ch. 7-1: cell structure how were cells discovered? what defines cell shape and size? what enables...
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Ch. 7-1: Cell Structure How were cells discovered? What defines cell shape and size? What enables eukaryotes to perform
more specialized functions than prokaryotes do?
Cells are the basic unit of life.
By studying cells, biologists can better understand life’s processes
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Cells and their discovery Cells are the smallest units of matter
that can be living Characteristics of living include: take in
energy, highly organized, reproduce, homeostasis, adapt, respond, grow and made of cells
Cells are composed of C,H,N,O,P,S; often arranged into macromolecules Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic
acids
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Persons involved in discovery
Anton von Leeuwenhoek : microscope
Robert Hooke : term ‘cell’ Robert Brown : nucleus M. Schleiden : all plants have cells T. Schwann : all animals have cells R. Virchow : cells from other cells
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Diversity of cells Human body has at least 200 types of cells
(within our trillions of cells) Size
Can be meters long, but only m thick Surface area to volume ratio limits size, inefficient if
either too large or too small Shape
Squamous, cuboidal, spherical Internal Organization
Organelles = ‘little organ’ or ‘organ –like’ “Cell Specialization”
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Microscope Types
Compound Light Microscope (CLM) Light through, stain, 2000x
Stereo scope or Dissecting scope 3-D
Electron Microscope Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Transmission Electron Microscope
(TEM)
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Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Cell membrane Cytoplasm Genetic material And ribosomes Bacteria only Small Many have cell wall that is
either carb (Gram+) or lipid (Gram-)
May have cilia or flagella Only 1 circular chromosome (+ maybe some plasmids) No membrane-bound
organelles
Cell membrane Cytoplasm Genetic material And ribosomes Plants, animals, protista
and fungi Plants have CW= cellulose
and fungi have CW = chitin, some protista have walls
Variety of organelles and structures
Many chromosomes in a NUCLEUS
Lots of membrane bound organelles
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Cell Theory Cells are the basic structural and
functional units of all living organisms All parts of all plants are made of cells All parts of all animals are made of
cells All cells come from pre-existing cells
“Working document” with new discoveries added as the technology becomes available. For instance viruses are not cells and we are trying to create cells. Accumulation of information since 1600’s through electron microscopes
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Cell Membrane Refers to all membranes
everywhere cells have them in all cells.
Selectively permeable Certain substances are allowed to enter freely,
some are carried across, some are rejected Phospholipid bilayer
Two rows of lipid tails that face each other with phosphate head that are on the surfaces
Fluid mosaic Proteins that are within membrane can migrate Integral proteins Peripheral proteins
LOTS more on this in Chpt. 8
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Cytoplasm (aka protoplasm) Everything inside the cell membrane Just the liquid is called cytosol Cyto = cell Mostly water Dissolved proteins, enzymes, amino
acids, carbohydrates, salts, minerals, organic compounds……
Site of all chemical reactions ‘parts’ within the cell are organelles
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7-2 Organelles What does the cytoskeleton do? How does DNA direct activity in the
cytoplasm? What organelles participate in protein
production? What is the role of vesicles in the cell? How do cells get energy?
Knowing how cells work helps you understand how your body functions and
what goes wrong when you get sick.
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Organelles – USE your chart (Chart will be a handout and on website)
Mitochondrion Ribosome ; free and attached Endoplasmic reticulum ; smooth and rough Golgi apparatus/body Lysosome and peroxisomes Cytoskeleton ; microtubules and microfilaments Cilia and flagella Nucleus – nuclear membrane, chromosomes and
centrioles Cell wall Vacuoles – food, water, pigment Plastids - Chloroplast, chromoplast and leukoplast Water vacuole in plants sometimes called tonoplast
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Sample PROTISTA
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7-3: From Cell to Organism What makes cells and organisms
different? How are cells organized in a complex,
multicellular organism? What makes an organism truly
multicellular?
Diverse cells have unique cells and cellular organization.
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Organization Unicellular – organisms like bacteria and
algae that are complete, but only one cell Colonial organisms – function as a group
with some division of labor, but no specialized tissues. Ex. volvox
Multicellular – organisms composed of many (thousands to billions) of cells that are organized around collections of specialized tissues
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Multicellular Organization Similar cells = tissue Tissues doing a similar job = organ
Plants have reproductive, vegetative and ground tissue
Organs then collect into organ systems to make the organism
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous (CNS, PNS), digestive, circulatory, respiratory, reproductive, excretory and endocrine. Also immune system and lymphatic system.
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Critical thinking questions: leave space for answersThese HW questions are due on ___________
1. Mature RBC’s have no nucleus or mitochondria. They are mostly membrane with hemoglobin. What is the advantage? __________
2. Coils of a radiator provide a huge surface area where heat is radiated into a room – which organelle is similar? How is structure related to function? ______________________________________
3. What characteristic of eukaryotic cells gives them greater capacity for specialization than prokaryotic cells? ______________________
4. Livestock in the western US die after eating locoweed (Astragalus toanus). The chemical in the plant is poisonous. How does the plant keep from poisoning itself? _________________________________
5. Explain the relationship between surface area and volume. ______