CHAPTER 11 relating the structure of DNA to its

functionthe role of DNA in protein productiondistinguish amongst different types of

mutations.

Proteins are important components of living cells.

Metabolism of cells is controlled by proteins called enzymes.

Proteins are essential for life.

Every cell is capable of making all the thousands of different kinds of proteins it may need.

DNA of the chromosomes is the genetic material that is passed from generation to generation.

Genes are sections of DNA.DNA controls cellular activities by controlling

the production of enzymes.

The molecule that controls the production of proteins is a nucleic acid called Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA).

DNA is found in the chromosomes in the nucleus.

DNA carries information for running the cell.

DNA is made of nucleotides.

DNA StructureDNA is made up of

nucleotidesNucleotides Have Three

Parts

1. Simple Sugar (5-carbon sugar)

2. Phosphate group3. Nitrogen Base

Looking at the Structure of DNA

In 1953 Watson and Crick solved the puzzle (p. 290 Fig. 11:3)

These two scientists viewed x-ray images of DNA crystals that were created by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins.

DNA StructureResembles a ladder

sides: sugar and phosphate rungs (steps): complementary pairs

of nitrogen bases

The structure (shape) of the DNAis referred to as a double helix.

•In DNA, there are four possible nitrogen bases:

•adenine (A)•guanine (G)•cytosine (C)•thymine (T)

PurinesAdenine (A)Guanine (G)

PyrimidinesThymine (T)Cytosine (C)

Adenine (A) to Thymine (T)And

Guanine (G) to Cytosine (C)