cell biology. cells definition: the smallest most basic unit of all living things that is still...
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Cells
• Definition: The smallest most basic unit of all living things that is still considered alive.
• Examples of cells: bacteria, muscle cells, nerve cells, fatty tissue is made of fat cells, skin, bone marrow, pancreas cells…..
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Gametes (Sex Cells)
• Egg • Sperm
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Classification of Cells
• Prokaryotic • Do not have membrane bound organelles (structure within a cell that are surrounded by a membrane).
• Most notably, no nucleus.
• Make up single celled organisms called Bacteria
• In fact, the only prokaryotic cells present today are Bacteria cells
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Examples of Prokaryotic Cells
Billion year old bacteria
Rod Shaped Bacteria
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Classification of Cells
• Eukaryotic: • Do have membrane bound organelles within the cell.
• So, do contain a nucleus.• Make up both single
celled and multicellular organisms.
• Examples of eukaryotic organisms include: animals, plants, amoeba, paramecium….
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Eukaryotic Cell detail: note the many membrane bound organelles
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Examples of Single Celled Eukaryotic Cells
Paramecium Diatom Algae
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Viruses
• Not necessarily living: not a cell because it lacks the ability to replicate on it’s own.
• Made up of a protein coat (shell) surrounding a nucleic acid molecule (either DNA or RNA).
• Function: inject DNA/RNA into cell and turn cell into a virus factory that makes many copies of the virus.
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More Viral Structures• Microscope picture of WSSV virus: kills
shrimp. (source: Wageningen University, Laboratory of Virology)
•Ebola Virus
Virus that causes pink eye
Bacteriophage
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Compare/Contrast Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic Cells and Viruses
• Q: Which have an outer membrane?
• A: Prokaryotic/Eukaryotic cells
• Q: Which have a protein coat?
• A: Viruses• Q: Which have DNA?• A: All• Q: Which rely on other
cells for replication?• A: Viruses
• Q: Which have membrane bound organelles?
• A: Eukaryotic cells• Q: Which can live on their
own?• A: Prokaryotic/Eukaryotic
cells• Q: Which can cause
disease?• A: All
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Cell Membrane
• Structure of all cells that regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
• Selectively permeable:
• Some chemicals can pass through membrane while others cannot
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Structure of Cell Membrane• 1. Phospholipid bilayer: fluid layer• 2. Proteins imbedded in the lipid bilayer act as pumps/channels, receptors, and
identification markers• 3. Cholesterol attaches to phospholipid tails, inhibiting movement. Result is cell
membrane is less fluid.
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Function of Cell Membrane
• It is a barrier between the interior of the cell and its exterior environment.
• Both the internal and external environment of cells are liquidy: water solvent with various solutes such as proteins, gases, ions, sugars, amino acids, nucleotides.
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Movement of Substances across the Cell Membrane
• Passive Transport:• Does not require
cellular energy• Types of Passive
Transport include diffusion and osmosis
• Active Transport• Do require cellular
energy• Types of active
transport include movement through a protein pump, endocytosis, and exocytosis
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Passive Transport: Diffusion
• Definition of Diffusion:• When molecules move
from an area of greater molecule concentration (conc.) to an area of lesser molecule concentration.
• Example:• Perfume diffuses through
the air. • The perfume molecules
move from an area of greater perfume molecule conc. to an area of lesser perfume conc.
• Another (more gross) example:
• Someone farts…..
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Passive Transport: Diffusion Examples
• 1: • 2:
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Passive Transport: Diffusion Examples
• 3:
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•Gas exchange in our lungs is an example of diffusion in our bodies.
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• Water absorption in our skin when we swim or take a bath is also an example of Diffusion in our bodies (as water diffuses into our skin, the skin puffs up; however, because it is attached to the inner layer of skin it wrinkles)
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Passive Transport: Osmosis
• Definition of Osmosis:
• When water molecules diffuse across a selectively permeable membrane.
• Examples:• When there is a higher
water concentration outside a cell than inside a cell, the water molecules will diffuse across the cell membrane into the cell
• When water passes through a plastic bag with holes that are only big enough for the water to pass through but nothing else.
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Passive Transport: Osmosis Example
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Passive Transport: Osmosis Example with RBC
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Active Transport: Endocytosis
• Using cellular energy to actively take something into a cell.
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Active Transport: Exocyctosis
• Using cellular energy to actively expel something from a cell.
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Secretion of Proteins• 1. Proteins are
made at the Ribosomes.
• 2. From there they travel through the cell in the Endoplasmic Reticulum.
• 3. A vesicle pinches off from the Endoplasmic Reticulum and travels to the Golgi Apparatus and fuses to it.
• 4. The proteins are modified in the Golgi Apparatus
• 5. Then a vesicle pinches off from the endoplasmic reticulum, travels to the cell membrane and fuses to it.
1.2.
3.
4. 5.
Ribosomes
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Examples of Protein secretions
• Saliva
• Venom in snakes and scorpions
• Digestive enzymes in our stomach and pancreas
• Neurotransmitters that carry messages between our nerve cells
• Poisons in spiders and stinging jellyfish
• Enzymes in tears
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Energy in cells: involves two organelles
• Photosynthesis: Chloroplasts in plant cells
• Organisms that make their own food through photosynthesis are called autotrophs.
• Cell respiration: Mitochondria in plant and animal cells
• Organisms that need to consume other living things for food are called heterotrophs.
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1. Sunlight captured by chloroplasts
2. Chloroplasts make glucose
(cellular food)
3. Organisms eat plants, or other animals
that eat plants, and take in glucose
4. Glucose diffuses into a cell through a membrane protein
5. Glucose broken down in mitochondria
to release cellular energy (ATP)
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Photosynthesis
• Equation:• 6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
• Sunlight Energy
• The light energy from the sun gets trapped into a molecule of glucose.
• Where do the reactants come from?• Where do the products end up?
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Cell Respiration
• C6H12O6 + 6O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
• ATP• When glucose is broken down in the
mitochondria, the energy that was trapped in the glucose molecule is released as cellular energy.
• The cell uses cellular energy for growing, moving, reproducing, making proteins, building biomolecules, digesting biomolecules.