chapter 1 computer concepts (1)
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Ms. Jennifer O. Calleja | IT Instructor
Chapter 1 : Computer ConceptsIT 12 | Fundamentals of Programming and Database Theory and Applications
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Ms. Jennifer O. Calleja | IT Instructor
Objectives
•At the end of this module you should be able to:
Explain how computer works State the functions of each basic hardware
component of a computer system Classify computers
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Ms. Jennifer O. Calleja | IT Instructor
Computer
is an electronic device that accepts data, stores and processes the data and generates information as output.
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Ms. Jennifer O. Calleja | IT Instructor
Computer (stores and
process data)Data
inputinfo
output
A computer
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Ms. Jennifer O. Calleja | IT Instructor
Data and Information
Data is a raw, unprocessed data
Information is a processed data
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Ms. Jennifer O. Calleja | IT Instructor
Four Basic Functions:• Input – the procedure of feeding data into a
computer•Process – refers to the operation of
manipulating and transforming data into something useful.
Program – a set of written instructions, is what tells the computer how to manipulate and transform the data it was given into information
•Output – the result of the processing function.•Storage – computers can save data so that ir
can be used at another time.
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Ms. Jennifer O. Calleja | IT Instructor
SAQ 1-1
•How does the computer process data?
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Ms. Jennifer O. Calleja | IT Instructor
ASAQ 1-1
•The computer processes data by following a set of instructions called a program
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Ms. Jennifer O. Calleja | IT Instructor
Computer Systems Components•Hardware – refers to the tangible
components of a computer system•Software – refers to the set of instructions
written in a code.
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Ms. Jennifer O. Calleja | IT Instructor
Basic Hardware Components
•Input devices – perform the two most basic computing tasks : issuing commands and entering data.
Data entry – defined as the process of entering data into the computer memory and issuing commands that tell the processor how to work with the data.
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Ms. Jennifer O. Calleja | IT Instructor
Examples of Input device:
•Keyboard•Mouse•Trackball•Joystick•Lightpen•Video input device•Scanners
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Ms. Jennifer O. Calleja | IT Instructor
Basic Hardware Components
•Output Device after processing data fed into the computer with the use of input devices, the information must now be outputted in a form understood by human beings. For this purpose, computer system components collectively called as output devices are used.
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Ms. Jennifer O. Calleja | IT Instructor
Examples of Output device:
•Printer•Video monitors•Speakers•modem
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Ms. Jennifer O. Calleja | IT Instructor
Basic Hardware Components
•Central Processing Unit (CPU)CPU does the data processing. Its job is to fetch instructions (programs) from the main memory, decode, and execute it.
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Ms. Jennifer O. Calleja | IT Instructor
Parts of a CPU:
•Control Unit (CU)▫can be described as a sort of circuitry that
supervises and controls the path of information that runs over the processor and organizes the various activities of those units that lie inside it.
•Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)▫Involves comparing two items and
determining whether one is greater than, equal or less than the other.
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Ms. Jennifer O. Calleja | IT Instructor
Companies that design and Manufacture CPUs:•Intel•Motorola•DEC•SUN•IBM•AMD
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Ms. Jennifer O. Calleja | IT Instructor
SAQ 1-2
•What specific components of the computer does the arithmetic computations?
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Ms. Jennifer O. Calleja | IT Instructor
ASAQ 1-2
•The arithmetic/logic unit (ALU)
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Ms. Jennifer O. Calleja | IT Instructor
Basic Hardware Components
•Main Memory and Secondary Memorywhen the CPU processes the data, it uses the memory as temporary storage to aid in the calculations.
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Ms. Jennifer O. Calleja | IT Instructor
Bits and bytes
•The data and programs are stored in the memory in the form of binary digits (0 and 1). Numbers are all represented using the binary system, and text and characters are coded in binary.▫8 bits = 1 byte▫1024 bytes = 1 kilobyte▫1024 kilobytes = 1 megabytes▫1024 megabytes = 1 gigabyte
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Ms. Jennifer O. Calleja | IT Instructor
Computer Memory
•Consists of the main memory and the secondary memory. The difference between the two types of memory lies in the technology used.
•Main Memory – stores data using electric current flowing around the loop of wire.
•Secondary Memory – usually uses magnetic materials, just like those found in cassette tapes.
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Ms. Jennifer O. Calleja | IT Instructor
Comparison of Computer MemoryMemory
TypeTechnology Limitations, Advantages
and Disadvantages
Main Memory
Uses electric current
-Very expensive-Fast access-Volatile
Secondary Memory
Uses magnetic materials
-Relatively cheap-Slow access-Non-volatile
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Ms. Jennifer O. Calleja | IT Instructor
SAQ 1-3
•Why do computers need to use both types of memories (main and secondary)?
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Ms. Jennifer O. Calleja | IT Instructor
ASAQ 1-3
•It uses main memory to be able to process data at high speeds (remember how the memory is used as temporary storage?) and it uses secondary memory to preserve data.
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Ms. Jennifer O. Calleja | IT Instructor
COMPUTER SOFTWARE
•It can be categorized into two classes : ▫Applications Software ▫System Software
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Ms. Jennifer O. Calleja | IT Instructor
Application Software
•Are programs that are used by people to solve their individual needs. ▫Examples:
Word Processor Spreadsheet programs
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Ms. Jennifer O. Calleja | IT Instructor
Systems Software
•Are programs that control the operations of the computer hardware.▫Task of Systems Software
Starting up of the computer Loading Executing applications software.
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Ms. Jennifer O. Calleja | IT Instructor
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS•Computers are usually classified
according to their sizes and processing speeds. But since technology changes very rapidly, no absolute measures to classify computers exist.
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Ms. Jennifer O. Calleja | IT Instructor
Classification of Computers
•Microcomputers▫refer to small desktop
systems made popular by IBM in the early 80s. They are also called personal computers and are usually used for individual tasks such as word processing, spreadsheet computations and other interactive applications.
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Ms. Jennifer O. Calleja | IT Instructor
Classification of Computers
•Minicomputers▫are more powerful than
microcomputer and are intended to support several users who are concurrently doing different tasks. They are widely used in real time applications such as air traffic control.
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Ms. Jennifer O. Calleja | IT Instructor
Classification of Computers
•Mainframes▫are large systems that can
process huge amounts of data at a very high rate. The main difference between mainframes and minicomputers is their input/output capacity and the applications for which it is used.
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Ms. Jennifer O. Calleja | IT Instructor
Classification of Computers
•Supercomputers▫are the fastest computers
and achieve processing speeds more than 10 times that of the minicomputers. To achieve high speeds, they usually consists of several processors running simultaneously.
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Ms. Jennifer O. Calleja | IT Instructor
SAQ 1-4
•Differentiate microcomputer and minicomputers.
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Ms. Jennifer O. Calleja | IT Instructor
ASAQ 1-4
•Microcomputers are less powerful than minicomputers. They are designed for individual use, while minicomputers are designed to handle several users at a time.
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Ms. Jennifer O. Calleja | IT Instructor