chapter 17 plants- fungi and the colonization of land

7/21/2019 Chapter 17 Plants- Fungi and the Colonization of Land

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BIOLOGYCONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS

Fourth Edition

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Neil A. Campbell Jane B. Reece Lawrence G. Mitchell Martha R. Taylor

From PowerPointLectures forBiology: Concepts & Connections

CHAPTER 17Plants, Fungi, and theColonization of Land

odules !".! # !".3


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utu!""# $enefici!" !ssoci!tions of %"!nt roots

!nd funi !re common

' These !ssoci!tions !re c!""ed m#corrhi(!e

' The# m!# h!)e en!$"ed %"!nts to co"oni(e "!nd

Plants and FungiA Beneficial Partnership


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Citrus rowers f!ce ! di"emm!

' The# use chemic!"s to contro" dise!se*c!usinfuni

' But these !"so +i"" $enefici!" m#corrhi(!e


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P"!nts !re mu"tice""u"!r %hotos#ntheticeu+!r#otes

' The# sh!re m!n# ch!r!cteristics with reen !"!e

' ,owe)er- %"!nts e)o")ed uni.ue fe!tures !s the#co"oni(ed "!nd

17.1 What is a plant?


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$igure !".!%

PLANTLEAF

performs

photosynthesis

CUTICLE

reduces water

loss; ST!ATAallow "as e#chan"e

STE!

supports plant

$and may perform

photosynthesis%

Surroundin" watersupports the al"a

AL&A

'(LE AL&A

performs

photosynthesis;

a)sor)s water*

C+* and

minerals from

the water

(L,FAST

anchors the al"a

-TSanchor plant;

a)sor) water and

minerals from

the soil $aided

)y mycorrhi.al

fun"i%


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/n"i+e !"!e- %"!nts h!)e )!scu"!r tissue

' It tr!ns%orts w!ter !nd nutrients throuhout the

%"!nt $od#

' It %ro)ides intern!" su%%ort

$igure !".!B


7/47Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

o"ecu"!r studies indic!te th!t reen !"!ec!""ed ch!ro%h#ce!ns !re the c"osest re"!ti)es of%"!nts

17. Plants e!ol!ed f"o# g"een algae $alled$ha"oph%$eans

PLA&T E'(L)T*(& A&+ +*'ER*T-

$igure !".2%, B



Cooksoniaw!s one of the e!r"iest )!scu"!r "!nd%"!nts

$igure !".2C

Sporan"ia



Two m!in "ine!es !rose e!r"# from !ncestr!"%"!nts

17. Plant di!e"sit% p"o!ides $lues to thee!olutiona"% histo"% of the plant /ingdo#



$igure !".3%

PALE/IC

-adiation of

flowerin" plants

!ES/IC

CEN/IC

Charophycea

ns$a"roupof"reena

l"ae%

0ryophytes$e1"1*mosses%

Seedless2ascularp

lants

$e1"1*ferns*horse

tails%

&ymnosperms

$e1"1*conifers%

An"io

sp

erm

s

First seed plants

Early 2ascular plants

ri"in of plants



One "ine!e !)e rise to $r#o%h#tes

' These !re %"!nts th!t "!c+ )!scu"!r tissue

' Br#o%h#tes inc"ude mosses- which row in ! "ow-s%on# m!t

$igure !".3B



0!scu"!r %"!nts !re the other !ncient "ine!e

Ferns !nd seed %"!nts were deri)ed from e!r"#)!scu"!r %"!nts !nd cont!in

' 1#"em !nd %h"oem

'we""*de)e"o%ed roots

' riid stems



Ferns !re seed"ess %"!nts whose f"!e""!teds%erm re.uire moisture to re!ch the e

$igure !".3C



2 m!3or ste% in %"!nt e)o"ution w!s the!%%e!r!nce of seed %"!nts

' G#mnos%erms

'2nios%erms

These )!scu"!r %"!nts h!)e %o""en r!ins fortr!ns%ortin s%erm

The# !"so %rotect their em$r#os in seeds


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G#mnos%erms- such !s %ines- !re c!""ed n!+edseed %"!nts

' This is $ec!use their seeds do not de)e"o% inside! %rotecti)e ch!m$er

The seeds of !nios%erms- f"owerin %"!nts-de)e"o% in o)!ries within fruits


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The h!%"oid !meto%h#te %roduces es !nd

s%erm $# mitosis' The es !nd s%erm unite- !nd the (#ote

de)e"o%s into the di%"oid s%oro%h#te

' eiosis in the s%oro%h#te %roduces h!%"oids%ores- which row into !meto%h#tes

17.0 Haploid and diploid gene"ations alte"nate inplant life $%$les

ALTER&AT*(& (F E&ERAT*(& A&+PLA&T L*FE C-CLE


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$igure !".&

(APLI,!eiosis

Sporesn

!itosis

&ametophytes$male and female%

n

!

itosis

&ametes

$sperm and e""s%

n

Fertili.ation

/y"ote

+n

!ito

sis

,IPLI,

Sporophyte+n


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ost of ! m!t of moss consists of !meto%h#tes

' These %roduce es !nd swimmin s%erm

' The (#ote st!#s on the !meto%h#te !nd

de)e"o%s into the "ess cons%icuous s%oro%h#te

17.2 3osses ha!e a do#inant ga#etoph%te


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$igure !".'

Sperm $n% $released from

their "ametan"ium%

3

+

4

5

&ametan"ium

containin" the e"" $n%

$remains within

"ametophyte%

E""

Fertili.ation

/y"ote

$+n%

!itosis and

de2elopment

Sporophytes $"rowin" from "ametophytes%

(APLI,

,IPLI,

&ametophyte

$n%

Sporan"iumStal6

!eiosis

Spores$n%

7 !itosis andde2elopment

&ametophytes

$n%


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Ferns- "i+e mosses- h!)e swimmin s%erm

The fern (#ote rem!ins on the sm!""-incons%icuous !meto%h#te

' ,ere it de)e"o%s into the s%oro%h#te

17.4 Fe"ns, li/e #ost plants, ha!e a do#inantspo"oph%te


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Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings$igure !".(

3

+

4

5

&ametophyte $n%$underside%

Sperm $n%

E"" $n%

Fertili.ation

/y"ote

$+n%

!itosis and

de2elopment

New sporophyte "rowin"

out of "ametophyteSporophyte $+n%

!eiosis

Sporan"ia

7

Spores

$n%

!itosis andde2elopment

(APLI,

,IPLI,


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Ferns !nd other seed"ess %"!nts once domin!ted!ncient forests

' Their rem!ins formed co!"

17.7 eedless plants fo"#ed !ast 5$oal fo"ests6

$igure !"."


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G#mnos%erms th!t %roduce cones- the conifers-"!re"# re%"!ced the !ncient forests of seed"ess

%"!nts

' These %"!nts rem!in the domin!nt#mnos%erms tod!#


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S%or!ni! in m!"e cones m!+e s%ores th!tde)e"o% into m!"e !meto%h#tes

' These !re the %o""en r!ins

S%or!ni! in fem!"e cones %roduce fem!"e!meto%h#tes

17. A pine t"ee is a spo"oph%te 8ith tin%ga#etoph%tes in its $ones


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Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings$igure !".)

E"" $n%

3

(APLI,

,IPLI,

Sperm $n%

!ale "ametophyte$pollen "rain%

Female "ametophyte $n%

/y"ote$+n%

Seedcoat

Em)ryo$+n%

Seed

Sporophyte

Scale

Sporan"ium$+n%

2ule

Inte"ument

!EISIS

(APLI,Pollen "rains$male"ametophytes%$n%

!EISIS Fertili.ation

Female cone)ears o2ules1

+ !ale cone producesspores )y meiosis;spores de2elop intopollen "rains

4 Pollination

5 (aploid spore cells ino2ule de2elop intofemale "ametophyte*which ma6es e""1 7 !ale "ametophyte $pollen%

"rows tu)e to e"" and

ma6es and releases sperm1

8 /y"ote de2elopsinto em)ryo* ando2ule )ecomesseed1

9 Seed falls to"round and "erminates*and em)ryo "rows into tree1


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ost %"!nts !re !nios%erms' The h!""m!r+s of these %"!nts !re f"owers

17.9 The flo8e" is the $ente"pie$e of angiospe"#"ep"odu$tion

STA!EN

Anther

Pollen "rains

Sti"ma

2ary

CA-PEL

PETAL

SEPAL2ule

$igure !".*%, B


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The !nios%erm "ife c#c"e is simi"!r to th!t ofconifers

' But it is much more r!%id

' In !ddition- !nios%erm seeds !re %rotected !nddis%ersed in fruits- which de)e"o% from o)!ries

17.1: The angiospe"# plant is a spo"oph%te 8ithga#etoph%tes in its flo8e"s


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$igure !".!0

(APLI,

,IPLI,

E"" $n)

2ule

Sti"ma

Pollen"rain

Pollentu)e

Sperm

Fertili.ation

Seedcoat

Em)ryo$+n%

Seeds

Sporophyte

2ary

2ule

Pollen $n%

!eiosis

3 (aploid sporesin anthers de2elop

into pollen "rains:male "ametophytes1

+ (aploid spore in eacho2ule de2elops intofemale "ametophyte*which produces e""1

4 Pollinationand"rowthof pollentu)e

5 /y"ote$+n%

7 Seed

8 Fruit

9 Seed"erminates*

and em)ryo"rows into plant1

Food supply


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Fruits !re !d!%t!tions th!t dis%erse seeds

17.11 The st"u$tu"e of a f"uit "efle$ts its fun$tion inseed dispe"sal

$igure !".!!%+C


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G#mnos%erms su%%"# most of our "um$er !nd%!%er

2nios%erms %ro)ide most of our food

' Fruits- )eet!$"es- !nd r!ins

2nios%erms !"so %ro)ide other im%ort!nt

%roducts' edic!tions- fi$er- %erfumes

17.1 Conne$tion; Ag"i$ultu"e is


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2nios%erms !re ! m!3or source of food for!nim!"s

'2nim!"s !"so !id %"!nts in %o""in!tion !nd seeddis%ers!"

17.1 *nte"a$tions 8ith ani#als ha!e p"ofoundl%influen$ed angiospe"# e!olution

$igure !".!3%+C

17 10 C i Pl di i i


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456 of the tro%ic!" forests wor"dwide weredestro#ed in the "!st third of the 45thcentur#

The forests of North 2meric! h!)e shrun+ $#

!"most 756 in the "!st 455 #e!rs

17.10 Conne$tion; Plant di!e"sit% is anon"ene8a


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Some %"!nts in these forests c!n $e used inmedicin!" w!#s

' ore th!n486 of%rescri%tion

drus !ree1tr!ctedfrom %"!nts

able !".!&

F)&*


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P"!nts %ro$!$"# mo)ed onto "!nd !"on withm#corrhi(!" funi

' These funi he"% %"!nts !$sor$ w!ter !nd

nutrients

' The# !re mutu!"istic or!nisms

17.12 Fungi and plants #o!ed onto land togethe"

F)&*


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Other funi !re

$igure !".!'%+C

' %!r!sites

' %red!tors

' decom%osers ofde!d or!nisms

17 14 F i < < f d ft di ti it t id


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Funi !re heterotro%hic eu+!r#otes' The# diest their food e1tern!""# !nd !$sor$ the

nutrients

17.14 Fungi a


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2 funus usu!""# consists of ! m!ss ofthre!d"i+e h#%h!e

' This forms ! networ+ c!""ed ! m#ce"ium

$igure !".!(%+B

(ypha

!ycelium


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ost funi c!nnot mo)e

$igure !".!(C, -

' But the# row !round !nd throuh their food)er# r!%id"#

17 17 3 f i h th di ti t h i


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Fun!" s%ores ermin!te to form h!%"oidh#%h!e

17.17 3an% fungi ha!e th"ee distin$t phases inthei" life $%$le


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In some funi such !s mushrooms- the fusionof h#%h!e resu"ts in ! uni.ue di+!r#otic %h!se

of their "ife c#c"e' E!ch ce"" cont!ins two h!%"oid nuc"ei from

different %!rents

The di+!r#otic m#ce"ium forms ! fruitin $od#-the mushroom

' This structure cont!ins s%eci!"i(ed ce""s in

which the nuc"ei fuse

' These di%"oid ce""s then undero meiosis-%roducin ! new ener!tion of s%ores


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$igure !".!"

,IPLI,

(APLI,

,IA-


42/47


Al"alcell

Fun"alhyphae

Lichens !re !ssoci!tions of !"!e orc#!no$!cteri! with ! networ+ of fun!" h#%h!e

' The funus recei)es food in e1ch!ne forhousin- w!ter- !nd miner!"s

17.1 Li$hens $onsist of fungi li!ing #utualisti$all%8ith photos%ntheti$ o"ganis#s

$igure !".!)%, B


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Lichens sur)i)e in hosti"e en)ironments

' The# co)er roc+s !nd fro(en tundr! soi"

$igure !".!)C

17 19 Conne$tion; Pa"asiti$ fungi ha"# plants and


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P!r!sitic funi c!use dise!se' 9utch e"m dise!se

' Corn smut

'2th"ete:s foot

17.19 Conne$tion; Pa"asiti$ fungi ha"# plants andani#als

$igure !".!*%+C

17 : Conne$tion; Fungi ha!e an eno"#ous


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Numerous funi !re $enefici!"

!n# !re im%ort!nt in the decom%osition ofor!nic m!teri!" !nd nutrient rec#c"in

17.: Conne$tion; Fungi ha!e an eno"#ouse$ologi$al and p"a$ti$al i#pa$t


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Funi !re !"so im%ort!nt !s food

' ushrooms !re the fruitin $odies of

su$terr!ne!n funi

'Ye!sts ;unice""u"!r funi< !re essenti!" for $!+in!nd $eer !nd wine %roduction

' Funi !re used to ri%encert!in cheeses

$igure !".20%


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Some funi %roduce !nti$iotics

' Penici""in w!s the first !nti$iotic to $e disco)ered

$igure !".20B

Staphylococcusaureus

Penicillium

/one ofinhi)ited"rowth

chapter 17 plants- fungi and the colonization of land

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