D Franek

CELLS

No

YesThe smallest living part of organisms

Visualizing Cells

Visualizing Cells

Watch the history

Prokaryotic Cells Earth’s first cells are the simplest life forms exist in two major forms: eubacteria

and archaebacteria Earth’s most abundant inhabitants can survive in a wide range of

environments and obtain energy in a variety of ways

Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotes are cells that lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.

Bacteria and blue green bacteria are examples

Prokaryotic Cells Some use flagellum (a tail)

to move ALL are UNICELLULAR

Bacterial cell wall

Flagellum

Rotarymotor

Sheath

Prokaryotic Cell

Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes– Nucleus &

Organelles

– Linear chromosomes

– Unicellular or multicellular

– Cell wall (plants & fungus)

– Cell membrane (all)

Prokaryotes– No organelles

– Circular chromosomes

– Unicellular or colonial

– Cell wall

– Cell membrane

Includes cells of: Plants, Animals, Fungi& Protists

Includes onlyBacteria

&Blue-green bacteria

Two Major types of Cells

can be thought of as a "factory,“ with different departments

each performing specialized tasks.

Copyright 1996 Shawn Glynn

Eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells

EukaryoteEukaryotes are cells that contain a nucleus and organelles (small parts with functions) surrounded by a membrane, ex: mitochondria and chloroplasts.

EukaryotesCan be both unicellular or multi-cellular

Organisms with eukaryotic cells are: fungi, plants, animals,protists

Cell Size - most cells are small because the volume increases more than the surface area transport of materials happens

http://www.cellsalive.com/howbig.htm

chromosomes

Packaging of genetic materialprokaryote cell

eukaryote cell

Bacterial Cell

PROKARYOTE

Animal Cell

EUKARYOTE

Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells

Both Basic unit of

LifeAll have:

Cell membraneGenetic material

RibosomesCytoplasm

All have cell wall

Some have

cell wall

Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells

Both Basic unit of

LifeAll have:

Cell membraneGenetic material

RibosomesCytoplasm

All have cell wall

Some have

cell wallUni & multi cellular

Membrane bound organelles

Nucleus

ComplexEvolved laterChromosomes multiple linear Smaller in size

Includes all bacteria Includes animal, plants,

Protists & fungi cells

_____Unicellular/uni & multi cellular __________ Nucleus/no nucleus _____

_____ Membrane bound organelles/no __________ Simple/complex _____

_____ First on Earth/evolved later __________ Chromosome one circular

Chromosomes multiple linear _____Animal cells _____Plant cells _____

Protists (unicellular animal or plant like organisms) _____Bacteria _____

Blue green bacteria _____Fungi (mold, mushrooms) _____

Smaller in size _____

Name ______________ Date _____ Per ____Practice Use Pro for prokaryotic cell, Eu for eukaryotic cell

PRO Unicellular / uni & multi cellular EUEU Nucleus / no nucleus PRO

EU Membrane bound organelles / no PRO PRO Simple / complex EU

PRO First on Earth / evolved later EUPRO Chromosome one circular

Chromosomes multiple linear EUAnimal cells EUPlant cells EU

Protists (unicellular animal or plant like organisms) EUBacteria PRO

Blue green bacteria PRO Fungi (mold, mushrooms) EU

Smaller in size PRO

Name ______________ Date _____ Per ____Practice Use Pro for prokaryotic cell, Eu for eukaryotic cell

Animal Cell

EUKARYOTE

white blood cell

red blood cell

cheek cellssperm

nerve cell

muscle cell

Amoeba

Paramecium

Different kinds of animal cellsDifferent kinds of animal cells

Human CellsThere are more than 10 trillion cells,

and over 200 types of cells in the human body, that very greatly in

size, shape, and function!!!

Animal Cell only -Animal Cell only -OrganellesOrganelles

Near the nucleus Paired structures Help cell divide

Lysosomes …destroy toxic substances and recycle worn-out cell parts. (contain enzymes)

Animal Cell only -Animal Cell only -OrganellesOrganelles

Plant Cell

EUKARYOTE

Onion Epidermal Cells

Root Hair Cell

Guard Cells

Different kinds of plant cellsDifferent kinds of plant cells

Onion Skin Cell

                                                                                      

    

Elodea Leaf Cell

Plant Cells only - Structures

Cell wallMade of cellulose

Strong and rigid

In plant cells only

Protect and supports

Gives shape to the cell

A dead layer

freely permeable

Plant Cell Structures only

Chloroplasts

-Contain the green pigment chlorophyll

-Traps light energy, (to make food by photosynthesis)

-Contain starch grains (products of photosynthesis)

In both animal & plant

cells

Cell membrane– Lies immediately inside the cell wall, gives

shape to the cell– Made of protein and lipid – Selectively permeable– Controls the movement of materials into

and out of the cell

Cytoplasm -Jelly-like substance within cell membrane, -Gives cell shape-Most chemical reactions take place here-Contains the organelles

The ER is a continuation of the outer nuclear

membrane, a canal-like system for transport.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

or ER

The golgi apparatus packages molecules processed by the

endoplasmic reticulum, preparing them to be

transported out of the cell.

Golgi apparatus

All of the instructions for cell activity are here in the form of chromatin (threadlike DNA responsible for providing the cell with its unique characteristics).

Nucleus – Control Center

Nucleus

Nucleolus…produces ribosomes. Some cells can have more than one. Found inside the nucleus.

•Vacuole

-for storage-especially large

in plants, for water

Mitochondrion

•Rod shape

•Active cells have more ( eg. sperm, liver cells)

•Energy is made here by Cellular respiration

Ribosomes use the cell’s genetic instructions to

make proteins.

Transport system

SimilaritiesSimilarities between plant cells and animal between plant cells and animal

cellscells

Both have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm

Both have a nucleus

Both contain mitochondria

Differences Differences between plant cells and animal cellsbetween plant cells and animal cells

Animal cells Plant cells

Have centrioles

Irregular shape

No

No

Regular shape

Cell wall present

Contains chloroplastsNo

Usually one large vacuole

Vacuoles small or absent

Glycogen

as stored food

Starch

as stored food

Pearson diagram

The Cell Song

http://www.youtube.com/

watch?v=rABKB5aS2Zg&fe

ature=fvwrel

atoms (chemical building blocks of all matter) -> molecules (group of atoms with specific properties) -> organelles (structures in cells that perform specific functions) ->

cells (lowest level that exhibits all characteristics of life)-> tissues (groups of specialized types of cells) -> organs (2 or more different tissues, performing a specific function) ->system (group of organs working together for a specific activity) ->organism (living entity) ->

population (localized group of organisms of same species) -> community (interacting populations) -> ecosystems (community interactions including abiotic factors) -> biosphere (world of life)

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Levels of Organization for Multicellular Levels of Organization for Multicellular OrganismsOrganisms

organisms (e.g. man)

cells (e.g. muscle or nerve cells)

tissues (e.g. muscle, epithelium)

organs (e.g. heart, lungs, stomach)

systems (e.g. circulatory system)

CellsCells• Are the basic units of structure and function in living things.

• May serve a specific function within the organism

• Examples- blood cells, nerve cells, bone cells…

Not

Tissues Tissues • A group of the same kind of cells which work together to perform a specific activity

• Examples - blood, muscle, bone, nerve…

Not

Humans have 4 basic tissues: connective, epithelial,

muscle, and nerve

Tissue Type Description Where it is found in the body

Epithelium Cover organ surfaces

Skin, digestive tract

Connective Holds everything together

Blood, bone, cartilate

Muscle Has filaments that contract

Muscles

Nervous Main component of nervous system

Brain, spinal cord

Human Tissues

Epithelium

Connective

cartilage

Muscle

cardiac

Nervous

central nervous system

Human Tissues

Type of Tissue Description Where it is found in plant

Meristematic Division of new cells for new growth or repair

Inside plant body

Epidermis Cells forming the outer surface

Cover leaves, plant body

Vascular Transport fluids and nutrients

Inside plant body

Ground Manufactures nutrients by photosynthesis

Center of plant body

Plant Tissues

OrganOrgan Different tissues group together to carry

out specialized functions Ex:

Heart : (consists of muscles, nervous tissue and blood vessels)

Leaf : (consists of epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissue)

Not

Play the organ game at:www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/interactives/3djigsaw_02/

index.shtml

SystemSystem• Several organs and tissues work together to carry out a particular set of functions in a coordinated way

• Examples:

– Human digestive and reproductive systems

– Plant root and shoot systems

Organism - aka “living thing”

So…which is more complex?

A cell or an atom?

An organOr a tissue?

A Tissue or an atom?

SYSTEM

__________ __________ __ __________ work together to carry out a particular set of functions in a ______________________way Give Example: ________________________________________________

ORGAN __________ __________ group together to carry out specialized functions

Give Examples: _____________________________________

TISSUESA group of the _______ _____ of ______ which work together to perform a specific activity

Give Example - _________________________________

CELLS

Are the basic unit of ____________ and ____________ in living things.

May serve a specific function within the organism

Give Example- ____________________________________________________

ORGANISM AKA ________ ______ Give Examples: _________________________

NAME _______________________ CLASS PERIOD _______ DATE ________

CELL ORGANIZATION

… it is just a protein coat surroundinggenetic material!

VirusIs NOT a cell

Cell Differentiation Cell specialization occurs during the

development of a multi-cellular organism.

The genetic information necessary for all cellular functions remains in each cell but may not be used.