Ch. 4, Sec. 1 -Ch. 4, Sec. 1 -The Industrial The Industrial

RevolutionRevolution(1780-1900)(1780-1900)

A.A. Agriculture.Agriculture.

1. Enclosure movement – large landowners bought small farms & applied scientific approach to farming.

2. Used crop rotation & selective breeding by scientific farmers.

Jethro Tull was one ofthe first scientific farmers.

This 1836 This 1836 enclosure enclosure map of map of Hardwick, Hardwick, England, England, also shows also shows the Toft the Toft fields fields enclosed in enclosed in 1812 1812

Livestock breeding – only the Livestock breeding – only the best sheep allowed to breed; best sheep allowed to breed; increased average weight from increased average weight from

18 lbs. up to 50 lbs.18 lbs. up to 50 lbs.

B.B. Effects of Agricultural Effects of Agricultural Improvement.Improvement.1.1. ↑↑ population led to population led to ↑ ↑ demand demand for food for food & goods.& goods.

2.2. As farmers lost land to As farmers lost land to enclosures, they enclosures, they left rural left rural villages & villages & moved to the moved to the citiescities to work in factories. to work in factories.

C.C. Industrial Revolution – Industrial Revolution – ↑↑ output of output of machine-made goodsmachine-made goods that began in that began in England in 1780. England in 1780.

Coalbrookdale byNight, painted byPhilippe Loutherbourg, 1808.

D.D. Why start in England?Why start in England?1.1. Many workers.Many workers.2.2. Many natural resources.Many natural resources.

a) water power & coal.a) water power & coal.b) iron ore, tools, & b) iron ore, tools, &

buildings.buildings.c) rivers & harbors.c) rivers & harbors.

3.3. Strong economy.Strong economy.4.4. Business investments.Business investments.5.5. Strong banks.Strong banks.6.6. Political stability.Political stability.7.7. ““Factors of ProductionFactors of Production”” – labor, – labor,

entrepreneurs, land, & capital entrepreneurs, land, & capital ($).($).

No wars fought in Eng; No wars fought in Eng; ← ← military success; and military success; and

positive attitude.positive attitude.

FACTORS OF PRODUCTIONS

E.E. Machines replaced human & Machines replaced human & animal animal power; new sources of power; new sources of power (steam); power (steam); new raw new raw materials (coal); new mode of materials (coal); new mode of

production (factory production (factory system).system).

Before After

Before After

Before After

Before After

Before and After Industrialization

F.F. Textile Industry.Textile Industry.1.1. Cottage Cottage Industry – Industry – weaving weaving thread in thread in rural rural cottages.cottages.

2.2.Industrialization Industrialization began in textile began in textile industry (demand industry (demand for cotton).for cotton).

Arkwright invented the Waterframe (increased production of textiles)

in 1769.

Hargreaves’Spinning Jenny

in 1764.

G.G. Eli Whitney & The Cotton Gin.Eli Whitney & The Cotton Gin.

1. 1793, while 1. 1793, while working on a working on a GA plantation.GA plantation.

2. Negative 2. Negative impact: impact: ↑↑ demand for demand for both land & both land & slaves due to slaves due to profits of profits of cotton.cotton.

H.H. Transportation Revolution.Transportation Revolution.

1.James Watt – steam engine in 1765.

a) Steam was a cheap,

convenient sourceof power.Robert Fulton’s steamboat

provided fast, easy transportationof both raw materials and finished

goods.

I.I. Effect of the Railroads:Effect of the Railroads:1.1. Gave manufacturers a cheap way Gave manufacturers a cheap way to to transport goods & raw transport goods & raw materials.materials.

2.2. Created new jobs for RR Created new jobs for RR workers, workers, construction, & miners.construction, & miners.

3.3. ↑↑ agricultural & fishing. agricultural & fishing.4.4. Travel for pleasure & work.Travel for pleasure & work.

English train inThe mid-1840’s.

Economic ChangesEconomic Changes

Railways cut the cost

of transporting

goods

Social Changes:

1704-1911

Growth of Industrialization in England

J.J. Factory Life.Factory Life.

1.1. New machines New machines were large & were large & expensive; expensive;

factories built factories built to to house house machines.machines.

2.2. Near power Near power sources.sources.

3.3. People moved People moved to to cities to work cities to work in in factories.factories.

The The Bessemer processBessemer process was the first was the first inexpensive industrial process for inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron. molten pig iron.

The process is named after its The process is named after its inventor, Henry Bessemer, who took inventor, Henry Bessemer, who took out a patent on the process in 1855. out a patent on the process in 1855.

The Bessemer Process

A Bessemer converter in

Station Square, Pittsburgh, PA.

K.K. Negatives of Negatives of Industrialization.Industrialization.

1. Misery of working 1. Misery of working

classes & urban poor. classes & urban poor. 2. Time & factory discipline. 2. Time & factory discipline. 3. Ended community villages.3. Ended community villages.4. Problems from overcrowding 4. Problems from overcrowding (diseases). (diseases).

Cholera

► ► Solutions = Charity, police, ideology, revolution, urban "renewal."Solutions = Charity, police, ideology, revolution, urban "renewal."

L.L. Positives of Positives of Industrialization.Industrialization.

1. Better diets & housing, 1. Better diets & housing, cheaper cheaper (mass- (mass-produced) clothing.produced) clothing.

2. Better education.2. Better education.

3. Laborers got better 3. Laborers got better wages, working wages, working conditions, & shorter hours conditions, & shorter hours

(Labor Unions). (Labor Unions).► Long term effects can

still be seen today.► Working conditions greatly

improved since the 19th Century.

Working PoorWorking PoorTypical Coal Miners:

WomenWorked infactories

Tenement Housing:Child Laborers:

Child LaborersChild Laborers

1843 English cartoon on the exploitation of children in the mines. 1843 English cartoon on the exploitation of children in the mines.

1.1. Capitalism – economic system based Capitalism – economic system based on private ownership & on private ownership &

manufacturing.manufacturing.

a)a) Upper class – owners.Upper class – owners.

b)b) Middle class – skilled Middle class – skilled workers, workers, professionals, professionals, lawyers, & doctors.lawyers, & doctors.

c)c) Working class – laborers, Working class – laborers, work work 12-16 hours/day, 6 12-16 hours/day, 6 days/week, days/week, 30 min. lunch & 30 min. lunch & dinner, low dinner, low wages, fired wages, fired anytime.anytime.

M.M. Class structure.Class structure.

The Wealth of NationsThe Wealth of Nationsby Adam Smithby Adam Smith

Wealth of NationsWealth of Nations (1776) was first (1776) was first modern work on modern work on economics.economics.

3 Laws of 3 Laws of Capitalism:Capitalism:-- Self interest-- Self interest-- Supply & -- Supply & demanddemand-- Free market-- Free market

(competition)(competition) Adam Smith

2.2. Socialism – society owns the Socialism – society owns the means of means of

production.production.

a)a) Karl Marx – wrote Karl Marx – wrote the the Communist Communist ManifestoManifesto (1848). (1848).

i.i. Public ownership.Public ownership.

ii.ii. Classless Classless society.society. Karl Marx,

father of Communism

and 19th century philosopher.

Karl MarxKarl Marx (1818 – 1883) was a 19th century (1818 – 1883) was a 19th century philosopher, political economist, & philosopher, political economist, & revolutionary.revolutionary.

Communist ManifestoCommunist Manifesto (1848): (1848): ““The history of The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class class struggles.struggles.””

Marx is the co-founder of Marxism (with Engels) Marx is the co-founder of Marxism (with Engels) and is often called the and is often called the father of communismfather of communism. .

Marx believed that Marx believed that capitalism would be capitalism would be displaced by communism, a classless societydisplaced by communism, a classless society..

Marx argued that the analysis of capitalism Marx argued that the analysis of capitalism revealed that the contradictions within revealed that the contradictions within capitalism would bring about its own end, giving capitalism would bring about its own end, giving way to communism.way to communism.

Marx influenced Lenin, Stalin, Trotsky, Mao Zedong, Fidel Castro, Che Guevara, and many others.

Memorial to Memorial to Karl Marx in Karl Marx in Moscow. TheMoscow. The

inscription reads inscription reads ““Proletarians of all Proletarians of all countries unite!countries unite!””

COMPARING IDEOLOGIESCOMPARING IDEOLOGIES

LiberalisLiberalismm

(Democracy(Democracy))

SocialismSocialism(Communism(Communism/ Marxism)/ Marxism)

NationaliNationalismsm

ConservatiConservatismsm

civil civil libertiesliberties

,,

religiousreligious

tolerancetolerance,,

uses a uses a constitutconstitut

ionion

property property and and

distributdistribution of ion of wealth wealth are are

subject subject to to

control control by the by the

community community

common common institutiinstituti

ons, ons, traditiontradition

s, s, language, language, customscustoms

tradition,tradition,

socialsocial

stability,stability,

obedience obedience toto

politicalpolitical

authorityauthority

Diego Diego Rivera Rivera mural mural showing showing the the

strugglstruggle of e of the the

classesclasses. .

Palacio Palacio NationaNationa

l, l, Mexico Mexico City.City.

Images of theImages of the

Industrial Era inIndustrial Era in

Great BritainGreat Britain

N.N. The Continent catches up, The Continent catches up, 1850-1900.1850-1900.

► ► England leads between 1780-1850, and then England leads between 1780-1850, and then Industrialization spreads Industrialization spreads to Western Europe to Western Europe after 1850.after 1850.

Question: Why did Germany, and not France, becomeQuestion: Why did Germany, and not France, becomethe industrial leader on the continent after 1850?the industrial leader on the continent after 1850?

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

1840 1860 1880 1900

Aust-HungBelgiumFranceGermanyEnglandItalyHollandRussiaSpainSweden

SPREAD OF RAILWAYS IN TEN SELECTED COUNTRIES [Length of line open in kilometers (1 km = 5/8 mile)] 

Population between 1800 and Population between 1800 and 1850:1850:

Naples grew 5%Naples grew 5% Moscow grew 32%Moscow grew 32% Paris grew 93%Paris grew 93% London grew 140%London grew 140% Leeds grew 1260%Leeds grew 1260%

O.O. Industrialization SpreadsIndustrialization Spreads

1.1. 1789, Samuel 1789, Samuel Slater emigrates Slater emigrates illegally to U.S.illegally to U.S.

2.2. Builds spinning Builds spinning machine from machine from memory.memory.

3.3. 1790, 11790, 1stst textile textile factory factory opens in opens in U.S. U.S.

Lowell Textile Mills, Lowell Textile Mills, 18131813

Lowell Mill GirlsLowell Mill Girls

P.P. Rise of Global Inequality.Rise of Global Inequality.

1.1. Industrialization leads to Industrialization leads to Imperialism:Imperialism:

a)a) Widened gap b/w industrialized & Widened gap b/w industrialized & non-industrialized non-industrialized

countries.countries.

b)b) Need steady supply of raw Need steady supply of raw materials.materials.

c)c) Exploitation of overseas Exploitation of overseas colonies colonies for for materialsmaterials & & marketsmarkets..