chapter 17: classification
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Chapter 17: Classification. Biodiversity. The variety of organisms considered at all levels from populations to ecosystems. Taxonomy. Taxonomy – science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms Taxon – particular group within a taxonomic system. Criteria for classification - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 17: Classification
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Biodiversity
• The variety of organisms considered at all levels from populations to ecosystems
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Taxonomy
• Taxonomy – science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms
• Taxon – particular group within a taxonomic system
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Criteria for classificationCellular structure: prokaryote vs. eukaryote
Methods of obtaining nutrients: autotroph vs. heterotroph
Metabolism: aerobic vs. anaerobic
Comparative anatomy: homologous structures
Embryologic development: similar development stages
Biochemistry: protein structures, base sequencing of the nucleic
acids, DNA & RNA
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Carolus Linnaeus – created original system of classification in the mid 1700s
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Do kings play chess on fuzzy green stools?
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Scientific Name
- Binomial nomenclature: two-part name1) Genus (capitilized, italicized)
2) species (lowercase, italicized)- same in all countries, unlike
common name- LatinEx: scientific name - Panthera tigris common name – tiger
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Classification of Humans
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Verbrata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family:Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: Sapiens
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Branches of Taxonomy
1) Traditional Taxonomy-Linnaean system
• use form and structure• Domain, Kingdom, Phylum etc.
2) Systematics• Use phylogenetics- anaylsis of evolutionary history• Use homologous structures, embryological development, DNA,RNA,
and fossils• Phylogenic Diagram-representation of classification
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Taxonomy branches cont.
3) CladisticsUse Shared Characteristics and Derived characteristics• Shared characteristics-a feature that all members of a
group have in common• Derived characteristics- is a feature that evolved only
within the group under
Create Cladograms- representation of classification
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THREE DOMAINS
1) Bacteria – small single celled prokaryotic organisms, cell wall contains peptidoglycans, cell membrane contains fatty acids
2) Archaea – small single celled prokaryotic organisms, cell wall LACKS peptidoglycans, cell membrane contains fatty acids and other hydrocarbons
3) Eukarya – large, true nucleus (membrane-bound), complex cellular organelles(membrane bound). Includes plants, animals, fungi, and protista (some single-celled organisms)
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SIX KINGDOMS
DOMAIN BACTERIA
1) Kingdom Eubacteria
DOMAIN ARCHAEA
2) Kingdom Archaebacteria
DOMAIN EUKARYA
3) Kingdom Protista
4) Kingdom Fungi
5) Kingdom Plantae
6) Kingdom Animalia
http://tolweb.org/tree/
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1. Kingdom Eubacteria“True Bacteria”
• Prokaryotes• Unicellular• No true nucleus• Autotrophs: Photosynthesizers &
chemosynthesizers • Heterotrophs• ex. E. Coli • Oldest known fossils
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2. Kingdom Archaebacteria“Ancient Bacteria”
• Prokaryotes• Unicellular• No true nucleus• Autotrophs: chemosynthesizers
Heterotrophs:• ex. Acidophiles or methanogens• Not considered bacteria• Found in harsh environments such
as sulfurous hot springs, deep-sea thermal vents, and salty lakes
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3. Kingdom Protista
• Eukaryotes
• True Nucleus
• most unicellular, some simple multicellular
• heterotrophic & autotrophic (photosynthesis)
• ex. Algae, ameoba, paramecium
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4. Kingdom Fungi
• Eukaryotes• True Nucleus• Unicellular &
multicellular• heterotrophic• ex. Mushrooms,
rusts, mildew, molds
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5. Kingdom Plantae
• Eukaryotes
• Multicellular
• Autotrophic-photosynthesis
• Cell specialization(tissues & organs)
• ex. Ferns, trees, mosses
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6. Kingdom Animalia• Eukaryotes
• Multicellular
• Heterotrophic
• Most are motile
• ex. Whales, insects, birds, etc…
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