und
three-year second phase o the Waza Logone Project, rom 199
1995, during which the oodplain was selectively rehabilitate
controlled releases o water rom the Logone River, with the e
o this measured to design a long-term plan or more exten
hydrological rehabilitation. The third phase o the project, ca
out rom 1995 to 2000, ocussed on sustainably improving
quality o lie o the local population and enhancing the long-
health o biodiversity in the region through sustainable reso
management. CACID worked on behal o local communitie
the oodplain alongside international sta to co-managenatural resources o the region, and supported eorts to restor
wetlands and the livelihoods o its inhabitants. Since 2000, w
the Waza Logone intervention ended, CACID sta members
continued to manage the projects activities through the creati
three local NGOs which work closely with international partne
initiatives unded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF).
Among its main contributions to the Waza Logone project, CA
led conict resolution processes aimed at settling disputes betw
armers, shermen, and pastoralists over access to the reg
natural resources, and collaborated with the project in sm
scale development projects, including rain-ed rice arming
construction o clean water supply points, the building o latand systems or sanitation, and the establishment o a lo
managed ecotourism camp site. The projects eorts have la
succeeded in restoring the ecological abric o the oodplain,
have brought opportunities or sustainable income genera
to local communities. Successul activities carried out include
hydrological rehabilitation o the ood plain, the improveme
agricultural production systems, and establishing local acce
natural resources or pasture and shing. The combined eect o
sustainable approach to resource management has enabled a m
equitable share o available resources, while allowing a proce
ecological restoration.
Background and Context
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5
Key Activities and Innovations
he Waza Logone Project consisted o several components during
ts second and third phases. These activities included substantial
trengthening o local capacity, incorporating technical training
programmes or villagers and project personnel in pluvial rice
rowing, apiculture, and on gender issues. Project and government
personnel received urther training in Participatory and Rapid
Rural Appraisal methodologies, health and sanitation, computer
se, project planning, and in the use o Geographical Inormation
ystems (GIS). Personnel were also selected to attend seminars and
tudy tours in Cameroon and overseas, including the Netherlands,
witzerland, Zimbabwe, and Guinea-Bissau.
A second key eld o work was the introduction o a series o eco-evelopment projects. These included the development o resource
management programmes in livestock, in which three cattle
migration corridors were established; sustainable orestry, in which
ix villages were included within a newly-ormed community orest;
piculture; and sustainable sheries. Community development
projects were also implemented in rice-growing in 15 villages, and in
cotourism in three locations. These projects were undertaken with
ocal mens and womens groups. Finally, clean water and sanitation
acilities were also provided, with 37 wells being dug in 33 villages,
ombined with a programme o health and hygiene education that
esulted in a decrease in cases o diarrhoea by 70%.
Community participation and awareness was urther encouragedby the projects communications programme, which included the
ntegration o gender issues into project activities, and the launching
o an environmental education programme.
The return o the water to the Waza Logone oodplain
he re-inundation o the oodplain itsel took place or the rst
ime in 1994. A second pilot ooding was conducted in 1997. The
ombined channel ows o both pilot releases totalled approximately
5 m3/s or a duration o 6-8 weeks. The additional water resulted in
an annual increase in the area ooded in an average year o aro
200 km2. The releases provided data or a potential uture large-
re-inundation and established the credibility o the project amo
the local population thanks to an expansion o economic activ
or oodplain communities.
In its nal phase, the project sought to develop a managem
plan or the sustainable use o natural resources in the ood
that would underpin the successul reintroduction o oo
Management committees and local groups were establishe
guarantee local participation; the projects progressive exit stra
included the creation o the three NGOs Association Camerou
pour lEducation Environnementale (ACEEN), Association dAppuInitiatives de Dveloppement Rural(AIDR), and Cellule de Formati
dAppui aux Initiatives de Dveloppement(CFAID).
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6
Impacts
BIODIVERSITY IMPACTS
The 170,000-hectare Waza National Park is home to large numbers
o mammals and birds that depend on the annual inundation o
he oodplain. In total, 379 bird species have been identied in the
park. About hal o Cameroons population o the black crowned
rane (Balearica p. pavonia), some six per cent o the total world
population, resides in the Waza National Park. Annual water bird
ounts have been carried out in the Waza Logone area since 1993;
he our largest bird populations are white-aced whistling duckDendrocygna viduata), knob- billed goose (Sarkidiornis melanotus),
garganey (Anas querquedula) and spur-winged goose (Plectropterus
gambensis).
There are at least 30 species o mammals in the park, including
elephant (Loxodonta aricana), lion (Panthera leo), two species o
hyena (Crocuta crocuta and Hyaena Hyaena), korrigum (Damaliscus
korrigum), roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus), gazelle (Gazella
urons), warthog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus), reedbuck (Redunca
edunca) and Grimms duiker (Sylvicarpa grimmia). The park is also
home to one o the last remaining populations o the Kordoan
Girae (Girafa camelopardalis antiquorum). Kob antelopes increased
o 5,000 during the 1990s, ater a rapid decline in the 1980s.
Strategies or sustainable natural resource management
n 1994, an integrated programme o conservation and
development was initiated by CACID to rehabilitate the wetlands
nd improve conditions or the biological diversity that depends
on them. By bringing together government institutes, settled local
ommunities, traditional authorities, and private sector bodies such
s hotels and tourist agencies, the initiative has worked to restore
nd conserve the natural resources o the region. The programme
ocused on ecosystem evaluations and biological monitoring
o identiy alternative resource management strategies. Using
hese ndings, a water management plan was drawn up in which
water was systematically released rom the Logone River to re
the oodplain. Approximately 200 square kilometres 20%
the oodplain were restored in the early phases o the pro
Conservation o the Waza National Park was urther improved
resource use plan or the region that regulated access to resou
or local communities and or ecotourism activities.
The re-ooding o the pilot zone was a remarkable success
the pastoralists point o view. These changes were attributed
recovery o the vegetation, with a change rom annual grass sp
to perennial species; the cover o perennial grasses, incluEchinochloa pyramidalis and Oryza longistaminata, increased
41% to 61%. An indicator o the rangelands improvement waincrease o 260% in the number o cattle in the oodplain region
1994. One contributing actor to this was a change in transhum
patterns: ater the pilot release, pastoralists spent 60% more tim
the pilot zone beore they continued to the northern oodpla
Mukak near Zimado.
The increased extent o the oods also meant that some o
natural waterholes were relled and more surace water bec
available. Both livestock and wildlie beneted in the re-oo
areas rom decreased distances to drinking water. The increa
ooded area also provided additional habitat or sh and w
birds. Based on surveys carried out by the project, IUCN (2
calculated that shers caught 1,777 tonnes o sh in the addit200 km2 o ooded area. Population sizes or the our most com
bird species also increased ater 1995.
While these results have largely been maintained, wildlie num
in the park have suered in recent years due to poaching. In 1
the park had a sta o twenty-ve rangers. By 2005, however,
number had dropped to seven, and poachers rom Chad, Nigeria
Cameroon itsel had decimated wildlie numbers. A recent su
counted a dwindling population o lions numbering betwee
and 21. In response, the Netherlands IUCN Committee agreed to
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or an additional sixteen eco-rangers who would assist the parks
ta. These ongoing challenges threaten the long-term ecological
ntegrity o the oodplain, undermining the socio-ecological
balance established between the needs o wildlie populations and
he areas communities during the Waza Logone intervention.
SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS
The social and economic impacts o the Waza Logone Project wereelt through improved yields rom arming, shing, and pastoralism
hanks to the rehabilitation o the oodplain. Indirect benets were
lso elt through project activities that enabled substantial capacity
building and empowerment o local communities.
Tangible social gains or the communities o the oodplain included
mproved clean water access rom 37 wells in 33 villages, and rom
raining in health and sanitation. The increased access to clean water
was estimated to have resulted in a 70 per cent decrease in diarrhoea
n the region. The provision o drinking water supply points also
educed the number o water-borne diseases that were previously
widespread in the region.
Wide-ranging benets or livelihood activities in the region were
lso seen. In addition to improving the condition o the wetlands,
he availability o water on the ood plains allowed or higher
ice production and improved sh breeding grounds. Stocks o
sh increased, improving ood security and household nutrition
ndicators. The sale o surplus sh stocks, meanwhile, generated
valuable income that was used or investments in education, health
nd improved housing.
The development o village tourism has also brought benets to the
ommunities. As the parks wildlie numbers increased, ecotourism
has developed, attracting a higher volume o tourists and revenue.orty per cent o prots rom the national park are invested in the
development o the parks border villages. Women are involved in
atering and ood processing services, while men have been involved
n improving housing and village acilities. A community store was
developed or storing dried oods, managed by women in the village
o Waza. These diversied livelihood options and investments in
ommunity wellbeing represent a substantial improvement on
ocial and economic conditions in the oodplain communities prior
o the Waza Logone project.
Community-based resource conict resolution
An associated social benet arising rom the Waza Logone Pro
was the process o conict resolution that took place betw
stakeholder groups in the oodplain region. These conicts w
long-standing, preceding the initiation o the project itsel, but
heightened by the re-inundation o the plain.
i. Pastoralists and armersConicts such as those between herders and armers were typi
related to crop damage caused by livestock. In Waza Log
nomadic pastoralists were oten involved in such conicts w
herds entered the oodplain. In order to prevent cattle rom roam
onto elds containing ood crops, corridors had been establi
or ree passage to and rom the oodplain, but these corridors
begun to shrink due to increasing land occupation by armers.
the two pilot releases carried out in 1994 and 1997, both seden
arming and nomadic pastoralist populations increased within
oodplain, heightening the pressure on resources.
ii. Pastoralists and shermenSimilarly, conicts between pastoralists and shermen w
increased ater the projects rehabilitation o the oodplain.
long-standing conict had been caused by the existence o s
canals. In 1999/2000, almost 2,500 canals such canals were cou
in the oodplain, with about 1,000 situated on the banks o
Logomatya River alone. This gave an average o two canals
average one to two kilometres in length or every hundred m
o land. The dense network o shing canals requently interse
pastoralist corridors, who could not gain access to pastures wit
passing through the canals. In crossing the canals, they
damaged by the animals; shers claimed that this damage led
reduction in shing catches.
iii. Communities and national park authorities
Finally, these groups o armers, shers, and pastoralists we
conict with the Waza National Park authorities. Conrontat
between pastoralists and the park administration took p
whenever herders were caught illegally grazing their cattle in
the park. When the abundance o pastureland and watering h
in the park increased thanks to the rehabilitation o the oodp
these resources came under heightened pressure. Predatio
livestock by lions had urther soured the relationship betw
the Park authorities and the neighbouring communities. Simi
7
Table 1: Numbers of the four most common waterbird species in and around Waza National Park (1993-1997)
Species 1993 1995 1996 1997
White-aced whistling duck 7,524 5,784 5,427 15,317
Spur-winged goose 2,128 845 2,928 5,249
Garganey 121 735 6,781 2,035
Knob-billed goose 230 623 681 1,184
Total 12,103 7,986 15,817 23,795
ource: IUCN (2004), based on DeKort and Van Weerd (1995) and Bobo Kadiri (1997)
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onicts occurred between the Waza National Park administration
nd shermen living in the vicinity o this protected area. According
o the shers, three ponds located within the Park belonged to them
ecause they were orcibly removed rom the current Waza National
ark limits during its extension in 1968. There were also conicts
etween dierent groups o shermen: the Kotoko, traditional
shing communities, and the Musgum, who successully challenged
heir privilege o exclusively determining access rights to the shing
rounds.
Rooting dispute resolution in traditional institutions
nstitutional arrangements in the Waza Logone area vary rom the
ocal level to the regional level. There are around 550 villages in the
oodplain region, divided into administrative units called cantons.
ach village is headed by a village chie (Djaom), who is assisted by
number o counsellors. Village chies help in levying government
axes, are responsible or the local management o the land, and
ave the authority to allow new amilies to settle in their village.
Above each village chie, however, is a Lamido, typically the most
nuential chie o the local canton.
Customary access to the oodplain resources had rested on the
hared understanding that all o its resident communities had the
ght to use natural resources or their subsistence. Individual cases
access routes were settled through arrangements between theamido and nomadic pastoralists. This typically involved a levy paid
n behal o the pastoralist herd to sedentary armers, and in some
ases required mediation rom village leaders. The relationship
etween herders and armers was essentially one o reciprocal
enet: or example, dung rom cattle herds was used by armers as
ertilizer.
In the years beore the Waza Logone Project was carried
this customary system had been largely replaced by a sy
o arbitration, in which a commission or settling agro-pas
conict was instituted in each administrative division. T
commissions were composed o the divisional ofcer, the m
the gendarmerie brigade squadron, the local ofcer o the Min
o Animal Husbandry, the Ministry o Agriculture, the village h
and representatives o the pastoralists and armers. Despite
eorts o these committees, however, instances o disputes betwoodplain residents were increasing with the return o depl
water sources.
One o the principal achievements o CACIDs work was to acil
improved conict resolution through a highly participatory pro
The rst contact with conicting parties was when the pr
sta surveyed the oodplain. Based on interviews and surveys
project concluded that methods used to settle conicts avo
settled communities and the owners o shing canals at
expense o the pastoralists. To redress this imbalance, the pro
intervened on behal o pastoralists at their request on sepa
occasions, working through customary institutions to me
resolutions accepted by all parties. Oten this involved establis
new transhumance corridors through settled lands, agreed thro
exhaustive discussions with all stakeholders. The long-term im
o these interventions remains the projects principal achieveme
improving social and economic well-being in the oodplain, an
proved undamental in underpinning the sustainable managem
o the Waza Logone region.
8
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9
Sustainability and Replication
SUSTAINABILITYhe sustainability o the Waza Logone Project was rooted in its
nvolvement o a range o local authorities and institutions. These
ncluded the canton Lamidos, water and livestock chies, and
ommissions or resolving agro-pastoralist conict. The eect was to
uild the capacity o local communities and ensure a high degree o
uy-in to the projects work. Participatory surveys, mapping, conict
esolution and land management plans all helped to achieve this
entral aim o the project.
Ater 2000, when international partners withdrew rom the region,
he challenge was to continue the work o the Cellule dAppuila Conservation et aux Initiatives de Developpement Durable in
maintaining sustainable resource management. This has largely
een accomplished through the creation o three local NGOs, each
working in distinct areas o community development.
Cellule de Formation et dAppui aux Initiatives de Dveloppement
CFAID) is a support unit or training in development initiatives that
works with armers to secure and improve agricultural production.
his group has partnered with the FAO.
ssociation dAppui aux Initiatives de Dveloppement Rural (AIDR)
upports rural development initiatives, including credit schemes,
working with shing groups and womens organizations withupport rom the German Development Service (Deutscher
ntwicklungsdienst- DED).
ssociation Camerounaise pour lEducation Environnementale
ACEEN), meanwhile, works in environmental education with
upport rom WWF.
hese groups were partners to the GEF Waza-Logone Project, which
uilt on the work o the IUCN-led intervention and was based on
ecommendations made by the Lake Chad Basin Commission
(comprising the countries o Cameroon, Nigeria, Chad, Niger,
the Central Arican Republic.) It operated in three areas: w
management issues at the Chari-Logone Basin level; na
resource use at the Waza Logone oodplain level; and biodive
conservation in Waza and Kalamaloue National Parks. The t
NGOs established by CACID took a lead role in local developm
and land management initiatives unded by this project, inclu
schemes to prevent waterborne diseases in villages o the oodp
and stabilisation o arable land to improve dry season productio
sorghum. While international unding and support remain cr
to the long-term sustainable development o the region, the a
o these local groups to absorb this aid and successully co-ma
projects is a result o the work o CACID.
PARTNERS
The Waza Logone Project brought together a range o local, reg
national, and international partners in its work. Each had cl
dened roles and responsibilities in its implementations. For inst
local villagers and the members o nomadic pastoral commun
were expected to use natural resources in compliance
management agreements and rules; to protect these resources
illegal access by outsiders; and to participate in the identica
planning and monitoring o eco-development activities. Va
local-level authorities were tasked with ensuring that agreem
were respected and adjudicating any conicts arising rom implementation. Representatives rom government tech
services, such as those or agriculture, orestry, stock breeding
sheries advised local populations in important decisions rela
to the exploitation o resources. Conservation and developm
agencies such as IUCN acilitated the establishment o managem
plans and committees. Finally, research institutions such as
Institute o Environmental Sciences o Leiden University advis
the use o natural resources within the oodplain, and especia
the national park.
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Equator Initiative
Environment and Energy GroupUnited Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
304 East 45th Street, 6th Floor
New York, NY 10017
Tel: +1 646 781-4023
www.equatorinitiative.org
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the UNs global development network, advocating or change and
necting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better lie.
The Equator Initiative brings together the United Nations, governments, civil society, businesses and grassroots organizati
o recognize and advance local sustainable development solutions or people, nature and resilient communities.
2012 by Equator Initiative
All rights reserved
FURTHER REFERENCE
Loth, P. (Editor), 2004. The Return o the Water: Restoring the Waza Logone Floodplain in Cameroon. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and C
bridge, UK. xvi + 156 pp. atl.org.mx/les/WaterPublications/ParaCuencas/6.pd
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