Chapter 14Chapter 14Revolutions and NationalismRevolutions and Nationalism

Kai-shek

RussiaRussia► Czar Alexander II is assassinated by Czar Alexander II is assassinated by

revolutionaries because of slow change revolutionaries because of slow change ► Czar Alexander III takes over (1881) Czar Alexander III takes over (1881)

resists change kept absolute authority resists change kept absolute authority (Autocracy)(Autocracy)

► Strict CensorshipStrict Censorship► Only allowed Russian orthodox religionOnly allowed Russian orthodox religion► Only Russian language allowedOnly Russian language allowed► Oppressed other national groups within Oppressed other national groups within

RussiaRussiaPogromsPogroms: organized violence against : organized violence against JewsJewsAnyone who argues is sent to the “gulags”Anyone who argues is sent to the “gulags”

in Siberiain Siberia

Russia IndustrializesRussia Industrializes► Number of Factories doubled between 1863-1899Number of Factories doubled between 1863-1899

► Industrialization causes discontent over working Industrialization causes discontent over working conditions, low wages, & child labor.conditions, low wages, & child labor.

► The government outlawed unions.The government outlawed unions.

► Workers organize strikesWorkers organize strikes

Revolutionary Movement Revolutionary Movement GrowsGrows

►Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, known as Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, known as Lenin, will lead a Marxist group of will lead a Marxist group of revolutionaries.revolutionaries.

►He believes Marx’s theory that the He believes Marx’s theory that the workers of a country will rise to workers of a country will rise to overthrow the czar and bourgeoisie. The overthrow the czar and bourgeoisie. The workers will share all wealth with workers will share all wealth with everyone equal.everyone equal.

►The workers were known as the The workers were known as the ““Proletariat”.Proletariat”.

►Lenin will lead a radical group of Marxists Lenin will lead a radical group of Marxists known as the known as the “Bolsheviks”. “Bolsheviks”. He will be He will be exiled to Germany in early 1900s.exiled to Germany in early 1900s.

Trouble in RussiaTrouble in Russia

The Russo Japanese War The Russo Japanese War (1904)(1904)

► Russia and Japan will Russia and Japan will compete for control of compete for control of Korea & Manchuria.Korea & Manchuria.

► Signed an agreement Signed an agreement over land, Russia breaks over land, Russia breaks itit

► Russia will move to Russia will move to attack Japanattack Japan

► After 6 months to travel After 6 months to travel to Japan, the Russian to Japan, the Russian navy is defeated in one navy is defeated in one day.day.

Bloody SundayBloody Sunday

► Czar Nicholas II came to power in 1894Czar Nicholas II came to power in 1894(Alexander III’s son)(Alexander III’s son)

► On January 22, 1905, 200,000 workers will march On January 22, 1905, 200,000 workers will march on the Czar Nicholas II Winter Palace in St. on the Czar Nicholas II Winter Palace in St. Petersburg to ask for better working conditions, Petersburg to ask for better working conditions, more personal freedoms, & an elected legislaturemore personal freedoms, & an elected legislature

► The soldiers protecting The soldiers protecting the palace fire upon the the palace fire upon the crowd.crowd.

► Over 500 were killed, Over 500 were killed, thousands wounded.thousands wounded.

World War I – The Final BlowWorld War I – The Final Blow► Russia was unprepared to handle the Russia was unprepared to handle the

military and economic costs.military and economic costs.► Nicholas goes to the front and leaves Nicholas goes to the front and leaves

Czarina Alexandra to run the Czarina Alexandra to run the government.government.

► Czarina listens to Rasputin and lets him Czarina listens to Rasputin and lets him make some political decisionsmake some political decisions

► 1.7 million soldiers die in battle.1.7 million soldiers die in battle.

►Soldiers begin to mutiny, Soldiers begin to mutiny, desert, and ignore orders.desert, and ignore orders.

►Everywhere food and fuel Everywhere food and fuel supplies were running short.supplies were running short.

►Russians from all classes call Russians from all classes call for an end to the war.for an end to the war.

The March RevolutionThe March Revolution► In March 1917, strikes expand. Soldiers In March 1917, strikes expand. Soldiers

refuse to fire on the workers.refuse to fire on the workers.

► Nicholas abdicates his throne. 300 years of Nicholas abdicates his throne. 300 years of czarist rule comes to an end. 1 year later czarist rule comes to an end. 1 year later Czar and his family are executed.Czar and his family are executed.

► Provisional,Provisional, temporary, government is temporary, government is established.established.

► Soviets- Soviets- local councils made up of local councils made up of workers, peasants and soldiers.workers, peasants and soldiers.

► In 1917, Germany sends Lenin back to In 1917, Germany sends Lenin back to Russia in a boxcar hoping he will create Russia in a boxcar hoping he will create problems in Russia and hurt Russia’s effort problems in Russia and hurt Russia’s effort in the war.in the war.

The Bolshevik RevolutionThe Bolshevik Revolution

► Lenin calls for Lenin calls for “Land, Peace, and Bread”“Land, Peace, and Bread”

► ““All power to the people.” The world’s first All power to the people.” The world’s first communist government is created.communist government is created.

► November 1917, “10 days that shook the November 1917, “10 days that shook the world” – Lenin and the Bolsheviks take world” – Lenin and the Bolsheviks take control of the government.control of the government.

► Lenin sends Leon Trotsky to Germany to Lenin sends Leon Trotsky to Germany to sign the Brest-Litovsk Treaty, to get Russia sign the Brest-Litovsk Treaty, to get Russia out of the war. (March 1918)out of the war. (March 1918)

Lenin takes controlLenin takes control

► Civil war breaks out in Russia, 1918-Civil war breaks out in Russia, 1918-1920.1920.

► Lenin’s Red army vs. Allied White Lenin’s Red army vs. Allied White army.army.

► Lenin’s Red army wins the Civil War Lenin’s Red army wins the Civil War that leaves 14 million dead.that leaves 14 million dead.

► All farmland is distributed among the All farmland is distributed among the peasants.peasants.

► Control of the factories to the workers.Control of the factories to the workers.► A state-controlled society is A state-controlled society is

established. established.

Lenin Restores OrderLenin Restores Order► NEP – New Economic Policy, 1921.NEP – New Economic Policy, 1921.► Russia is organized into several self-governing Russia is organized into several self-governing

republics under a national government.republics under a national government.► Russia is renamed Union of Soviet Socialist Russia is renamed Union of Soviet Socialist

Republics (USSR).Republics (USSR).► Lenin moves the capital to Moscow in 1918Lenin moves the capital to Moscow in 1918► Bolsheviks rename their party the Communist Party.Bolsheviks rename their party the Communist Party.► In 1922, Lenin suffered a stroke. He died in 1924.In 1922, Lenin suffered a stroke. He died in 1924.► Buried in Buried in Red Square.Red Square.

Stalin Becomes DictatorStalin Becomes Dictator

► Joseph Stalin, “man of steel”, will climb Joseph Stalin, “man of steel”, will climb to lead the party upon Lenin’s death .to lead the party upon Lenin’s death .

►By 1928, Russia’s farms and factories By 1928, Russia’s farms and factories are productive again.are productive again.

►Stalin is in total command of Stalin is in total command of Communist Party.Communist Party.

TotalitarianismTotalitarianism

Definition: Definition:

A form of government in which A form of government in which the national government takes the national government takes total control of all aspect of total control of all aspect of life, both public and private.life, both public and private.

Totalitarianism

Propaganda

IndoctrinationOr

Education

Censorship

Police Terror

Dynamic Leader

Religious Or

Ethnic Persecution

6 Key Traits of 6 Key Traits of TotalitarianismTotalitarianism

1.1. Dynamic LeaderDynamic LeaderA leader who unites the people, A leader who unites the people,

persuasive, devises methods to keep persuasive, devises methods to keep control, usually through force, justifies their control, usually through force, justifies their actions as beneficial for the stateactions as beneficial for the state

2.2. Police TerrorPolice Terror Secret police enforce the Secret police enforce the

governments’ policies, no one allowed to governments’ policies, no one allowed to criticize, people always live in fear of criticize, people always live in fear of imprisonment or death, police intimidate imprisonment or death, police intimidate peoplepeople

3.3. IndoctrinationIndoctrination

Government shapes people’s minds Government shapes people’s minds through slanted education. They through slanted education. They control what is taught. Children learn control what is taught. Children learn the virtues of communism. the virtues of communism. “Brainwashed”“Brainwashed”

4. Censorship4. Censorship

Government controls all Government controls all newspapers, radios and television. All newspapers, radios and television. All art is censored unless it glorifies the art is censored unless it glorifies the state.state.

5.5. Propaganda PropagandaBiased or incomplete information Biased or incomplete information

aimed at making people accept certain aimed at making people accept certain beliefs, opinions or actions. Mass beliefs, opinions or actions. Mass communication spreads propaganda communication spreads propaganda information.information.

6. Religious or Ethnic Persecution6. Religious or Ethnic PersecutionEthnic minorities or religious Ethnic minorities or religious

groups become “enemies of the state” groups become “enemies of the state” and are blamed for things that go and are blamed for things that go wrong. Often no religion allowed. wrong. Often no religion allowed. Groups subjected to terror and violence.Groups subjected to terror and violence.

Totalitarian LeadersTotalitarian Leadersin the 20in the 20thth century century

► Benito Mussolini (Italy) Benito Mussolini (Italy) 1925-19431925-1943

► Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union) Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union) 1929-19531929-1953

► Adolf Hitler (Germany) Adolf Hitler (Germany) 1933-19451933-1945

► Kim IL Sung (North Korea) Kim IL Sung (North Korea) 1948-1948-19941994

► Saddam Hussein (Iraq) Saddam Hussein (Iraq) 1979-20031979-2003

Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin►Lenin’s successorLenin’s successor►Controlled not only the Controlled not only the

government but also the economy government but also the economy and citizen’s private lives.and citizen’s private lives.

►Created a police state: secret Created a police state: secret police arrested and executed police arrested and executed anyone suspected of being a anyone suspected of being a traitor, no one safe, informers traitor, no one safe, informers everywhereeverywhere

Stalin Controlled the Stalin Controlled the EconomyEconomy

► Command EconomyCommand Economythe government makes all economic

decisions, allocating materials and workers for desired production

► Five-Year PlansFive-Year Plansthe government set 5-year quotas,

resulted in huge industrial growth but a shortage of consumer goods (housing, food, clothing and other necessary goods)

Collective farms► the government seized privately owned farms

to create large government owned farms, produced food for the state

** Peasants fought the taking of their land, especially the Kulaks in the Ukraine. They will destroy their farms and crops rather than give them up to the government

Stalin declared that Kulaks be liquidated, more than 3 million were shot or exiled.

Some 6 million more Soviets died from “artificial famine” that resulted from the destruction of crops and animals.

genocide- The systematic and planned extermination of an entire national, racial, political, or ethnic group.

Total ControlTotal Control

► By mid-1930, Stalin had transformed the By mid-1930, Stalin had transformed the Soviet Union into a totalitarian regime and a Soviet Union into a totalitarian regime and a industrial and political world power .industrial and political world power .

► People were better educated and skilled. People were better educated and skilled. ► Women gained rights, considered equals.Women gained rights, considered equals.► But there were no personal freedoms, But there were no personal freedoms,

consumer goods were in short-supply and consumer goods were in short-supply and dissent was prohibited. dissent was prohibited.

► An estimated 20 million people were killed An estimated 20 million people were killed under Stalin.under Stalin.

Section 3:Section 3:Imperial China CollapsesImperial China Collapses

► China was ruled by Emperors, China was ruled by Emperors, each heading a Dynasty.each heading a Dynasty.

► They were self-sufficient, They were self-sufficient, needing nothing from the needing nothing from the outside world.outside world.

► Unwilling to trade with outsiders, Unwilling to trade with outsiders, English traders found the one English traders found the one item China did not have: Opium.item China did not have: Opium.

► Addicted to this narcotic, China Addicted to this narcotic, China was forced to open their doors was forced to open their doors to outsiders.to outsiders.

► After a period of imperialism, After a period of imperialism, Chinese people resented outsiders Chinese people resented outsiders controlling its trade and economic controlling its trade and economic resources.resources.

► They will call for modernization and They will call for modernization and look to establish a republic.look to establish a republic.

► Republic-Republic- representative government representative government ruled by the people.ruled by the people.

Nationalist Party - Nationalist Party - KuomintangKuomintang

► Believes in Believes in modernization and modernization and nationalism.nationalism.

► Sun Yixian - First Sun Yixian - First leader of Nationalist leader of Nationalist Party (1912)Party (1912)

► Builds up army and Builds up army and navy, constructed navy, constructed new factories, and new factories, and reformed education.reformed education.

Sun’s GoalsSun’s Goals

1.1. Nationalism – put an end to Nationalism – put an end to foreign controlforeign control

2.2. Democracy – representative Democracy – representative government, people hold the government, people hold the powerpower

3.3. Economic security – build Economic security – build industry to end dependence industry to end dependence on other countries on other countries

May Fourth MovementMay Fourth Movement► China enters into WWI with the Allies China enters into WWI with the Allies

hoping to gain territories it had lost to hoping to gain territories it had lost to Germany but the Treaty of Versailles Germany but the Treaty of Versailles gave the land to Japan.gave the land to Japan.

► May 4, 1919 - 3,000 students protest May 4, 1919 - 3,000 students protest the agreement in Tiananmen Square.the agreement in Tiananmen Square.

► Many are discouraged and turn to MarxMany are discouraged and turn to Marx

and Lenin for inspiration. and Lenin for inspiration.

Communist ChinaCommunist China

► Mao Zedong will form the Mao Zedong will form the Chinese Communist Party.Chinese Communist Party.

► Unlike Marx, he believes Unlike Marx, he believes the peasants would lead the the peasants would lead the

revolution.revolution.

► Initially the Nationalist and Initially the Nationalist and Communist groups will Communist groups will combine but eventually they combine but eventually they will break apart.will break apart.

► Jiang Jieshi – Nationalist Jiang Jieshi – Nationalist

Leader after Sun dies- 1925.Leader after Sun dies- 1925.

Formerly called Chiang Kai-shekFormerly called Chiang Kai-shek►The son of a banker, he opposes The son of a banker, he opposes

communism and Mao.communism and Mao.►He promises democracy and political He promises democracy and political

rights to all Chinese.rights to all Chinese.►Many peasants turn to Communism seeing Many peasants turn to Communism seeing

no improvement under Jiang’s plan.no improvement under Jiang’s plan.

Civil War 1930-1938Civil War 1930-1938► Communist and nationalists troops will Communist and nationalists troops will

fight . fight .

Communist:Communist: Mao Zedong Mao Zedong

Nationalists:Nationalists: Jiang Jieshi Jiang Jieshi

► Communists are nearly wiped out but will Communists are nearly wiped out but will survive and return supported by survive and return supported by Communist Russia.Communist Russia.

Japan Invades ChinaJapan Invades China► Japan invades Manchuria (1931)Japan invades Manchuria (1931)► Seeing chaos in China, Japan launches an Seeing chaos in China, Japan launches an

invasion in 1937.invasion in 1937.► Japan will bomb cities killing thousands.Japan will bomb cities killing thousands.► Destruction of farms will kill more from Destruction of farms will kill more from

starvation.starvation.► Nationalists and Communists will join forces to Nationalists and Communists will join forces to

fight Japan bringing a temporary halt to the civil fight Japan bringing a temporary halt to the civil war. They will fight again following WWII.war. They will fight again following WWII.

Section 4:Section 4:Nationalism in India andNationalism in India and

Southwest AsiaSouthwest Asia

IndiaIndia

► Millions of Indians enlisted in Millions of Indians enlisted in the British army during WWI.the British army during WWI.

► The British government had The British government had promised reforms leading to promised reforms leading to self-rule. self-rule.

► When they did not, radical When they did not, radical nationalists acted out against nationalists acted out against British rule.British rule.

Rowlatt ActsRowlatt Acts► To end protest, Britain would jail protestors for up to To end protest, Britain would jail protestors for up to

two years without trial. They also banned public two years without trial. They also banned public meetings.meetings.

► To Western educated Indians, denial of a trial by jury To Western educated Indians, denial of a trial by jury violated their individual rights.violated their individual rights.

► 10,000 Muslims and Hindus marched to Amritsar 10,000 Muslims and Hindus marched to Amritsar intending to fast and pray.intending to fast and pray.

► Amritsar MassacreAmritsar Massacre: The British army opened fire : The British army opened fire and over 400 Indians were killed, many more and over 400 Indians were killed, many more wounded. (April 13, 1919)wounded. (April 13, 1919)

► Two groups form to rid India of foreign rule Two groups form to rid India of foreign rule Hindu – National Congress Hindu – National Congress Muslim – Muslim LeagueMuslim – Muslim League

Mohandas GandhiMohandas Gandhi

► Educated as a lawyer in Educated as a lawyer in Britain, Gandhi will lead the Britain, Gandhi will lead the independence movement.independence movement.

► He saw nonviolence and He saw nonviolence and civil disobedience as a way civil disobedience as a way to achieve independence.to achieve independence.

► Civil DisobedienceCivil Disobedience: the : the deliberate and public refusal deliberate and public refusal to obey an unjust law.to obey an unjust law.

Examples of civil Examples of civil disobediencedisobedience

► Boycott: refuse to buy British Boycott: refuse to buy British goods, don’t attend British goods, don’t attend British schools or pay British taxes. schools or pay British taxes. Weave own cloth. Boycott Weave own cloth. Boycott into British economy and into British economy and textile industry.textile industry.

► Peaceful marches and Peaceful marches and demonstrations. All demonstrations. All demonstrators were arrested.demonstrators were arrested.

► Overcrowded jails, factories Overcrowded jails, factories closed, trains stopped.closed, trains stopped.

► Gandhi leads hunger strikes.Gandhi leads hunger strikes.

The Salt MarchThe Salt March

► Britain establishes that Indians must buy their Britain establishes that Indians must buy their salt from government stores and pay tax on salt from government stores and pay tax on it.it.

► Gandhi leads a 240 mile march to the sea to Gandhi leads a 240 mile march to the sea to collect his own salt.collect his own salt.

► Demonstrators march to salt factories, beaten Demonstrators march to salt factories, beaten by police officers. Worldwide attention given by police officers. Worldwide attention given to India’s fight for independence.to India’s fight for independence.

► By 1935, outside-world puts pressure on By 1935, outside-world puts pressure on Britain. Britain issues The Government of Britain. Britain issues The Government of India Act granting India some limited self-rule India Act granting India some limited self-rule but not independence.but not independence.

► Tensions will mount between Hindus and Tensions will mount between Hindus and MuslimsMuslims

India gets independence from India gets independence from Great BritainGreat Britain

In August 1947In August 1947

Was under British Rule for 89 Was under British Rule for 89 yrsyrs

Gandhi is assassinated January Gandhi is assassinated January 30, 194830, 1948

The assassin, Nathuram Godse, The assassin, Nathuram Godse, was a Hindu nationalist with was a Hindu nationalist with links to the extremists, who links to the extremists, who held Gandhi responsible for held Gandhi responsible for weakening Indiaweakening India

Gandhi's ashes at Aga Khan Palace (Pune, India).

Middle EastMiddle East

Turkey Turkey

► Mustafa Kemel Mustafa Kemel ► ““The Father of Modern Turkey”, Turkish The Father of Modern Turkey”, Turkish

general who overthrows the Ottoman sultan to general who overthrows the Ottoman sultan to become president of the Republic of Turkey. become president of the Republic of Turkey. (1923)(1923)

► Issued many reforms:Issued many reforms:1)1) Separated church (Islam) and stateSeparated church (Islam) and state

2)2) Created a legal system based on European lawCreated a legal system based on European law

3)3) Granted women right to vote and hold political officeGranted women right to vote and hold political office

4)4) Started government funded programs to Started government funded programs to industrialize Turkey.industrialize Turkey.

Persia becomes IranPersia becomes Iran

► In 1935 following WWI, Persia will In 1935 following WWI, Persia will unite nationally to create the nation unite nationally to create the nation of Iran under Reza Shah Pahlavi. of Iran under Reza Shah Pahlavi.

► He will establish schools,build roads He will establish schools,build roads and railroads, industrialize and and railroads, industrialize and extend women’s rights.extend women’s rights.

► He established an authoritarian He established an authoritarian government based on nationalism, government based on nationalism, militarism, secularism and anti-militarism, secularism and anti-communism combined with strict communism combined with strict censorship and state propaganda.censorship and state propaganda.

Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia

►Arabia will unite to become a strict Arabia will unite to become a strict Islamic nation. Islamic nation.

► It will be renamed Saudi Arabia after It will be renamed Saudi Arabia after the House or Family of Saud. (1932)the House or Family of Saud. (1932)

►Saudi Arabia’s government will be Saudi Arabia’s government will be based on custom, religion and family based on custom, religion and family ties. ties.

Oil FieldsOil Fields

► During the 1920s and 1930s European During the 1920s and 1930s European and American companies discovered and American companies discovered large oil deposits in Iran, Iraq, Saudi large oil deposits in Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.Arabia and Kuwait.

► Geologists discovered that this area Geologists discovered that this area contains two-thirds of the world’s contains two-thirds of the world’s known supply of oil.known supply of oil.

► Because of huge oil profits, Western Because of huge oil profits, Western nations tried to dominate this regionnations tried to dominate this region

►http://http://www.pbs.org/wnet/widewww.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/shows/saudi/oil.htangle/shows/saudi/oil.htmlml

Post World War IPost World War I

The Great The Great DepressionDepression

Post WWIPost WWI► Only the United Only the United

States and Japan States and Japan were in sound were in sound financial shape.financial shape.

► War-torn Europe and War-torn Europe and Asia would struggle Asia would struggle to rebuild their to rebuild their countries with new countries with new governments.governments.

► Countries were not Countries were not used to managing used to managing without their without their monarchs/ monarchs/ emperors/ czars. emperors/ czars.

►Coalition governmentsCoalition governments - temporary - temporary alliance of several parties. Many would alliance of several parties. Many would try democracy. Seldom lasted long.try democracy. Seldom lasted long.

►Too many political parties would Too many political parties would prevent an effective government from prevent an effective government from taking control. (Unstable)taking control. (Unstable)

►Frequent changes in government Frequent changes in government create instability.create instability.

The Weimar RepublicThe Weimar Republic

►Weimar RepublicWeimar Republic – Germany’s new – Germany’s new government in 1919 following WWI government in 1919 following WWI

Weak because of many different political parties.Weak because of many different political parties.

Government was blamed for postwar humiliation Government was blamed for postwar humiliation caused by Treaty of Versailles.caused by Treaty of Versailles.

Germany's reparation payments send Germany Germany's reparation payments send Germany into depressioninto depression

America helps by giving financial loans to America helps by giving financial loans to Germany.Germany.

(Dawes Plan- $200 million) 1924(Dawes Plan- $200 million) 1924

A Worldwide DepressionA Worldwide Depression

Causes of the DepressionCauses of the Depression

1. Unequal distribution of wealth1. Unequal distribution of wealth Rising productivity resulted in great Rising productivity resulted in great

wealth but only for a small percentwealth but only for a small percent Most families earned less than $2000 Most families earned less than $2000

and couldn’t afford to make and couldn’t afford to make purchases.purchases.

Store owners cut back on orders.Store owners cut back on orders. Factories produced less and laid Factories produced less and laid

workers off. (Cycle continues)workers off. (Cycle continues)

2. 2. Crisis in AgricultureCrisis in Agriculture

American farmers produced more American farmers produced more than was able to be purchased. than was able to be purchased. Farmers couldn’t repay loans and Farmers couldn’t repay loans and lost their farms.lost their farms.

3. 3. CreditCredit

Consumers agreed to buy now and Consumers agreed to buy now and pay later. Paying a small amount pay later. Paying a small amount down and taking a loan for the down and taking a loan for the balance.balance.

Great DepressionGreat Depression A long worldwide business slump A long worldwide business slump

following a stock market crash in following a stock market crash in the United Statesthe United States

October 29, 1929October 29, 1929

““Black Tuesday”Black Tuesday”

Lasted from 1929-1940Lasted from 1929-1940

30% unemployment30% unemployment Banks and businesses failed worldwideBanks and businesses failed worldwide 9 million people lost their savings9 million people lost their savings One-third of all workers lost their jobsOne-third of all workers lost their jobs Government had to supply people with Government had to supply people with

food and shelterfood and shelter President at the start of the Great President at the start of the Great

Depression was Herbert HooverDepression was Herbert Hoover 1932 Franklin Roosevelt is elected 1932 Franklin Roosevelt is elected

PresidentPresident New Deal-New Deal- FDR’s economic reform FDR’s economic reform

program designed to solve the problems program designed to solve the problems created by the Great Depressioncreated by the Great Depression

Employment Agency

Employment Agency

SHANTY TOWNSHANTY TOWN

FOOD LINEFOOD LINE

Dust BowlDust Bowl

Global DepressionGlobal Depression

►The US forced to call in loans from The US forced to call in loans from around the world.around the world.

► Investors withdrew their money from Investors withdrew their money from EuropeEurope

►US created high tariffs for imported US created high tariffs for imported goods causing the economies of other goods causing the economies of other countries to fail.countries to fail.

►Germany and Austria especially hard Germany and Austria especially hard hit.hit.