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WINDFIELD INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE OF NURSING AND ALLIED SCIENCES

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

DHC203

DHC 203 BODY AS A WHOLE


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2DHC 203 BODY AS A WHOLE

Learning Objectives

By end of the lesson students should be able to:- Define Anatomy and Physiology.

Describe the basic functions and requirements of organisms.

Identify the major levels of organization in organisms .

Explain the concept of homeostasis, including both positive and

negative feedback.

Identify the 11 organ systems of the body and their major

components.

Using the proper anatomical terms, identify the major body sections

and cavities.


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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Anatomy study of internal and externalstructures of the body and the

relationship among body parts.(Greeka cutting up)

Physiology study of function of the body

structures

(Greekrelationship to nature)


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Basic functions of organisms

Movement

Responsiveness

Growth and differentiation

Reproduction

Circulation

Respiration Metabolism and excretion


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Requirements of Organisms Water- required for metabolic processes and transport of

substances

- regulates body temperature

Food - supplies necessary nutrients, energy and raw materials

Oxygen - to release energy from nutrients

Heat - energy that controls rate of metabolic reactions

Pressure - atmospheric pressure important for breathing

- hydrostatic pressure keeps blood flowing


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Levels of Organization

Atomsmallest unit of matter

Moleculesmallest living unit in the human body

Organelle mitochondrion, cell membrane, nucleus

Cella group of cells working together to perform oneor more specific functions

Tissuecombination of tissues that perform complexfunctions

Organan interacting group of organs that perform oneor more specific functions

Organism - an organism, the highest level of

organization


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Levels of Organization


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Homeostasis

Maintenance of a constant environment in thebody

Homeostatic Mechanisms monitor aspects of theinternal environment and corrects any changes

Detectors send input to control center

Control center evaluates input and generatesoutput (set point)

Effectors receives output and producesresponse


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Organ System

Integumentary system

Nervous system

Skeletal system

Endocrine system

Muscular system

Cardiovascular system



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Organ System

Lymphatic system

Urinary system

Respiratory system Digestive system

Reproductive system



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Anatomical Terms

Anatomical Position standing erect, facingforward, arms at the sides, palms facing forward,feet together




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Directional Terms




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Directional Terms

26DHC 402 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT III



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Regional Terms




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Regional Terms




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Body Sections

Sagittal- divides the body into right and left parts

Midsagittal or medial- sagittal plane that lies on themidline

Frontal or coronal- divides the body into anteriorand posterior parts

Transverse or horizontal- divides the body intosuperior and inferior parts




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Body Sections




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Body Cavities

Dorsal cavity -protects the nervous system, and isdivided into two subdivisions

-Cranial cavityis within the skull and encases thebrain

-Vertebral cavityruns within the vertebral columnand encases the spinal cord

Ventral cavity -houses the internal organs (viscera),

and is divided into two subdivisions:

-Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities




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Body Cavities

Thoracic cavity is subdivided into pleural cavities, themediastinum, and the pericardial cavity

- Pleural cavities each houses a lung

- Mediastinum contains the pericardial cavity, andsurrounds the remaining thoracic organs

- Pericardial cavity encloses the heart




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Body Cavities




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Abdominopelvic Quadrants




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Abdominopelvic Quadrants


a. Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)- Contains the liver, right kidney, colon, pancreas, and thegallbladder.

b. Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)- Contains the colon, small intestines, major artery and vein

for the right leg, the right ureter, and the appendix.

c. Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)- Contains the spleen, left kidney, stomach, colon, and the

pancreas.

d. Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)- Contains the colon, small intestines, major artery and vein

for the left leg, and the left ureter.



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References

Waugh, A. and Grant, A. (2006) Ross andWilson Anatomy and Physiology inHealth and Illness10th Edition ElsevierChurchill Livingstone

Tortora, G. J. and Derrickson, B. (2006)Principles of Anatomy and Physiology11th Edition Wiley

Seeley, R. R., Stephens, T. D. and Tate, P.(1999) Essentials of Anatomy andPhysiology3th Edition McGraw Hill

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