chapter 1 invitation to biology
DESCRIPTION
Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology. 1.1 The Secret Life of Earth. Biology The scientific study of life We have found only a fraction of the organisms on Earth Scientists constantly discover new species Extinction rates are accelerating Example: New Guinea ’ s Foja Mountains. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
BIOLOGY: Today and TomorrowBIOLOGY: Today and Tomorrow, 4e, 4estarr starr evers evers starrstarr
Chapter 1Invitation to Biology
![Page 2: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
1.1 The Secret Life of Earth
Biology The scientific study of life
We have found only a fraction of the organisms on Earth Scientists constantly discover new species Extinction rates are accelerating
Example: New Guinea’s Foja Mountains
![Page 3: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
“Pinocchio Frog”
Extinction is happening at 1000x faster than normal, thanks to us humans!
![Page 4: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Life’s Levels of Organization
Atom Fundamental building block of all matter
Molecule An association of two or more atoms
Cell Smallest unit of life
Organism An individual; consists of one or more cells
![Page 5: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Life’s Levels of Organization
Population Group of individuals of a species in a given area
Community All populations of all species in a given area
Ecosystem A community interacting with its environment
Biosphere All regions of Earth that hold life
![Page 6: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
ANIMATED FIGURE: Life’s levels of organization
To play movie you must be in Slide Show ModePC Users: Please wait for content to load, then click to play
Mac Users: CLICK HERE
![Page 7: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
What is Life?1.3 How Living Things Are Alike
Life is organized in successive levels with new properties emerging at each level.
All living things have similar characteristics Require energy and nutrients Sense and respond to change Reproduce with the help of DNA
![Page 8: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Organisms Require Enery and Nutrients
Energy The capacity to do work
Nutrient Substance that is necessary for survival, but that an
organism can’t make for itself
![Page 9: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Organisms and Energy Sources
Producers Organisms that make their own
food using energy and simple raw materials from the environment
Example: photosynthesis in plants
Consumers Organisms that get energy and
carbon by feeding on tissues, wastes, or remains of other organisms
Example: animals
![Page 10: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
ANIMATED FIGURE: One-way energy flow and materials cycling
To play movie you must be in Slide Show ModePC Users: Please wait for content to load, then click to play
Mac Users: CLICK HERE
![Page 11: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Organisms Sense and Respond to Change
Homeostasis Set of processes by which an organism keeps its internal
conditions within tolerable ranges by sensing and responding to change
![Page 12: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Organisms Grow and Reproduce
Organisms grow, develop, and reproduce based on information encoded in DNA, which they inherit from parents
Growth Increase in size, volume, and number of cells in
multicelled species
Development Multistep process by which the first cell of a new individual
becomes a multicelled adult
![Page 13: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Organisms Grow and Reproduce
Reproduction Process by which parents produce offspring
Inheritance Transmission of DNA from parents to offspring
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) Carries hereditary information that guides development
and functioning
![Page 14: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
1.4 How Living Things Differ
Living things differ in observable characteristics, or traits ie. Biodiversity (Scope of variation among living organisms)
![Page 15: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Classification Systems
Organisms can be grouped based on whether they have a nucleus
Nucleus Sac with two membranes that encloses a cell’s DNA
One system sorts all organisms into one of three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
![Page 16: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Prokaryotes Prokaryotes
Single celled organisms in which DNA is not contained in a nucleus. Examples include Bacterium Archaeon
More closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria
Collectively, the most diverse representatives of life!
![Page 17: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
A) Bacteria are the most numerous organisms on Earth. Left, a bacterium with a row of iron crystals that acts like a tiny compass; right, spiral cyanobacteria.
Bacteria and Archaea
![Page 18: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
B) Archaea may resemble bacteria, but they are more closely related to eukaryotes. These are two types of archaea from a hydrothermal vent on the seafloor.
Bacteria and Archaea
![Page 19: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Eukaryotes Eukaryotes
Organisms whose cells typically have a nucleus These can be single or multi-celled and are usually
larger, and more complex than prokaryotes
Examples include Fungus
Eukaryotic consumer that obtains nutrients by digestion and absorption outside the body
Protists Eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi
![Page 20: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Eukaryotes
Examples continued…
Animals Multi-celled consumer that develops through a series of
embryonic stages and moves about during all or part of the life cycle
Plant Typically a multi-celled, photosynthetic producer
![Page 21: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Some Eukaryotes
![Page 22: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
1.5 What is a “Species?”
Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying species A species is a unique kind of organism A genus is a group of species that share unique traits
Every species is given a unique two-part scientific name consisting of its genus and species Example: Lion: Panthera leo
![Page 23: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Taxa
Each rank, or taxon is a group of organisms that share a unique set of traits Morphological (structural) traits Biochemical traits Behavioral traits (response to stimuli)
Each taxon consists of a group of the next lower taxon Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom,
and domain “Dumb kids playing catch on freeways get smashed “
![Page 24: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Taxonomic Classification
EukaryaPlantae
ApialesApiaceaeDaucuscarotawild carrot
MagnoliophytaMagnoliopsida
domainkingdom
phylumclass order
familygenus
speciescommon name
Eukarya PlantaeMagnoliophytaMagnoliopsidaRosalesCannabaceaeCannabissativamarijuana
Malus
apple
Eukarya PlantaeMagnoliophytaMagnoliopsidaRosalesRosaceae
domestica
Eukarya PlantaeMagnoliophytaMagnoliopsidaRosalesRosaceaeRosaacicularisprickly rose
Eukarya PlantaeMagnoliophytaMagnoliopsidaRosalesRosaceaeRosacaninadog rose
![Page 25: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Identifying Species
How do we decide if similar-looking organisms belong to different species or not?
Early naturalists classified species according to what they looked like and where they lived
Today’s biologists compare biochemical traits such as DNA sequence
![Page 26: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Four butterflies, two species
![Page 27: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Biological Species Concept
“Biological species concept” Ernst Mayr defined a species as one or more
groups of individuals that potentially can interbreed, produce fertile offspring, and do not interbreed with other groups
![Page 28: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
ANIMATED FIGURE: Classification systems
To play movie you must be in Slide Show ModePC Users: Please wait for content to load, then click to play
Mac Users: CLICK HERE
![Page 29: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The Scientific Method
![Page 30: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
The Scientific Method
Prediction Statement, based on a hypothesis, about a condition that
should exist if the hypothesis is correct
Model Analogous system used for testing hypotheses
Experiment Test designed to support or falsify a prediction
![Page 31: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
The Scientific Method
Variable
Characteristic that differs among individuals or over time
Experimental group Group of individuals who are exposed to a variable
Control group Group not exposed to the variable being tested.
Data Factual information from experiments or surveys
![Page 32: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Experiment: Potato Chips and Stomachaches
![Page 33: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
1.7 Analyzing Experimental Results
Researchers experiment on subsets of a group, which may result in sampling error
Sampling error Difference between results derived from testing an entire
group of events or individuals, and results derived from testing a subset of the group
![Page 34: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Sampling Error
A) Natalie, blindfolded, randomly plucks a jelly bean from a jar. The jar contains 120 green and 280 black jelly beans, so 30 percent of the jelly beans in the jar are green, and 70 percent are black.
![Page 35: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Sampling Error
B) The jar is hidden from Natalie’s view before she removes her blindfold. She sees one green jelly bean in her hand and assumes that the jar must hold only green jelly beans.
![Page 36: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Sampling Error
C) Still blindfolded, Natalie randomly picks out 50 jelly beans from the jar. She ends up picking out 10 green and 40 black ones.
![Page 37: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Sampling Error
D) The larger sample leads Natalie to assume that one-fifth of the jar’s jelly beans are green (20 percent) and four-fifths are black (80 percent). This sample more closely approximates the jar’s actual green-to-black ratio of 30 percent to 70 percent. The more times Natalie repeats the sampling, the greater the chance she has of guessing the actual ratio.
![Page 38: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Probability
Researchers try to design experiments carefully in order to minimize sampling error
Probability The measure, expressed as a percentage, of the chance
that a particular outcome will occur
Statistically significant Refers to a result that is statistically unlikely to have
occurred by chance
![Page 39: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Bias in Interpreting Results
Researchers risk interpreting their results in terms of what they want to find out (bias)
Science is a self-correcting process because scientists continuously retest and recheck each other’s ideas
![Page 40: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
ANIMATION: Height Graph
To play movie you must be in Slide Show ModePC Users: Please wait for content to load, then click to play
Mac Users: CLICK HERE
![Page 41: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
1.8 The Nature of Science
Scientific theory Hypothesis that has not been disproven after
many years of rigorous testing Can never be proven absolutely Can be disproven by a single observation or result
that is inconsistent with it
![Page 42: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Law of Nature
A scientific theory differs from a law of nature
Law of nature Generalization that describes a consistent natural
phenomenon for which there is incomplete scientific explanation
Example: Laws of thermodynamics
![Page 43: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
1.9 The Secret Life of Earth (revisited)
Earth hosts at least 100 million species
Recently discovered species include a leopard in Borneo; a wolf in Egypt; a dolphin in Australia; and spiders in California
You can find information about the 1.8 million species we know about in the Encyclopedia of Life (www.eol.org)
![Page 44: Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020722/56814d4e550346895dba7eea/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
A new species of trapdoor spider