chainsaw class

8/4/2019 Chainsaw Class

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FORMORE INFORMATION

TO FIND OUT MORE ABOUT TRAININGINFORMATION, CONTACT FISTA'SRHINELANDER, WISCONSIN OFFICE AT:

3243 Golf Course Rd.Rhinelander, WI [email protected]

www.fistausa.org THIS DOCUMENT WAS FUNDED IN PARTBY AN URBAN FORESTRY GRANT FROMTHE STATE OF WISCONSIN

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCESFORESTRY PROGRAM AS AUTHORIZED

UNDER WIS. STAT. 23.097.

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GLOSSARY

NOTCH: A wedge-shaped cutout which creates the openingfor the tree to fall into. Italso controls direction of fill.THIS GUIDE ISNOT A SUBSTITUTEFOR PROPER SAFETYTRAINING; IT IS ONLY MEANT AS A SUPPLEMENT.FISTA HIGHLY RECOMMENDS THAT ALL PERSONSINVOLVED WITH CHAIN SAW USAGE RECEIVE SAFETYTRAINING AT LEAST ANNUALLY.USE THIS GUIDE ASA REFERENCE ONLY. IFYOU HAVEANY QUESTIONS ABOUT AN ITEM IN THIS GUIDE ORANY ASPECT OF TRAINING THAT IS NOT COVERED INTHIS GUIDE, PLEASE CALL FISTA'S MAIN OFFICE INRHINELANDER, WIS. AT:

PPE (Personal Protective Equipment): The specific OSHA-accepted items of protective clothing worn by loggers.ROOT WAD: Mass of roots and dirt which projects abovethe ground level after a tree has been blown or pushed over.ROPS: Rollover Protective System or Structure.SAW DOGS: The metal plate containing three to five pointsin front of the chain saw housing, protruding parallel withthe bar. They act as a pivot point for the saw during cutting.

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SAW LOG: The sections of a tree of suitable character andlength for handling in a sawmill and for use as lumber.SET BACK: Occurs when a tree settles back opposite to theintended direction of a fall. This creates a hazardous situa-tion when the faller loses control of a tree.SNAG: A dead standing tree. Also, a broken-off tree orbranch of a tree.SPRING POLE: Tree or branch that is under tension.3- (THREE) POINT TECHNIQUE: Using two hands and onefoot, or two feet and one hand when mounting or dismount-ing a piece of equipment.3 STEP CUT: Method to prune larger limbs from trees to avoidtearing of bark and creating larger wounds.

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GLOSSARY TABLE OF CONTENTSHAZARD: A condition in which risk is involved. PAGEHAZARD TREE: A standing live or dead tree, includingsnags, with evidence of deterioration or physical damage tothe root system, trunk, or stem. The degree and direction oflean is also an important factor when determining if a tree ishazardous.

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Preface 6Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 8Lifting 10Working in a Safe Environment 12Environmental Conditions 15

Maintaining The Chain Saw 16Types of Chains and Their Uses 19Chain Saw Sharpening 21

Saw Chain Sharpening Angles 22Square Ground Chisel Chain 23

Chain Saw Safety : 24Safety Devices 24Operating Procedures 25Starting Your Saw 26Chain Saw Kickback 27Chain Saw Accidents 28Proper Adjustment 29

Felling Trees 30Preparing to Fell a Tree 30Proper Tree Felling Procedures 31Escape Route 33Proper Notches 33Proper Notch Dimensions 34

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HINGE: The wood which controls the tree as it falls to theground.HOLDING WOOD: The appropriate amount of wood left atthe back of the tree to hold the tree stable until ready forrelease.KERF: The width of any saw cut.KICKBACK: Strong thrust of the saw back toward the cutter,generally resulting from improper use of the saw. Kickbackalso refers to a tree jumping back over the stump toward thecutter.LANDING: A term used to indicate a place where logs arehauled, piled, stored, or dumped.LIMB: To remove the limbs from a felled tree.LODGED TREE: Tree that has not fallen to the ground afterbeing partially or wholly separated from the stump or other-wise dislodged from its natural position.LOG: Tree segment suitable for subsequent processing intolumber, pulpwood, or other wood products.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS GLOSSARY

PAGE CHAIN BRAKE: A safety device which stops the saw chain.Improper Notches 34Proper Back Cutting 35Felling Problem Trees 37Trees That Side Scar Easily 38Proper Boring Methods 39Heavy Leaners 41Felling Against the Natural Lean 42

Limbing and Bucking 43Comfortable Working Positions 43Limbing 44Safety Instructions for Limbing 44Additional Limbing Techniques .46Bucking 47Safety Instructions for Bucking .48

Spring Poles 49Removal Operations .50

Removal and Piling Operations 50Safety Instructions for Loaders 51Hand Signals for Boom Equipment Operation 52Power Line Clearances 52Hand Loading 53Fork Lift and Front End Loaders 53

CHAIN SAW: A saw powered by an engine or motor inwhich the cutting elements are on a circular chain.CHOKER: A short length of wire rope used to attach logs toa main line. Itis provided with a sliding hook and a ferruleat either or both ends.CUTTER (Feller, Bucker): One who fells, bucks, or limbstrees.DANGER ZONE: Within two full tree lengths (ormoreifnec-essary) from your work zone.DBH: Diameter at breast height. The estimated diameter of atree at 4.5 feet above the ground.DIRECTIONAL FELLING: A felling technique to control thedirection of fall of a tree.ESCAPE ROUTE: A preplanned and brushed out escaperoute used by fellers to make their way into the clear whenthe back-cut is completed.FELL (cut): Process of severing a tree from the stump so thatit drops to the ground.FELLERS: Workers who cut down trees.FOPS: Falling Object Protective Structure.GUARD: Any protective device around a machine or dangerzone.

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GLOSSARY TABLE OF CONTENTS

GLOSSARY PAGEEquipment Maintenance .55

Machinery Maintenance Checks 55Maintaining Mechanized Equipment 56Causes of Fire 57Fire Prevention Guidelines .58Fire Extinguishers 59Fuel Storage 59

Safe Operation of Clearing Saws 60Personal Protective Equipment 60Clearing Saw Maintenance 62Adjusting the Harness 63Cutting Operations 64Safe Operation of Pole Saws 65Personal Protective Equipment 65Pole Saw Maintenance 66Starting the Pole Saw 66Safe Operation 67

Safe Operation of Brush Chippers 68Chipper Safety 68Personal Protective Equipment 69Chipper Maintenance 70Safe Operation of Chipper 71

Safe Operation of Bucket Trucks 72Personal Protective Equipment 74Chain saw Operation from a Bucket Truck 75

Glossary 76For More Information 80

BACKCUT: The final cut infelling a tree. It is made on theside opposite the notch and direction of fall.BALLISTIC NYLON: A fabric of high tensile propertiesdesigned to provide protection from lacerations.BARBER CHAIR: A tree which splits up from the back cut,instead of breaking to the undercut.BIND OR BOUND: The compression created by a cut inatree or log due to uneven terrain or contact pressure fromother trees or logs.BINDER: A chain, nylon strap, or wire rope used to bind aload of logs.BORE CUT:A technique used to establish a hinge.BORING: Beginning a cut using the attack section of the tipof the bar allowing the chain to cut through a log or tree.BUCK: To saw felled trees into shorter lengths.BUDDY SYSTEM: The procedure in which two workers arealways within sight and Ior sound of each other.CABLE: A woven wire rope. Inlogging, a wire rope is gen-erally termed a "line."CALKED BOOTS: Boots containing steel calks or spikes inthe heel and soles.

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PREFACE SAFE OPERATION OF BUCKET TRUCKS

PREFACE CHAIN SAW OPERATION FROM A BUCKET TRUCKPersonal Protective Equipment Required: Head, hearing, and eye protection are required. No leg pro-tection is required while working within a bucket.Safe Operation of Chain saws from a Bucket: Tostart the chain saw, engage the chain brake on saw.Rest thesaw on the side of the bucket or an adjacent limb while start-ing. Never start a chain saw inside the bucket!

Keep feet firmly placed on the floor of the bucket while oper-ating a chain saw. Never sit on the side of the bucket to cut. Do not over-reach while cutting. Re-position bucket as oftenas needed to complete the project. Make sure the ground workers below you are clear ofthe dan-ger zone.

Employ proper pruning techniques for the size of the limbs. Use proper rigging for large limbs and tops to prevent themfrom free-falling and creating a hazard to ground workers,pedestrians, vehicles, etc.

Be aware of power lines in your vicinity.

Safety is the responsibility of everyone and should not beplaced solely on either management or employees.Management has the responsibility to provide a safe workenvironment and to properly train employees. Employeeshave the responsibility to comply with all state and / o rOSHA rules and regulations.All employees must be properly trained to do a job. Wasevery worker told to do the job? Warned of hazardsassociated with the job? Shown how to do the job?Observed while doing the work? Corrected when activitieswere done unsafely? Commended for doing the job well?Proper job training reduces accidents and injuries whileimproving productivity.Chain saw operation has an extremely high accident andinjury rate. If operated by a careless or untrained worker,chain saws, axes, or mechanized equipment can be danger-ous for the operator or their fellow workers. You mustrespect this equipment and know how to use it. This train-ing guide will assist you in acquiring the needed skills.SAFETYmust be everyone s first work consideration.Nothing you do is so important that you risk your life orsomeone else's life to do it. You have the time to worksafely, BUT ONLYYOU CAN MAKE THE EFFORT.This training guide is published by Forest Industry Safety &Training Alliance, Inc. (FISTA)

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SAFE OPERATION OF BUCKET TRUCKS PREFACEPersonal Protective EquipmentThe personal protective equipment required will depend on thejob being performed while inthe bucket. Body Belt or Body Harness and Lanyard - must be wornwhenever a person is in a bucket. The lanyard must beattached to the boom. Itisrecommended that a body harnessinstead of a body belt be worn as it distributes the person'sweight more evenly.

Head Protection - approved head protection is required whenoverhead hazards exist. When working near electricalhazards, Class B head protection is required to provide pro-tection from such hazards.

Eye Protection - safety glasses or goggles complying withANSI 287.1 are required and it is recommended to wear a facescreen or shield in combination with the safety glasses orgoggles.

Ear Protection - hearing protection is required whenoperating any equipment in which the noise levels exceed 85decibels. Foot Protection - work boots must be worn that provideadequate traction, ankle support, and protection. Steel toedboots are recommended. Hand Protection - Work gloves that provide protection fromcuts and abrasions are recommended. Other protective clothing - Wear only snug fitting clothingthat will provide enough protection from the environmentwithout compromising your mobility.

PREFACETHIS MATERIAL WAS REVISED UNDER GRANTNUMBER UFS72-03 FROM THE WISCONSINDEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES URBANFORESTRY ASSISTANCE PROGRAM. IT DOES NOTNECESSARILY REFLECT THE VIEWS OR POLICIES OFTHE WDNR, NOR DOES MENTION OF TRADENAMES, COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS, OR ORGANIZA-TIONS, CONSTITUTE AN ENDORSEMENT THEREOF.

1st Publication - December 19992nd Publication - October 20023rd Publication - December 20034th Publication - December 2006

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PROTECTING YOURSELF AND OTHERS SAFEOPERATION OF BUCKET TRUCKSPERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) FOR

CHAIN SAW OPERATION1.Appropriate hardhats must be provided by employer andworn by everyone on the job.

2. Chain saw safety pants or chaps must be provided to andworn by chain saw operators even if the use is onlyoccasional.

3. Safety goggles, safety glasses, or a face screen must beprovided by employers and worn by all chain sawoperators.

4. Hearing protection must be provided by employers andused by all chain saw operators.

5. First aid kits meeting OSHA regulations must be providedto each work crew and kept readily available.

6. Chain saw operators must provide and wear waterproofor water resistant boots with soles appropriate for thework area and resistant to chain saw penetration.

7. Cut resistant gloves should be worn by all chain sawoperators.

General Safety Practices Required .1.All employees must receive appropriate training to operate anaerial lift device, i.e. bucket truck. Records of training must bemaintained.

2. Workers must keep their feet firmly on the floor of thebucket at all times.3. Do not sit, climb, or position yourself on the edge of the basket.

4. Do not use planks, ladders, or other devices as substitute workpositions.

5. Each worker must use an appropriate body belt or harnessand a lanyard device attached to the boom as fall protection.

6. N o worker shall belt off to an adjacent pole, structure, orequipment while working from a bucket.

7. Ifa bucket becomes caught or fails to operate properly removethe person from the bucket before attempting to free the buck-et using the ground controls.8. Ensure that loads and distribution do not exceed the manu-facturers rated capacity.

9. Never move a bucket truck with a person inthe bucket or the buck-et in the raised position. Exception: Some aerial lifts have beenspecifically designed for use while traveling. The route must besurveyed on foot and vehicle speed cannot exceed 3 mph.

10. E xcept in cases of an emergency, do not allow anyone tooperate the lower controls unless permission has beenobtained from the worker inthe bucket.

11.The insulating portion of an aerial lift must not be altered ina manner that will reduce its insulating value. This should beinspected and certified each year.

12. No modification to the bucket is allowed. This includes neverdrilling holes inthe bucket to allow water to escape. This willcause the bucket to loose its insulating value.

13. Pneumatic and hydraulic tools when being serviced, adjust-ed, or not in use, shall be disconnected except where manu-facturer's procedures require otherwise.

14. No part of the body shall be used to either locate or stop ahydraulic leak.

NOTE: OSHA requires that items one through five beprovided at no cost to the employee.

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SAFE OPERATION OF BUCKET TRUCKS PROTECTING YOURSELF AND OTHERS

SAFE OPERATION OF BUCKET TRUCKSBucket trucks are one of the most commonly used pieces of. equipment in the tree careindustry. Safeuse ofa bucket truck notonly involves the safety of the person in the bucket, but also theground workers, pedestrians and vehicles, near-by structures,and the property itself.Vehicle and Bucket Safety Requirements1.A driver must have a Commercial Driver's License (CDL) ifthe vehicle exceeds 26,001pounds GVW.2. Perform a pre-trip inspection each day on vehicle beforemoving. Keep the vehicle in safeworking condition.3.Test all lift controls each day to determine if they are in safeworking condition. Do not use an aerial lift when the liftcontrols are not working properly!4.Ensure that the bucket truck is equipped with both elevatedcontrols and lower controls. Elevated controls should belocated in or beside the bucket. Lower controls are designed tooverride upper controls.5.Check tomake sure that controls are clearly marked as to theirfunction.6.Perform inspections of aerial lift device per manufacturers andregulatory agencies schedules. VISUallyinspect boom andbucket for cracks and wear. Check hoses and fittings for leaks,pinholes, and abrasions.7. If equipped with outrigger devices, make sure they are prop-erly stored and secured prior tomoving vehicle.8. Ensure that boom and bucket are inlower traveling positionand locked into place.

Once vehicle has arrived at site:1. Set brakes and install wheel chocks before using aerial liftequipment.2. Ifequipped with outriggers, make sure they are positioned formaximum stability.3. Install traffic controls appropriate to the situation such ascones, signs, flagmen, etc.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Eye and FaceProtection ----

Safety,---- HeadwearHearingProtection

Well FittedClothing ---

Chain SawResistantMaterials

Gloves

ChainBrake

Chain Saw~ ... ResistantFootwear

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PROTECTING YOURSELF AND OTHERS SAFE OPERATION OF BRUSH CHIPPERSSAFE OPERATION OF A CHIPPERDo not operate a chipper until you have been properlyinstructed in the machine's operation! Secure your work area to keep bystanders from corning toonear the chipper.

If the chipper is disconnected from the towing vehicle, makesure it is properly secured so it cannot move. Block tiresbefore operating. When feeding small brush, NEVER use your hands or feet topush the material into the feed rollers. Use a wooden pole orlarger brush to push it in. Always have a stable stance while feeding and feed to oneside of the chute to avoid being struck by material inadver-. tently being ejected by the in-feed. Beaware ofother employees and their locations so they won'tget hit by debris or whipping materials as it is fed into themachine. Be sure the blower chute is in an appropriate direction toavoid injury to other workers, bystanders, or other equipment. Read and follow all safety decals on the machine. Know the capabilities and limitations of the machine. Make sure there are no obstructions in the infeed beforestarting the machine. Always operate the machine at full throttle when chipping. Never operate a chipper alone. Never for any reason reach into the infeed area while chipperis running. Do not open the chipper hood while the unit is running orwhile drum or disk is running.

CORRECT LIFTING

Recognize the importance ofproper lifting, carrying, andbody positioning techniques toavoid back injuries.Lifting can hurt if doneincorrectly. Protect your backby using your legs.To lift, squat down with kneesbent and back straight. Holdthe load close to you.When doing high lifts, lift towaist height, change grip, bendknees, then push up withlegs - this avoids body strain.Be sure you can see where youare going. Get help with bigloads.When team lifting, one mancalls the signals and everyoneworks together.

A chipper isa very useful tool, but improperly used, can be verydangerous. Receive appropriate training on the make andmodel of chipper you are using.ALWAYS LIFT GRADUALLY

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SAFEOPERATION OF BRUSH CHIPPERS PROTECTING YOURSELF AND OTHERS.CHIPPER MAINTENANCE INCORRECT LIFTINGRead your owner's manual before using the chipper. Consultthe manual for required maintenance. Inspect chipper daily before operation. Be sure there are nomissing or loose nuts or bolts. Torque all bolts, nuts, andclamps to manufacturer's specifications.

Inspect all chains, belts, pulleys, drives, etc. for operating con-dition. Check all hydraulic hoses and cylinders for leaks.Replace if damaged. Check steel structure for cracks and excessive wear. Maintain adequate mufflers and be sure exhaust gasses aredirected away from the operator. Besure all guarding isproperly in place. Replace damaged ormissing guards before operating chipper. Do not removeguards when chipper is running. Be sure to check that all safety devices are working properly.This includes the in-feed safety stop device, chute lockingdevices, and emergency shutdown procedures.

Never perform maintenance on a chipper when it is running.Ensure machine has zero energy and appropriatelockout/tagout procedures are in place before conductingmaintenance. Never allow anyone to work on the machine alone. Follow daily and periodic maintenance tables for greasing, oilchanges, and general maintenance. Before towing, inspect the hitch to make sure it is closed andpinned to prevent opening. Be sure safety chains are hookedto vehicle. Shut down chipper when adding fuel or hydraulic fluids.

With back only

Twisting

High lifting

Load too bulky

Reaching over

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WORKING IN A SAFE ENVIRONMENT SAFE OPERATION OF BRUSH CHIPPERS

WORKING IN A SAFE ENVIRONMENT Personal Protective EquipmentI. Ear Protection - hearing protection is required whenoperating a chipper. Ear plugs or ear muffs shall be worn.2. Eye Protection - safety glasses or goggles complying withANSI 287.1 and a face screen or shield are required and mustbe worn.3. Head Protection - approved head protection is requiredwhen overhead hazards exist.4.Hand Protection - sturdy work gloves, no gauntlet style, willprotect your hands from flying debris, cuts, and abrasions.When handling chipper knives, wear heavy gloves.5. Foot Protection - work boots must be worn to provide ade-quate traction, ankle support, and protection from flyingdebris. Steel-toed boots are recommended.

6.Appropriate clothing - wear well-fitted work clothes. Do notwear loose, baggy clothing. Keep shirts tucked in. Keeplong hair pulled back.7.Wear a dust mask when dust levels cause irritation.

Practice the following to ensure personal and site safety:> Recognize danger zones by keeping safe distancesbetween you, others, and equipment, during cutting,piling, and loading operations.> Recognize the climatic extremes of wind, heat, cold,electrical storms, wet or dry envirorunents, and theireffect on the body and trees.> Establish immediate site safety. Eliminate or controlproblems such as: traffic, by-standers, street signs,spring poles, and blowdowns.> Identify hazardous trees that are dead, broken, rotting,contain lodged branches, snow or ice loading, or lodgedtrees and avoid or remove them.> Recognize unstable ground conditions to minimize theeffect on footing while operating chain saws, chippers,or other equipment.... Identify and avoid contact with power lines and cablesto ensure site safety.... Identify, handle, and store hazardous materials such asmotor fuel, lubricants, and cleaning solvents, etc.,according to the manufactures specifications and yourhazardous materials plan.... Follow fire procedures according to company, state, andfederal regulations.... Work as a team member to ensure a safe and efficientoperation. Team members must understand and use allcompany oral, written, and hand Signals. Establish a

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SAFEOPERATION OF BRUSH CHIPPERS WORKING IN A SAFE ENVIRONNlENT

CHIP PER SAFETY > - Know the closest emergency medical services locationand phone numbers.> - Recognize occupational diseases such as repetitivestrain injuries, back injury, hearing loss, blood bornepathogens, Lyme disease, Blastomycosis, and West NileVirus. Understand the benefits of personal protectiveequipment needed to protect you and co-workers fromthese occupational diseases.> - When hazards exist and cannot be avoided, no workshall be done in the danger area until the hazards areeliminated.

Operating a brush chipper safely requires basic knowledge ofthe machine and its potential hazards. The first thing anyonemust do is become familiar with the machine and its safetydevices.There are two basic brush chipper cutting mechanisms:1.Disc-style chippers - Disc chippers use hydraulicallypowered feed rollers for efficient feeding of brush. Disc-stylechippers are:

Designed for smaller materials Lighter inweight Operator friendly Designed with feed rollers for material Safer to operate because of the feed rollers2.Dnun-style chippers - Older drum-style chippers do nothave feed rollers so material is fed directly into the chipper.

'Ioday, the new drum-style chippers are equipped withhydraulic feed rollers. Dnun-style chippers are:

Designed for larger diameter material (>12") Heavier in weight than disc-style chippers Higher in productivity

Newer chippers of both styles incorporate several importantsafety features that enhance operator safety. They may include: Single large diameter feed wheels Fewer external moving parts Slower-moving hydraulics Safety lockouts Centrally-located hydraulic control value for a more respon-sive safety control bar

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WORKING IN A SAFEENVIRONMENT

WATCH OUT FOR POWER LINESHContact the local power company

before attempting to work near power lines.

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SAFEOPERATION OF POLE SAWSSAFE OPERATION OF THE POLE SAWWhen beginning to operate a pole saw, several precautionsand procedures should be followed.1. Identify and create a safe cutting zone so falling limbs willnot strike you, anything, or anyone else. Keep everyone aminimum of 50 feet away.

2. Identify the hazards involved in your project. Dead wood Terrain Size of branches or wood to be cut Weather conditions Power lines3. Make sure you understand the reactive forces of the chainand bar when cutting. (Refer to the reactive forces of achain saw on page 27)4. Use proper body mechanics to avoid injury. Keep armsclose to body. Never keep your arms stretched out andabove your head for long periods of time.5. When carrying the pole saw, make sure the bar and chaindoes not come incontact with anything. When movinglonger distances, shut the saw off. Follow the same carry-ing procedures as a chain saw.

6. When removing larger limbs where stripping of bark mayoccur, use the 3-step method:

Step 1: First cut should be at least 12"-IS" from the finalcut as an undercut 1/3of the way through the branch.Step 2: Outside the first cut, sawing from the top down,completely remove the branch. BranchStep 3: Begin the final cut outside the Bark ~b ch b k Ridge \ \ran ar ridge, continuing at a I'" . t . .slightly outward angle, finishing just 1outside the branch collar.

Collar3-Step Method

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SAFEOPERATION OF POLE SAWS WORKING IN A SAFE ENVIRONMENTPOLE SAW MAINTENANCE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONSRead your owner's manual before using the pole saw.Consult the manual for required maintenance. Inspect the air filter and clean as necessary. Pole saws are equipped with a 2-cycleengine which requiresa 2-cycle oil and gasoline mixture. Consult owner's manualfor app:ropriate ratio. Inspect the spark arrestor screen and replace if damaged. Inspect the guide bar for wear and repair or replace as nec-essary. Inspect the drive sprocket for wear and replace as necessary. Visually inspect the pole saw prior to operation. Thereshould be no missing or loose nuts or bolts. Be sure to inspect the cutting head for any damage (cracks)or loose parts. Be sure your chain is sharp prior to using the saw.

WEATHER CONDITIONS ----------All work shall cease and employees shall move to a safeplace during electrical storms, periods of high winds or otherweather conditions that may be dangerous to personnel.

DANGER TREES --------------Hazardous, dead, broken, or rotting trees shall be removed.Under certain conditions, these trees should be avoided untilyou have the proper equipment and personnel to removethem. No work shall be done in the danger area until thehazards are eliminated.

STARTING THE POLE SAW Trees shall be checked for hazardous snow or ice, andprecautions taken.The first thing an operator must do is adjust the shoulder har-ness so that it supports the weight of the saw. Do not try andhold the entire weight of the saw.To start the saw, place the power head securely in the crotch ofatree or tightly against a limb. Make sure the bar and chain is notincontact with anything. Choke the saw as necessary and pullcord to start.Adjust the telescoping shaft so that your work position is safe.Never operate the saw with the powerhead more than a 60angle from the ground. Do not stand directly under the branch-es or wood being cut.The operator's wrists should be straight in line with theirhands and forearms, and their elbows will be slightly flexed.This is critical to reducing fatigue and injury from repetitivemotion.

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MAINTAINING THE CHAIN SAW SAFEOPERATION OF POLE SAWS

MAINTAINING THE CHAIN SAW SAFE OPERATION OF POWER POLE SAWSA gas powered pole saw can be a very useful piec~ ofequipment when used properly. When a lot ofprunmgis necessary, it can help reduce operator fatigue as thepower head does the work.

~ Clean the chain saw using proper techniques that ensureoptimum performance and safe running conditionsaccording to the manufacturer's specifications.

~ Check guards and safety equipment to ensure that theyare in place and working.

~ Fuel and lubricate the chain saw according to themanufacturer's specifications for personal protection, toreduce wear, and to ensure optimum and efficientperformance. Besure to use correct gas-to-oil ratio.

SAFE OPERATION OF POLE SAWS

~ Inspect the chain saw for damage, loose screws, worn ordefective parts, and proper spark arrester. Repair orreplace parts as necessary according to themanufacturer's specifications.

To operate a pole saw safely, an operator mustbecome familiar with the type and model of polesaw being used. Always read the owner's manualbefore using the pole saw. Refer to the manual forrequired maintenance.

Personal Protective Equipment

~ Set proper chain tension by adjusting it according tomanufacturer's specifications to protect the bar and chainfrom excessive wear and ensure optimum cutting.

1. Head Protection - approved head protectionis required when overhead hazards exist.When working near electrical hazards,ensure that the head protection is rated toprovide protection from such hazards.

2.Eye Protection - safety glasses or gogglescomplying with ANSIZ87.1are required.It is recommended that a face screen ofshield also be worn in combination with the glasses.

3. Hearing Protection - hearing protection is required whenoperating a pole saw.

4.Hand Protection - gloves are recommended whenoperating a pole saw. Non-slip gloves will provide bettergrip and protection for your hands.

5.Foot Protection - boots must be worn to provide adequatetraction, ankle support, and protection from flying debris.Steel toed boots are recommended.

~ Clean and check bar regularly for straightness, deburrand dress rails, and lubricate according to themanufacturer's specifications for optimum performance.

~ Sharpen the chain according to the manufacturer's speci-fications while wearing hand protection and using prop-er files, gauges, and guides, to ensure optimum cuttingand to minimize kickbacks.

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SAFE OPERATION OF CLEARING SAWS MAINTAINING THE CHAIN SAWCUTTING OPERATIONS > - CarburetorAdjustment: Your carburetor has three adjust-

ment possibilities: The low speed jet, high speed jet, andthe adjustment screw for idling. Once your saw has gonethrough a break-in period, you will want to adjust thelow speed and high speed jets for optimum performance.Every make of saw is a little different, so consult yourowner's manual for the correct procedure, or take the sawto your dealer. Once the low speed and high speed areadjusted properly, you will want to:

Clearing saws are very effective tools in place of chain saws.But, they can also be just as dangerous and inefficient whenoperated and maintained inan unprofessional manner. The operation of a clearing saw is done by shifting yourbody with your hips and knees. Never operate the clear-ing saw by twisting above the waist! Never push theclearing away from you with your arms! Both of thesebehaviors can lead to operator injury;.increased fatigue,and damage to the clearing saw.

The clearing saw must be operated at full power to cuteffectively, Inorder to accomplish this, the operator mustanticipate the cut they will be making a second or twoprior. In that time, the operator should be engaging thethrottle mechanism to ensure the clearing saw has ade-quate time to get up to full power.

To reduce the chance of dulling or damaging the cuttingblade, the clearing saw must be operated in an upwardmotion away from the ground. The operator will flex onearm up and the other arm down. This will allow somedirectional control over the stem being cut. The movementof the saw blade through the stem is done by the operatorshifting their hips or knees. The control of the saw blade is very important to reducethe potential for injury and damage to stems that are notto be cut. To become proficient, training and practice isnecessary for those first learning to operate a clearing saw.

> - Set the adjustment screw for idling to ensure that thechain is stationary and the saw idles properly.

> - Start the chain saw with the chain brake engaged,usingone of two methods: 1) Hold the saw firmly on theground with one hand on the top handlebar, and one footholding the back handle. 2)The crotch-clamp technique isalso acceptable. Secure the back handle of the sawbetween your legswhile holding the top handle firmly.

> - Test the chain brake to ensure that the chain will stopimmediately ifnecessary.

> - Operate the chain saw by keeping both hands on the sawto ensure safe operation and efficient cutting. Keep yourthumb wrapped around the handlebar.

> - To provide optimum and safe felling, maintain fellingaids such as wedges, axes, and felling levers, by sharpen-ing or replacing them when defective.

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MAINTAINING TIlE CHAIN SAW SAFE OPERATION OF CLEARING SAWSADJUSTING THE HARNESSThe harness should be ingood condition and fit the operatorproperly. The harness must be adjusted so that the clearing sawweight is evenly distributed over the operator's shoulders, andthe harness is snug but not restrictive or pinching the operator.Toadjust the harness - fill the fuel tank half full with appropri-ate fueL Attach the clearing saw to the harness. Move the latchto the appropriate position on the clearing saw sothat the clear-ing saw balances in the harness. The protective guard betweenthe drive shaft and the operator should be positioned near theoperator's hip bone. The operator can now adjust the bike han-dle to the appropriate angle so that by just resting their armsdown the cutting head is positioned at the desired cutting level.The operator's wrists should be straight inline with their handsand forearms, and their elbows will be slightly flexed when theharness is adjusted properly. This set-up is critical to reducingfatigue and the potential for injury from repetitive motion.

CHAIN SAW MAINTENANCE FOR SAFE ANDEFFICIENT OPERATION

1. KEEP THE SAW CHAIN PROPERLY SHARPENED2. USE CORRECT DEPTH GAUGES (RAKER) SETTING3. KEEP BAR GROOVES CLEAN AND DRESSED4. MAINTAIN PROPER CHAIN TENSION5. USE PROPER GAS AND OIL MIXTURE6. USE PROPER BAR &CHAIN OIL7. USE APPROVED SAFETYGAS CANS8. CLEAN SPROCKET COVERS AND BRAKE DAILY9. CLEAN AIR FILTERS DAILY10. CHECK NUTS AND BOLTS DAILY11. CHECK SPROCKETS DAILY12. CLEAN CYLINDER FINS WEEKLY13. CLEAN FUEL FILTERWEEKLY14. CHECK SPARK PLUGS WEEKLY15. CLEAN ENTIRE SAWWEEKLY

Re-adjust the harness as necessary.Starting the Clearing SawKeep everyone clear of the starting area to prevent injury!When starting a cold saw or one that has run out of gas, it isbesttoplace the clearing saw on the ground. The cutting blade mustbe placed inan area that is clear of debris and slightly support-ed off ofthe ground.Once the saw is warm, the saw can be started while still in theharness. Swing the motor behind you until the startedcord onthe opposite side can be reached with your left hand. Hold thesaw's drive shaft with your right hand and pull the starter cordwith your left hand until saw starts.If this is too uncomfortable, the saw must be placed on theground and started.

18 63


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SAFEOPERATION OF CLEARING SAWS TYPES OF CHAINS AND THEIR USESCLEARING SAWMAINTENANCE TYPES OF CHAINS AND THEIR USESRead your owners manual before using the saw. Consult themanual for required maintenance. Most clearing saws are equipped with a 2-cycle engine. Thesetypes of engines require a mixture of 2-cycle oil and gasolinein order to operate effectively. Check the operator's manualfor the appropriate ratio.

Inspect the muffler to ensure that it is not damaged and that itwill direct the exhaust away from the operator.

Inspect the air filter and clean if necessary. Visually inspect the clearing saw prior to operation. Thereshould be no missing or loose nuts or bolts. The deflector shield must be firmly attached and appropriatefor the cutting attachment.. ' Besure to inspect the cutting head for any damage (cracks) orloose parts.

Be sure your cutting blade is sharp. Ifnot, sharpen prior tousing the saw. Generally, a cutting blade will need to besharpened after every tank of gas. It will need to be sharp-ened immediately if it strikes an object that is not wood orgrass. Use the appropriate file and guide when sharpening.The saw blade teeth will need to be "set" approximately everythree to five sharpenings. Use the proper sized setting tool forthis. The "setting" ofthe cutting teeth on the blade is essentialin preventing the stem being cut from pinching the blade.

Only use saw blades on clearing saws designed to receivethem and only on clearing saws with bicycle type handles.Never operate a clearing saw with a loop type handle witha saw blade! These models of clearing saws are meant forgrass cutting attachments only.

If the clearing saw has a grease reservoir near the cuttinghead, check to ensure there is an adequate amount. Refer tooperator's manual for recommendations.

62

By properly sharpening your saw chain, bar and chain wearwill be reduced, as well as reducing fatigue on the operator.TYPES OF CHAINS AND THEIR USES1. SEMI-CHISEL CHAIN - This chain has a flat top plateand flat side plate with a definite rounded corner at theintersection of these surfaces. This chain type is usedmore ingeneral applications where cutting conditionsare fairly severe but not extreme, Sharpen with a roundfile or grinder.2. CHISEL-TYPE CHAIN - This chain is an excellentcutter when used in clean wood cutting conditions andis recommended for professional use. It is available

either round or square ground configurations, Roundground is sharpened with a round file and is the mostcommon chain used by professional chain saw opera-tors. Square ground is sharpened with a double-bevelfile and is a less common chain used by professionalchainsaw operators. It is more difficult to properlysharpen and there are no guides available to assist theuser.

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20/40

TYPES OF CHAINS AND THEIR USES SAFE OPERATION OF CLEARING SAWSThe previously-mentioned types of chains come with cuttersspaced as follows:1. STANDARD (full comp) sequence - one tie strap is

positioned between each cutter, alternating right and left,using two drive links for each cutter.

3.Hand Protection - gloves are recommended whenoperating a clearing saw. Non-slip gloves will providebetter grip and protection for your hands.

4. Foot Protection - work boots must be worn to provideadequate traction, ankle support, and protection fromflying debris. Steel toed boots are recommended. Bootswith chain saw protection are not designed to provide cutprotection from the cutting head.

2. SEMI-SKIP sequence - cutters alternately have one tiestrap between the right and left-handed cutters, then twotie straps between the next right and left cutters, then onetie strap, etc.

5. Head Protection - approved head protection is requiredwhen overhead hazards exist. When working nearelectrical hazards, ensure that the head protection is ratedto provide protection from such hazards.

6.Other Protective Clothing - Wear only snug fittingclothing that will provide enough protection from theenvirorunent while not compromising your mobility. Legprotection is recommended. Chain saw protective pants orchaps will provide some protection from flying debris, butare not designed to provide cut protection from the cuttinghead.

3. FULL-SKIPsequence - provides two tie straps betweeneach alternating right and left cutterr each supported bythree drive links.

Most chains are available in different driver gauges.Standard chains most commonly used are provided in.050",.058",and .063"thicknesses.Depth gauge settings are usually specifiedby the chain man-ufacturer and sometimes are stamped on the depth gauge.

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SAFE OPERATION OF CLEARING SAWS CHAillNSAWSHARPENTING

SAFE OPERATION OF CLEARING SAWS CHAIN SAW SHARPENINGPersonal Protective Equipment Properly sharpened saw chain will reduce chain and guidebar wear, as well as reduce operator fatigue. Inaddition, aproperly sharpened chain will provide for safer and moreefficient chain saw operation.

Understanding a cutter's parts and how they work is veryhelpful when sharpening and/ or troubleshooting the cuttingperformance of saw chain.When sharpening chain, follow the chain manufacturer'smost recent angle specifications whether using the round filemethod, square file method, or grinder.

Clearing saws can be very effective tools inplace of chain saws whencutting small diameter (3" atthe base) stems and seeding.

1. Eye Protection safetyglasses or goggles' complyingwith ANSI Z87.1 are required and itisrecommended to wear a face screenor shield in combination with thesafety glasses or goggles.

5 , C h is el A ng le

4 , T o p P la te2. Cutting Comer

3 . S id e P la te

The Parts of a Cutter

2, Ear Protection - hearing protec-tion is required when operating aclearing saw. Either ear plugs orear muffs should be used.

1.DepthGauge

1. The depth gauge (raker) determines the thickness of the chipby setting the amount of wood the working comer can enterthe wood.

2. The working comer (point) grabs onto the wood and beginsto cut.3. The side plate cuts the fibers. This is when most of the workis done.4. The top plate pushes the cutter to the side creating the kerf

or steering the chain.5, The chisel angle under the top plate angle removes the chip,Two cutters in sequence will work at the same time creating onechip. Inorder to be effective and efficient, all cutters that makeup a saw chain should be cutting the same amount of wood.

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CHAIN SAWSHARPENING EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE

How a Cutter WorksUnderstanding how a cutter works is very helpful whensharpening and or trouble shooting the cutting performanceof saw chain.

FIRE EXTINGUISHERS _Fire extinguishers should be provided on each jobsite and oneach piece of mobile equipment. They also should be theproper type 'and size for the situation.

r R l :,1 . The dep th gauge r ides on thewood and controls the depthatwhich the working comerbites in.

FUELSTORAGE _1. Keep only what's necessary. Large amounts may require

a storage perrnit ...check with the Fire Department.2. The working comer and sideplate sever ihe cross grains.This is the hardest part ofthe work. 2. Store outside if possible, or in a well-ventilated area freeof ignition sources (no smoking).

3. Thetop-plate cutting anglechisels out thesevered woodfibers, lifting them up and outof the kerf.

3. Store in approved safety cans.4. Post a "NO SMOKING" sign.THE SECRET to fire control is the three steps that make afire. SKIP A STEP AND STOP A FIRE!SAW CHAIN SHARPENING ANGLES------

Semi-Chisel and Round Ground Chisel ChainSharpening the saw chain cutters not only requires sharpedges; the angles at which the three (3) surfaces are groundor filed is also important. The surfaces are generally referredto as:

TOP PLATE ANGLE25-35CHISEL ANGLE45+

SIDE PLATE ANGLE800 - 900

~.-'-I'~

rui Eliminate one and no fire exists.OXYGEN22 59


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EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE C~SAVVSHARPENUNGENGINE AREA -----Another cause of fire is flammable material coming in con-tact with hot engine parts. Housekeeping is the key to pre-vention inthis type of fire. Newly purchased equipment isrelatively safe from fire, but when working in certain condi-tions, it's impossible to prevent small particles of dry leaves,needles, branches, and twigs from building up in tight cor-ners of the machine. All debris must be removed daily.

SQUARE GROUND CHISEL CHAIN -------Caution: This saw chain is not for everyone. A chisel-bit sawchain is a professionally classed saw chain. Before using anyprofessional class ofsaw chain the operator MUST be instruct-ed inadvanced cutting and maintenance procedures. The reac-tive forces produced may be higher than low-kick saw chains.Square ground chisel chain generally cuts smoother and fasterin most types of wood. There can be reduced sharpening fre-quency compared to that needed on round ground chiselchains. Innormal cutting conditions, the reduced top-plateangle decreases the cutters side movement, and the workingcorner (point) maintains a cutting edge longer due to the topand side plates meeting at a comer, not a point as do roundground chisel chains. In abrasive cutting conditions thisadvantage is small when comparing the two types of chiselchains. In addition, the square ground chisel chain requiresremoval of the guIlet with a 7/32" file several times throughoutthe life of the cutter.When chisel bit filing. the double bevel or octagon file is heldat 45 degree angles to the guide bar and cutter. It is veryimportant to maintain the correct angles on the cutter as rec-ommended by the manufacturer.

Debris, fuel, and oil are most likely to accumulate in thelower portions of the front frame assembly and transmissioncompartment.

FIRE PREVENTION GUIDELINES _> - Keep the engine compartment clean> - Stop leaks and inspect the electrical system> - Stop the engine while fueling, and NO SMOKING> - Maintain a charged fire extinguisher> - Remove oil, twigs, and debris daily

58

There are two methods of sharpening chains. The most com-mon method of sharpening is with a hand-held round file.There are file guides that can help stabilize and provide betteraccuracy and uniformity to the sharpening operation.The other method of sharpening is by using a grinder.Grinders are generally used by saw shops and companies whohave large amounts of chain to be sharpened.

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24/40

CHAIN SAW SAFETY EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE

CHAIN SAW SAFETY CAUSES OF FIRESAFETY DEVICES ----------1.All chain saws must have the following safety features:

a. Chain brakeb. Throttle interlock to prevent accidental engine accelerationc.Chain catcher near clutch housingd. Spark arrestorNote: Safety features shall not bealtered, rendered inoperable,or removed. Saws shall be removed from service if any of theabove safety features are missing.

2.Accessory safety equipment for chain saw operators:a.Approved safety fuel canb.Appropriate tools tomaintain the chain and powerheadc.Plastic or aluminum alloy wedgesd. Single-bit axe (3-5Ibs) with blade guarde. Personal first aid kitf. Cell phone or 2-way radios

ELECTRICAL-----------------------------Surveys have shown that one-third of the fires investigatedstarted because of short circuits; damaged wiring is often thecause. Wiring and battery cables are subject to unusual wear.Wiring insulation can become abraded or torn, causing shortcircuits. This condition, combined with accumulations of oiland fuel-soaked debris, can cause a fire.

BRAKES _Another cause of fire is overheated brakes. Mechanizedequipment equipped with a parking or auxiliary brake canbe used to hold the equipment stationary. If the operatortravels with the brake engaged, it will overheat. Ifnot detect-ed in time, this can cause a fire.

3.Miscellaneous equipment for efficient use of power saws:a. Funnel for mixed fuel and bar and chain oilb. Extra files and gauges for sharpening the chainc.Spare saw parts to minimize downtime1.Spare chain and sprocket2. Extra guide bar nuts3. Extra spark plug4. Extra air filter5. Extra starter rope6. Extra chain catcher, spare bar, and bar tip7. Extra saw wrench

d. Fire Extinguisher

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EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE CHAIN SAW SAFETY

MAINTAINING MECHANIZED EQUIPMENT _1. Conduct a daily circle check before operating equipment.These checks should include: tires / tracks, engine,hydraulics system and overall condition. Also check relat-ed equipment for fluid levels, leaks, loose wheel nuts,

bolts, and cracks and damage. These checks spot presentor potential damage that jeopardize safe and efficientequipment operation.2. Follow manufacturer's procedures for starting equipmentto reduce maintenance and optimize safe operation.3. Perform operational checks while seated in the operator'sposition. With the engine running and maximum visibili-ty, check gauges and move controls manually to ensure allparts of the equipment are working according to the man-ufacturer's specifications.

4. Before moving equipment conduct a visual inspection ofthe area to ensure that no one is in the operator's path.S. Ensure personal safety by lowering and deactivatingpowered equipment such as buckets, blades, clams, andforks. Set hand brakes using correct procedures whenleaving equipment unattended.6. Perform shutdown procedures according to manufactur-er's specifications. Immobilizing unattended equipmentby lowering the blade will prevent accidental movement.

Tum off the master switch to avoid electrical shorting.7. Maintain equipment by lubricating according to manu-facturer's specifications. Clear all debris from the engine,manifold, brake, winch, radiator, and other areas ofequipment to prevent fire and spot problems or equip-ment malfunctions.8. Always keep proper records; fill out daily reports.

OPERATING PROCEDURES ---------1. Operate a chain saw in a manner that protects yourself

and others from injury.2. Chain saws must be handled with caution at all times.3. Hardhats, eye and ear protection, appropriate footwear,and safety pants or chaps shall be worn by saw operators.

See page 8 for a complete list.4. Always start the saw using the crotch clamp technique,or firmly held on the ground with at least two points ofcontact. Never drop start your saw.5. When carrying a chain saw any distance, carry it by thefront handle with the motor shut off or the chain brakeengaged. Do not carry a.chain saw with the muffler orchain in contact with your body.6. Adjust the idling screw so the chain stops and the sawidles properly. Follow the manufacturer's specificationsfor carburetor adjustments.7. Let the motor coolbefore refueling. Refuel a minimum of20 feet from a flame source. Move ten feet or more fromthe fueling area before starting the saw.

8. Wipe gasoline spills offthe motor.9. Keep a first aid kit and fire extinguisher handy.10. Keep your thumb wrapped around the handlebar, notresting on top of the handlebar.11. Hold the saw with your wrists as straight as possible andkeep the bar and chain on a plane that is not in line withyour body.12. Stagger your feet in a way that provides for good balancein case of a kickback or other chain saw reactive forces.Always keep your knees bent and your back straight.

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CHAIN SAW SAFETY EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCESTARTING YOUR SAW _ EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE

All too often, machinery reaches a state of disrepair. This isnot only dangerous to the operator, but also isa financial lossto the owner. This loss can be avoided by daily care, checkson the equipment, and replacing parts before injury or lossoccurs. Some items, however' small, can cause disablinginjuries and lost time. Many hazards are created by ignoringseemingly innocent situations such as control levers withoutknobs.

NEVER START A CHAIN SAW BY DROP STARTING

All heavy equipment have safety features to protect the oper-ator; do not take them for granted. Check all hydraulic sys-tems daily for leaks that might cause poor steering, or poorbraking action. Check all screens daily for disrepair; theyprotect you from branches, logs, lying debris, and cablewhip. Make sure all windows are clean. A few moments ofyour time spent in a safety check for defects can ensure youand your employer a profitable and accident-free workingday.

ALWAYS START A CHAIN SAW BY USING CROTCHCLAMP TECHNIQUE OR FIRMLY HELD ON THEGROUND.

GROUND STARTING

26

MACHINERY MAINTENANCE CHECKS _1. Visual - All fluid levels; check for leaks.2. Visual- Loose nuts, bolts, cracks, hoses, pins, and dam-

age.3. Visual - Tires for pressure, damage, and lug bolt tight-ness.

4. Visual - All cable rigging or booms for damage.5. Visual- Equipment free of debris.6. Visual- Fire extinguisher and first aid kit.7. Visual - check for vandalism.8. Check all gauges to be sure they are working properly.9. Be sure all steps and platforms are free of oil and, debris.ROTCH CLAMP

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PILING CHAIN SAW SAFETY

12. Check your fire extinguisher and first aid kit daily13. Read the operator's manual carefully before operatingthe machine.14. Make sure you are always operating in a clear area withthe crew standing a safe distance away.15. Only trained and authorized personnel should operatethe equipment.16. Keep the manufacturer's operator's manual with theequipment at all times.17. Do not exceed the manufacturer's recommendations.

CHAIN SAW KICKBACK _Kickback occurs when the upper quadrant (kickback comer) ofthe guide bar strikes an object while the chain is moving. Toreduce the chance of a kickback occurring, always start a bore.or plunge cut with the lower quadrant (attack comer) of theguide bar. (This technique will be discussed inthe "FellingTrees" section).CAUTION:When using this technique; the saw needs to berunning at maximumRPMs and the chain needs to be properly sharpened. Professionaltraining is advised so that this technique can beproperly utilized.

K I C K B A C KC O R N E R

A T T A C KC O R N E R

CAUSES OF KICKBACK

1. T he k ic kb ac k c or ne r o f t heba r h it s an obs tr u c ti on.

54

2 . D rive fo rce k icks the barc ar ry in g t he c ha in u pw ar din a d ire ctio n o pp osite totha t in w hic h the c hain isbe ing dr i ven.

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CHAIN SAW SAFETY PILINGCHAIN SAW ACCIDENTS _ SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS FORPILING ROUNDWOOD

HAND LOADING _1. Wear a hard hat, safety-toed shoes, and gloves.

Remember that what you throw in the air may comedown on you.2. The secret of hand loading is safe lifting. Always lift

with your leg muscles, not your back. Squat, keepingyour back straight, then grip the material firmly andrise with the load.

3. Lift only what you are physically capable oflifting.4. Gethelp when lifting heavy sticks or bolts. Use a picka-

roon or hand tongs.5. .When hand loading,be carefulofyour hands and fingers.6. Beconcerned for others working nearby.

Average BodyContact with Moving ChainHitting Points (Average % )

Right handand arm

5%

Right kneeand thigh2%

Right footand leg4%

14%

Right 19% Left 67%

28

Left handand arm22%

FORK LIFT AND FRONT END LOADERS _1. Fasten your seat belt before starting the machine.2. Be sure all control levers are in neutral before starting

the machine.3. Never dismount the machine with the engine running.4. Keep hands, feet, and arms away from operating

hydraulic cylinders and booms.5. Avoid jerky turns, starts, stops, and reverses.6. Never dismount a machine with the boom, bucket, or

blade raised.7. Shut off the engine before making adjustments.8. Back up to all lines, curbs, embankments, or ramps.9. Carry loaded forks or bucket low for stability.

10. Check the cab or protective canopy to make sure it issafe and able to protect the operator.

11. Watch out for loose sticks that might slip through theforks and hit the operator from the front.

Left kneeand thigh24%

Left footand leg21%

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REMOVAL OPERATIONS CHAIN SAW SAFETYKEEP SAW PROPERLY ADJUSTED _HAND SIGNALS FOR BOOM EQUIPMENT OPERATION

RAISELOADSLOWLY 4r ~:R ,.- 'SE -~ -..I. SLOW LY BOOM Never carry a sawwith a runningchain...Shut it off or engagethe chainbrakewhencarrying for dis-tances of greaterthan 50 feet,or for lesser dis-tances when the ter-rain andother physical fac-tors make the carry-ingofa saw hazardous.

R A I S E B OO M A N D L O WE R LO AD L OW E R BO O M A N D R A I S E LOADE xte nd t hu mb up ward and E xtend t hu mb do wnw ard andfleit l ingers in and out . flex fingers in and o ut

LOWERBOOMas l on g a sload movemen tIs desired.

SW I NG - E x te nd a rm w it hfore1ingerindicatingd ir ec ti on o f swing

STOp E x t en d f o re armand hand in horizontalpos it ion andmake sliCing motion. __"r"700.

POWER LINE CLEARANCES --- _Avoid all live overhead electrical distribution or transmissionlines until the line has been visibly grounded and the ownerof the utility indicates the area is safe. When a line cannot bede-energized, check your state's regulations and recommen-dations for safe clearance.

TAKE YOUR FINGERS OFF THE SAW TRIGGER WHENMOVING FROM TREE TO TREE.

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FELLING TREES REMOVAL OPERATIONS

FELLING TREESPREPARING TO FELLA TREE ---------Prepare to fella treeby establishing a felling plan which shouldinclude the following: hazards such asthe lean and soundnessof the tree, and the speed and direction of the wind. Surveyyour work area and identify your escape route. Avoid fellingon fences, utility lines, sidewalks, roadways, buildings, acrossproperty lines, etc. Inresidential areas it may be necessary torope and/or limb the standing tree before felling. Alwaysnotch the tree in the direction of fall and proceed with thecorrect cut for the circmnstances. Be certain to keep the workarea clear from vehicle and pedestrian traffic.Provide optimum and safe felling aids such as rope andwedges by sharpening or replacing them when defective.FELLING PLAN--------------

SAFETYINSTRUCTIONS FOR LOADERS _1. Inspect the machine and clear the work area of

personnel before starting.2. Your loader is designed for lifting and loading; don't

allow it to be used for anything else.3. If equipped with stabilizers, lower them on a firmfooting before doing any work with the loader.4. .Observe the work area before starting work and while

loading; there may be people or objects in your workarea.

5. Never let anyone get under your boom or load.6. When working near power lines, keep a clearance of 10

feet if the voltage is 50 Kv or below. For each one Kvover 50 Kv,.add an additional four inches. If theoperator cannot maintain the required clearance byvisual means, a person must be designated to observeand give timely warning if violation of the clearancesmight occur.

7. Before dismounting, lower the boom onto the boomrest or the ground.

8. Before traveling, lower and secure the boom, raise thestabilizers, disengage 'the pump, and secure anypayload.

9. Know all the clearance dimensions for yourequipment. Check them against clearancerequirements along your route of transport.

10. Be aware of blind spots from the operator's seat.

Hazards of Area - fence, utility lines, sidewalks, roads, build-ings, property lines, pedestrians, street signs, firehydrants, etc.Hazards of Trees - dead limbs and tops, other trees in area,excessive lean, conks, fungus, rot, cavities, loose bark.Lean Identification - Identify lean after you have chosenfelling direction. Lean isbroken into forward or back lean andleft or right lean.Escape Route Identification - 45 angle away from the direc-tion of fall and at least a distance of 20feet from the tree.Hinge Size - rule of thumb for a maximum width of hinge is10%ofDBH (dbh =diameter at 41/2feet above ground) and aminimum length of hinge is 80% of DBH.Establish A Back Cut Plan

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R E MO V A L O P ER A TI ON S F EL LIN G T RE ES

REMOVAL AND PILING OPERATIONS PROPER TREE FELLING PROCEDURES -----1. Cut down all dead snags or stubs first.2. Always look at the top of the tree for widow-makers,

lodged trees, wires, and other hazards and determinethe lean of the tree. Plan the direction for the fall of thetree. Clear an area around the tree before starting to cut.

3. Prepare an escape route 45 away from the direction offall. Be sure your escape route is not obstructed withunderbrush or other objects.

4. Before starting to cut, make sure no one is closer thantwo tree lengths away from felling operations.

5. Make a notch on all trees no matter how small thediameter.

6. Give a timely warning yell understood by allemployees, just before the back or final cut is started.

7. Never cut a standing tree completely through. Leavesufficient wood between the notch and the back cut forthe tree to hinge on, otherwise you may loose control ofthe tree.

8. Never leave a lodged or hung tree, as any vibrationfrom machinery or a sudden wind could bring it downon a crew member or an unsuspecting person. Alwayspush or pull it down with the aid of equipment. If it hasto be left unattended for any length of time, properlymark it to indicate a danger area.

9. Never cut on days of high wind velocity.10. Never climb or cut sections out of lodged trees.11. Fellwith the lean of the treewhenever possible, and into

clear areas.12. Retreat from a falling tree at a 45 angle away from the

direction of fall and at least 20 feet from the tree. Ifpossible, stand behind another tree at the end of yourretreat path.

1. Keep a safe distance between ground workers and otherequipment in danger zones.

2. Position the equipment at felled trees to ensure safe, effi-cient removal.3. Set the brake when loading removal equipment.

4. Use the three-point technique (one hand and two feet ortwo hands and one foot) to mount and dismount themachine.

5. Use safe and correct wood piling methods to promoteefficient processing.

6. Observe danger zones by keeping a safe distancebetween you, others, and adjacent piles.

7. Position piles to allow safe access ofmachinery.Keep thepile level and uniform to eliminate protrusions from thepile face. Ensure that wood is piled in a position to min-imize rolling, shifting, or pile breakdowns.

8. Position machinery to allow safe piling. Keep the pileheight within operating capabilities of piling and load-ing equipment.

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FELLING TREES SPRING POLES

PROPER FELLING IMPROVES QUALITY, QUANTITY,AND SAFETY BY REDUCING: SPRING POLES

The number of trees falling in the wrong direction TECHNIQUE FOR SAFELY CUTTING SPRING POLES> - Damage to the butt log

-,

> - Time spent pushing and pulling trees down> - Time lost when a chain saw is pinched> - Injuries from pushing and cutting at the same time> - The possibility of a tree splitting in a barber chair

The number of tree butts kicking back off the stump The safest way to release a spring pole is to shave a sufficientamount of wood from the underside of the spring pole toallow the wood fiber on the top side to release slowly.he possibility of trees being cut almost completely

off and not falling To decide optimum point of spring pole release, determine astraight vertical line from the stump to where it meets astraight horizontal line from the highest point of bend, andcome down at a 45angle from where the two lines intersect.

Pulled fibers and side scars

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33/40

LIMBING AND BUCKING FELLING TREESSAFETY INSTRUCTIONS FOR BUCKING _ ESCAPEROUTE __

1. Plan your cuts before starting the saw.2. Work from the butt to the top of the tree whenever

possible. Itmay be necessary to limb from the top ofthetree towards the butt, especially in the case of stormdamage. Work on the ground; never walk on a tree.

3. Avoid using the kickback corner of the saw for buckingto avoid kickback.

4. Only start the undercut first when the log is supportedon one end. When the log is supported on two ends,you should begin with the top cut.

5. Watch out for binding ofthe saw and possible kickback.Use a wedge to prevent binding when bucking logs.

6. Keep the saw chain out of dirt and rocks.7. Work on the uphill side ifpossible. Ifa tree is in a dan-

gerous position, have it moved.8. Stand with your legs at shoulder width and braced to

maintain secure footing and balance. Keep as secure afooting aspossible. Avoid an off-balance position whereyou can lose control of your saw. Bend your knees.

9. Never leave a log partially cut.10. Make sure the chain is not turning while walking to the

next cut. Keep your finger off the throttle when walkingbetween cuts. Use the chain brake or shut the saw offwhen moving 50 feet ormore, or when shorter distancesrequire it.

11. Keep a minimum of two tree lengths away from fellers,and a safe distance from all other operations.

12. Keep the saw chain sharp, depth gauges correct, and thechain properly tensioned.

13. Let the saw cut through the log - don't force it.

FELLING DIRECTION

ESCAPE ROUTE ESCAPE ROUTE

The escape route shall be at a 45angle away from the fallingtree to a distance of at least 20feet away from the tree.

PROPER NOTCHES _Conventional(450 or more)

Humboldt(~ormOIe)

V-NotchOpen Face(700 or more)

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FELLING TREES LIMBING AND BUCKING

TONGUE AND GROOVE TECHNIQUEROPER DIMENSIONS OF NOTCHES ------A wide open face notch is safest, and requires an opening of70or more to prevent premature closing of notch.

aO%DBH

!f J I70 ~f .OPENING '~:: J .

r ~ ..I \J; .

Tens ion1.

OPEN FACE

CONVENTIONALOn steep terrain, prevent the tree from rolling by using atongue and groove technique. First, bore through the centerof the tree. Make the second cut on the compression side of

. the tree slightly bypassing the bore cut. The third cut ismadeon the opposite side of the tree in line with the second cutand slightly bypassing the first cut. This technique will pre-vent the tree from rolling and will separate when movedwith machine.

The depth of the notch should be 1/3 of the tree diameter.The minimum width a notch should be is 80%DBH.

THREE TYPICAL IMPROPER NOTCHES _

1. 2.

BUCKING ----------------1. Observe danger zones before bucking. Resolve potential

problems such as spring poles, compression and tensionstress points, terrain, potential direction of roll of log, andhanging limbs and tops. Establish an escape route. Usesaws and related tools safely and efficiently.

2. Measure and mark logs to an appropriate length whileconsidering ease of handling and further processing.

3. Before bucking, consider the tree's stress points to prop-erly place your feet and body. Use the correct saw han-dling methods to buck safely and efficiently according toyour production requirements.

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1. Improper notches2. Portion of notch that must be removed to correct the

improper cut34


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LIMBING AND BUCKING FELLING TREES

ADDITIONAL TECHNIQUES FOR LIMBING TREESUNDER PRESSURE _\ III

PROPER BACK CUTTING _

THE FOLLOWING TWO TECHNIQUES SHOULDBE PERFORMED ONLY IF THE CUITER HASRECEIVED THE PROPER TRAINING.

O PE N FA CE N O TCH CO N VE N TIO N A LN O TCH HUM B O LDTN O TCHB O R E CUT SAM E LEVE L B O R E CUT S L IG HTLY BO RE CUT SL IG HTLY

A S N O TCH A BO VE N O TCH A BO VE N O TCHOPEN-FACE NOTCH (700 OR MORE)

Bore cut to establish a hinge and cut toward the back of thetree. Stop the cut leaving enough holding wood on the backside of the tree. Then, perform a release cut from the backside of the tree. This cut should be below the bore cut.Whichever notch is used, hinge wood of sufficient length andwidth is required to control the tree when falling. The backcut can be made at the same level as the open-face notch. Theopen face notch generally will maintain control of the treecloser to the ground than the Conventional and Humboldtnotches, which increases safety for the chain saw operator.

TOP LOCK TECHNIQUE

Butt oftree

A top lock will prevent the top of the tree from kicking upand hitting the saw operator. The first cut is made on thecompression side of the tree; the second cut is made on thetension side of the tree. The first cut is always made closestto the tree top; the second cut is made closer to the butt. Bothcuts must bypass each other (see diagram).

RESULTS OF IMPROPER BACK CUTTING1. Back cut too deep (inadequate hinge)r r : -d tThe hinge will break almost immediately, resulting in inac-curate felling, loss of control, and damage to the bar or sawand possible injury or death.

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FELLING TREES LIMBING AND BUCKING

10.When cutting large limbs, be alert for the chain bindingand kicking back. Use the limb lock technique.

11.Keep a minimum oftwo tree lengths away from the fellerand falling trees.

12.When cutting limbs under tension, use a limb locktechnique. Relieve pressure on the limb by making thefirst cut on the compression side. The second cut, madeon the tension side, should slightly bypass the first cut,allowing the limb to lock into itself. (Seediagram below.)

2. Back cut too high above or below the notch

Thishighly increases the chance the hinge will cut off orbreak, causing loss of control of the tree.3. Sloping back cut

4. Angle-back cut With)m~. ~JIuatenotch' - . } 1 \_c~~~

This cut lessens the chance of meeting the notch orleaves an inaccurate hinge producing low quality butt.

With no notch, directional felling is greatly reduced.This cut produces loss of felling control, low qualitybutt, and greatly increases the chance of barber chair-ing.

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LIMBING AND BUCKING FELLING TREES

LIMBING TREES _ FELLING PROBLEM TREESSome trees present special problems in felling:

1. Identify hazards such as spring poles, compression andtension stress points, holes, and hanging limbs and/ ortops. Chain saws and mechanized equipment or relatedtools can minimize or eliminate problems such as sawkickback, limb/ tree / spring pole kickback, and tree roll.

2. Move back into the felling area to begin limbing onlyafter all debris produced by the falling tree is settled, andall potential hazards are eliminated.

3. Cut limbs from felled trees using balanced footing, bodyposition, and safe saw handling methods in accordancewith utilization standards.

1. Treesthat split easily (such as ash and oak)2. Larger trees - light leaners or heavy tops3. Heavy leaning trees4. Felling trees against the natural lean

NOTE: Several ofthe following tedmiques mayor may notrequire shallow side-cutting at the corners of thenotch. Side-cutting is often used on straight-grained trees such as oak and ash. However, it alsowill reduce the strength ofthe hinge.SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS FOR LIMBING _

1. Make sure your footing is sound; keep your balance.2. Start limbing from the butt end of the tree and work

toward the top.3. Always stay on the uphill side of the tree.4. Always limb from the ground; do not walk on the tree.5. When possible, stand with your feet in the clear,and limb

from the left side of the tree.6. Make sure the saw bar is on the opposite side of the tree

before moving forward. Do not move when the saw is onyour side of the tree.7. Toprevent kickbacks, do not limb with the kickback cor-

ner of the saw. Make sure the saw is at full speed beforecutting a limb.

S. Carefully cut spring poles from the underside to relievethe tension first, then cut it off (see page 49).

9. Cut supporting limbs last using extreme caution as thelog may roll.

ALL OF THESE TECHNIQUESREQUIREADVANCED TRAINING &CUTTING SKILLS!

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FELLING TREES LIMBING AND BUCKINGTREES THAT SIDE SCAR EASILY - _To prevent side scarring in standard felling, the sides of thehinge between the notch and the back cut are sawn beforemaking the back cut.

LIMBING AND BUCKINGWORK IN THE MOST COMFORTABLE POSITIONPOSSIBLE _

As the tree falls, the stronger, more flexible fibers do notbreak when the notch closes, and the strips on the side of thetree rip off the butt log, resulting in side scars.

Shallow corneringapproximately1 inch deep.

HINGEMaintaina firmstanceand holdthe sawclose toyourbody.

When possible, let the saw ride the trunk. Do not move yourfeet when the running saw is on your side of the trunk. Usethe chain brake when moving over the tree or log.

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FELLING TREES FELLING TREES

FELLING AGAINST THE NATURAL LEAN _A tree may be felled against its natural lean by using theboring technique. Use the open-face notch and bore cut thetree to establish the hinge. DO NOT CUT OUT THE BACK.Allow enough holding wood to keep the tree secure.Remove the saw from the bore cut and insert wedges tightlyinto it. Release the tree from the back. Complete thetechnique by wedging the tree over. This technique is forexperienced cutters only.

PROPER BORING METHODSMETHOD TO USE WHEN THE TREE DIAMETER ISGREATER THAN THE LENGTH OF THE CHAIN SAWBAR, BUT NOT MORE THAN TWICE THE LENGTH OFTHE BAR

W E D G E

~~zo6. . ." "isD E S I R E D / 1 ,D I R E C T I O N '. .O F F A Ll . 1 1 , : I R E LE A SE F R O Mij B A C K1 5 / > - 1 /~/. : t . / . s : : ' : = \,0'll I ':\ \

'HINGENOTCH I ._ _ _ HINGE

W E D G E

BORING TECHNIQUE1. The notch is made in the normal manner and the boring

cut is begun using the lower quadrant of the bar tipstarting on the side with the lean of the tree.2. Once the wood is on both sides of the bar tip, the saw is

straightened and the bore is completed just beyond thehalfway point of the tree's diameter. This action willallow an overlap when the bore cut is completed fromthe opposite side of the tree.

3. If the tree has a heavy forward lean, bore in from bothsides to establish the hinge. Then cut to the back leavingsupport wood. Pull the saw out, then release the treefrom the backside.

Felling against the naturaIlean may be necessary to:> - Avoid falling into other trees

> - Place the tree in the desired direction> - Prevent a hang-up NOTE: If boring is done incorrectly there is an increased

chance of kickback; use extreme caution,> - Avoid breakage

42

CAUTIONWhen using this technique, the saw needs to be running atmaximum RPMs and the chain needs to be properly sharp-ened. Professional training is advised so that this tech-nique can be properly utilized.

3 9

> - Avoid falling on fences, utility lines, side-walks, roadways, across property lines, etc.


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FELLING TREES FELLING TREES

METHOD TO USE WHEN THE TREEDIAMETER ISGREATERTHAN TWO TIMESTHE CHAIN SAWBARLENGTH---------------- ___

HEAVYLEANERS-------------------------

R E LE AsE C UT

BORING TECHNIQUES - CAUTION!!!This is a very professional type of felling. If you are not

comfortable cutting these trees - DON'T DO IT[1. Begin by making an open-face notch (700or more); hingelength should be 80% DBB (or longer if necessary). Forexample, a 10"DBB tree should have a hinge length of at

least 8".2. At the same plane as the notch, on the leaning side, boreout the tree from the hinge wood back, while leaving suf-

ficient holding wood at the back of the tree. Always startboring with the lower part of the bar tip. This is consid-ered the safest felling technique.3. The same boring procedure is then performed on the otherside of the tree, ensuring that the two boring cuts overlap.Omit this step if the tree is small enough for the guide barto reach through from one side. Hthis is the case, then thecut must be done from the side opposite of the side lean.4. A final horizontal back-cut ismade below the boring cut.The holding wood at the back severs and the tree falls,guided by the hinge. Always start boring with the lowerpart of the bar tip.

BORINGTECHNIQUE1. The notch is made inthe normal manner. A bore cut ismade in the center of the notch using the lower quadrantof the bar tip.2. Cut out as much wood as needed so the bar will reach

from both sides. Remove the saw.3. From the leaning side of the tree, start a bore cut at thenormal level for a back cut, using the lower quadrant ofthe bar tip.

4. Bore straight in, leaving enough hinge wood for thesize of the tree. Walk the saw around, cuttingapproximately half the tree.

5. Repeat the procedure on the opposite side, (opposite theside lean) leaving sufficient holding wood in the back.6. Use a release cut from the back side.

CAUTIONThis is a professional type of felling! A large diameter treemay be left standing until a cutter can use a larger saw witha longer bar. Again, professional training is recommendedfor this technique.

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