chapter 16 injuries to the upper extremities. 2 upper extremity injuries upper extremities are...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 16
Injuries to the Upper Extremities
2
Upper Extremity Injuries
• Upper extremities are vulnerable to a variety of injuries depending on the sport, including:– Sprains– Strains– Dislocations– Fractures
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Upper Extremity Injuries
• Upper extremities are vulnerable to a variety of injuries depending on the sport, including:– Separations to the thoracic cage, shoulder,
arm, and hand– Repetitive motion injuries such as arthritis,
bursitis, tendonitis
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Shoulder Complex Physiology
• Bones • Muscles • Ligaments • Tendons • Articulations
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Assessing Shoulder Injuries
• ROM test for external rotation of the shoulder
• ROM test for internal rotation of the shoulder
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Assessing Shoulder Injuries
• Specific ROM tests for the shoulder
including abduction, flexion, extension,
horizontal adduction• External muscle tests for the shoulder
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Assessing Shoulder Injuries
• Internal rotation strength test for the shoulder
• Extension strength test for the shoulder • Flexion strength test for the shoulder• Abduction and adduction strength tests
for the shoulder• Empty can test
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Types of Shoulder Injuries
• Fractures– Perform percussion test, compression test
• Dislocations and subluxations• Contusions
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Types of Shoulder Injuries
• Sprains– Sulcus test, apprehension test for sprain of
the anterior capsule– Acromioclavicular (AC) sprain test– Sternoclavicular (SC) sprain test
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Types of Shoulder Injuries
• Strains – Drop arm test
• Impingement – Hawkins-Kennedy test, winged scapula
test
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Types of Shoulder Injuries
• Tendonitis– Speed’s test
• Synovitis and bursitis
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Assessing Elbow and Forearm Injuries
• Methods to assess elbow and forearm injuries include:– ROM test for elbow flexion– ROM test for elbow extension– ROM test for elbow supination– ROM test for elbow pronation
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Manual Muscle Tests for the Elbow
• Flexion strength test• Extension strength test • Supination strength test • Pronation strength test
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Injuries to the Elbow and Arm
• Fractures• Dislocations and subluxations• Contusions• Sprains
– Valgus stress test for the elbow– Varus stress test for the elbow
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Injuries to the Elbow and Arm
• Impingement – Tinel’s sign
• Synovitis and bursitis• Biceps brachii rupture• Epicondylitis• Volkmann’s contracture
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Physiology of the Wrist and Hand
• Made up of eight bones– Carpals, arranged in two transverse rows
• Five metacarpals and digits make up the hand
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Assessing Wrist and Hand Injuries
• ROM test for wrist flexion• ROM test for wrist extension• ROM test for finger flexion
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Assessing Wrist and Hand Injuries
• ROM test for finger extension manual muscle tests:– Extension strength test– Flexion strength test for the wrist– Radial deviation strength test for the wrist– Ulnar deviation strength test for the wrist– Extension strength test for the fingers
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Assessing Wrist and Hand Injuries
• ROM test for finger extension manual muscle tests:– Flexion strength test for the fingers– Abduction strength test for the fingers– Adduction strength test for the fingers
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Injuries to the Wrist and Hand
• Fractures• Dislocations and subluxations• Contusions• Sprains
– Gamekeeper’s thumb test• Impingement
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Injuries to the Wrist and Hand
• Tendonitis• Ganglion cyst of the wrist• Mallet finger• Buttonhold deformity