COLONIZATIONCauses and lasting Effects

GO TO SMART BOARD FOR

FANTASY DRAFT!!

Fantasy Draft Questions

Who colonized you? What did they want from you? Did you have any say in which team

( colonizing power ) drafted you?

What does Africa have that Europe doesn’t? Look at the resource map of Europe Look at the resource map of Africa What resources does Africa have that

Europe does not? Are these resources more valuable?

What makes you think so?

What is colonization?

When one country takes over another country/territory or land and rules it/ puts it under their control

Why did European countries want to colonize African countries?

For their resources! Africa has many natural resources that can be used especially in Europe's manufacturing centers.Basically, Europeans would take control of

African resources, and use them to make things and sell for money for their own government NOT the African colony’s benefit!

Which European countries colonized the most in Africa?

Color your map using the color coding

Did African countries have any say in who colonized them?

NO! During the Berlin Conference in 1884

European countries met to divide up Africa and set up borders.How many African representatives were

there? ZERO!!!!

EFFECTS OF COLONIALISM

The good and the bad ( depending on who you ask)

Changing Country Borders Split up territory

based on resources Sometimes

traditional ethnic groups that were enemies or never were associated with each other now got thrown in the same area

Changing Language Europeans made their

language the official language of the colonial government and business. So all business was conducted in that language ( for example, English, Spanish, German, French, Portuguese) Had to learn whole new language Today you many still speak the

European language of their colonial power○ Ex. English in South Africa, French in

the Ivory Coast

Changing Religions Prior to colonization many

African countries had their own native religion

Ways that monotheistic religions spread: Islam spread through trade

with the Arabs (from the middle east) first in the northern parts of Africa ( cause its closest to the middle east) then elsewhere.

Christian missionaries spread Christianity

When European countries colonized Africa they brought their religion with them mostly Christianity

Cultural Changes Lead to CONFLICTBEFORE COLONIZATION DURING COLONIZATION

Many African nations lived in city states ( own independent society with own leader or group of leaders)

The colonial government had the most power and then would appoint a local Africa leader ( a chief). The chiefs were expected to maintain local order and enforce colonial laws.

“Divide and rule” colonial policy of treating some ethnic groups different than others so that they will not be united Why? If groups aren’t united

they will not work together to overthrow the colonial power

Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria Was a British colony British put the Nigerians into three ethnic

groups:Hausa-Fulani: islam ( from north) Yoruba: half islam half Christian ( in the south

west) Igabo: catholic ( in the south east)

When Nigeria got its independence the three regions were forced to work together. This created issues that lead to a civil war in 1967

Nigeria conflict GOOD Results

Economic boost has made Nigeria the fastest growing economy in AfricaLagos: capital city is modern and a

center for Africa music and movies○ Nicknamed Nollywood

Oil and petroleum was discovered in the 1970s along the cost and has helped boost Nigeria’s economy

8th most populated country in the world

Nigeria Conflict BAD results Ethnic and religious tensions still existThe north does not has lower literacy rate, poorer

healthcare and not as good as infrastructure ( transportation and communication)

Economic inequality: places with oil like Lagos and Port Harcourt have more money than other territories

Religious differences: Nigeria follows an English legal system similar to ours but 12 states in the north follow legal systems based on Islamic law○ Boko Haram is a militant Islamic terrorist group that has

immerged in Nigeria and has carried out attacks and t threatened to overthrow the Nigerian government

GenocideRwanda and Sudan

What is genocide?

http://www.history.com/topics/what-is-genocide Mass killing of people based on race, religion,

ethnicity etc. Examples include:

the Holocaust (late 1930s-1940s) Armenian Massacre, Bosnia-Yugoslavia ( 1990s) Rwanda (1994) Darfur (2003-?)

Rwanda Genocide Hutu is majority ( 85%) Tutsi is minority group

Tension caused with the Belgian ( colonial rulers of Rwanda) treating the Tutsi better than the Hutu ( better jobs education ect).

Hutu grow resentful and violence builds: 1959 Hutu revolution forced out many Tutsi and by 1962 when Rwanda got its independence, the Hutu had kicked out Tutsi monarch and taken over government

Rwanda Genocide-continued

In 1990, forces of the Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF), consisting mostly of Tutsi refugees, invaded Rwanda from Uganda.

A ceasefire was signed in 1992 and the president of Rwanda ( who was Hutu ) agreed to start giving Tutsi more representation in government.

1994 plane carrying the Rwandan and Burundi presidents is shot down. Each side thinks the other did it and the Hutu extremists groups begin killing Tutsi

Killing spreads

by July the RPF regains control

Videos from Rwanda Genocide1994

Left to Tell- survivor story

interview with survivors 2014

1994 dateline video at refugee camps

- history channel recap of what happened

Conflict in Sudan

Causes of the conflicts are mostly based on religion and ethnic differences.

Also, issues over resources: parts of the country have oil other parts just desert.

When the British rules Sudan they ruled the north and south as two separate places. But when Sudan got its independence the country had to work together as one big place. This did not go well.

Civil War in Sudan From 1955-1972 north and south Sudan

fought a civil war. End result was the north ( mostly Muslim)

controlled the government and the southern rebels who did not like that form of government, started to form their own armies with the support of the Dinka and Nuer people.

1983 civil war started up again over fears that the Islamic law of the North would be forced on the people of the south ( who were either Christian or their own traditional religion)

End result of Sudan’s Civil War

End result was the force migration of many people to near by Kenya and Ethiopia

The Lost Boys of Sudan: over 20,000 boys were forced to leave their homes many dying on the way○ Why? Armies on both sides would try to

recruit young boys to join them often by force

What is happening in Darfur?

http://www.darfuraustralia.org/darfur/basics

Basic Outline Video

Genocide in Darfur Started in 2003 between the Arab ethnic groups in the north

and the African ethnic groups in western Sudan ( a region known as Darfur)

What happened? Rebels attacked a Sudanese government airbase because they felt like the government was favoring the Arab ethnicity

The government responded by unleashing the Janjaweed ( an armed militia group meaning they are not part of the army but a group of volunteer civilians) who terrorized the villages in Darfur: destroying homes, attacking unarmed civilians like women and children

Between 2003-2013: This caused over 2 million Sudanese people in Darfur to leave their homes and become refugees in nearby places like Chad

Effects on Economies

Problems Causes by Colonial Economies Africans lose control of resources

Colonies were set up to export their raw materials. Money goes to colonial power

Poor Infrastructure Transportation focused on exporting goods out not

shipping them through the country Food production

Farming was replaced by mining for mineralsFood then had to be imported from Europe which was

expensive for Africans ( more money for Europeans) Farming cash crops

Farming all one thing not to keep but to sell

Lingering Economic Issues Poor infrastructure

Communication systems ( phones etc) and transportation systems ( trains, roads, shipping)

Poverty Poor healthcare

Governments not spending money on health care; not enough for the population

People get sick and cannot workEpidemics like AIDS

Your task…. Should you choose to accept it: Pick one of the

economic problems facing post colonial Africa:

With a teammate decide: What could your

country do to help fix this issue

Defend your answer: why did you make this choice and how will it help the issue

What some countries are doing to help/ improve Micro lending- “mini loans”- when small lenders or

individuals lend small amounts of money to people who do not qualify for traditional loans.

Mobile money- using the phone like a bank card Used in Kenya, Gabon and Sudan among other nations

Ecotourism- people coming to visit country to see wildlife Commercial Agriculture- specializing in a cash crop to sell

Ex. Sudan= cotton, Liberia= rubber Improve infrastructure- build up better transportation

systems to ship goods all over, improve communication systems so business can be done

anywhere with any one○ Think internet

Effects on Government

Getting independence Pan Africanism: goals were to get

independence and unify peopleAmerican WEB Du BOIS helped start this

movement Independence started in the 1950s and spread

Sudan and Ghana first fewLeaders formed Organization of African Unity to help

other nations get independence HOWEVER, difficulties remained after

independenceSome independence movements lead to civil war

PROBLEMS

Civil wars broke out Weak governments and poor leaders Governments started off multiparty but

then became single partyEasy for one group or person to take over

which lead to DICTATORSHIPS

Ex. Of countries with post-colonial government issue

Ghana Congo Zimbabwe Somalia

Your task… should you choose to accept it In your teams you will receive

a description of one post colonial dictator

You need to ‘put the dictator on trial’ Half of your team will serve as

the prosecution:○ Describe what offenses this

person has done to their country

Half will serve as the defense:○ Describe any positives that this

alleged dictator may have brought to their country

Present to the class and the class will vote as to whether or not this person should be overthrown

Ghana Elected Kwame Nkrumah

Turned into a dictatorship Those who opposed him

were jailed or exiled Controlled economy

What to make which businesses would make it

Led to corruption cause government officials kept the wealth

1966 military overthrew him Suffered 5 more military

take overs

Congo Dictator Joseph

Mobutu ruled for 30years

used country’s resources for his own lavish lifestyle Spent 500 million

building 1 of 11 palaces Overthrown in 1997

and became the Democratic Republic of Congo

Zimbabwe Dictator Robert

Mugabe One party rule Corrupt elections Took over farms on

‘white land’Used violence from

militias to do thisThis lead to the loss

of jobs for thousands of African workers

Somalia and transitional governments

Transitional government: ran by a non elected group that helps design a government

In Somalia this led to political instabilityMade it easy for war

lords to take overThat combined with

drought made serious issues