2/10/2014

1

�

Classification

�Why Classify?

� 1.5 – 2 million species of organisms alive today.

� 2-100 million more species yet to be discovered.

� Purpose of classifying?

� 1- Organize living things into groups that have biological meaning.

� 2- To given organisms a scientific name.

� Aristotle (384 BC)

o Was the first to classify organisms

• Plant (Herbs, Shrubs, Trees)

• Animal (Animals with red blood – Land, Water, Air)

o Think about the era that Aristotle lived

• No transportation

• No microscopes

• No X-box

• No cell phones

�Because there are so many different varieties of organisms in today's world, there has to be a way to organize them in to categories.

o Taxonomy is the discipline that scientists use to put living organisms into universally accepted categories

o Taxon is a named group of organisms, such as phylum, genus, or species

�Science of classifying living things.

�Classification system too:

oGroup organisms

oName organisms (universal name)

�When identifying an organism, familiar

names — like human, fruit fly, or maple tree,

cats, dogs — are most likely the names you

use.

�However, each type of organism has a

scientific name — humans are called Homo

sapiens, for example.

2/10/2014

2

�Jelly fish

Sea jelliesSea stars

Mountain Lion

Cougar

Puma

Panther

Felis concolor Armadillium vulgare

Mother-in-laws tongue

Snake plant

Birds nest

Golden rod

Bowstring

Devils tongue

Sansevieria trifasciata

� Swedish botanist

(studied plants)

� Developed a binomial

nomenclature (2 name)

system to identify

specific organisms.

� He decided to use LatinLatinLatinLatin,

since that was the basic

scientific language.

2/10/2014

3

� In this system each species is

assigned a two part scientific

name:

o Felis catus

o Canis familiaris

o Carcharodon carcharias

� Always in Latin

o First word is the Genus (Always capitalized)

o Second word is the species (not capitalized)

o Scientific name = Genus species

� A scientist can determine the relationship between

organisms.

Ursus arctos Ursus maritimus

� Panthera leo Panthera tigris

Ailuropoda melanoleuca Ursus arctos

2/10/2014

4

� Kingdom: Animalia

� Phylum: Chordata

� Class: Mammalia

� Order: Carnivora

� Family: Ursidae

� Genus: Ursus

� Species: arctos

� Kingdom: Animalia

� Phylum: Chordata

� Class: Mammalia

� Order: Carnivora

� Family: Ursidae

� Genus: Ailuropoda

� Species: melanoleuca

� Linnaeus’s system of classification uses SEVEN

levels.

� They are from largest to smallest.

� General to specific characteristic’s.

� * You must know them

These 7 from

Kingdom to Species

�D

�K

�P

�C

�O

�F

�G

�S

� D Do

� K Kings

� P Play

� C Chess

� O On

� F Fat

� G Green

� S Stools

Keep

People

Coming

Over

For

Good

Spaghetti

Do

Animialia↓Chordata↓Mammalia↓Primate↓Hominidae↓Homo↓sapienGrizzly bear Black bear Giant

pandaRed fox Abert

squirrel

Coral snake

Sea star

KINGDOM Animalia

PHYLUM Chordata

CLASS Mammalia

ORDER Carnivora

FAMILY Ursidae

GENUS Ursus

SPECIES Ursus arctos

2/10/2014

5

� Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species.

� Also known as the phylogenic species concept defines a

species as a cluster of organisms that is distinct from other

clusters and shows evidence of a pattern of ancestry and

descent.

� Characters

� To classify a species, scientists construct patterns of

descent by using characters.

� Characters can be morphological or biochemical.

� Cladistics reconstructs phylogenies based on shared

characters.

� Scientists consider two main types of characters when

doing cladistic analysis.

� An ancestral character is found within the entire line of

descent of a group of organisms.

� Derived characters are present members of one group of

the line but not in the common ancestor.

� Clade is a branch of the cladogram. These are to groups

used in the cladogram

� Bacteria

� Archaea

� Eukarya

� Eubacteria

� Archaebacteria

� Protista

� Fungi

� Plantae

� Animalia

Section 18-3

Concept Map

are characterized by

such as

and differing which place them in

which coincides withwhich coincides with

which place them in which is subdivided into

Living Things

Kingdom Eubacteria

Kingdom Archaebacteria

Eukaryotic cellsProkaryotic cells

Important characteristics

Cell wall structures

Domain Eukarya

Domain Bacteria

Domain Archaea

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Animalia

Go to Section:

� Archaea are thought to be more ancient than bacteria and

yet more closely related to our eukaryote ancestors.

� Archaea are diverse in shape and nutrition requirements.

� They are called extremophiles because they can live in

extreme environments.

2/10/2014

6

� Protists are eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular,

colonial, or multicellular.

� Protists are classified into three different groups—plantlike,

animal-like, and funguslike.

� A fungus is a unicellular or multicellular eukaryote that

absorbs nutrients from organic materials in its environment.

� Members of Kingdom Fungi are heterotrophic, lack motility,

and have cell walls.

DOMAIN

KINGDOM

CELL TYPE

CELL

STRUCTURES

NUMBER OF

CELLS

MODE OF

NUTRITION

EXAMPLES

Bacteria

Eubacteria

Prokaryote

Cell walls with

peptidoglycan

Unicellular

Autotroph or

heterotroph

Streptococcus,

Escherichia coli

Archaea

Archaebacteria

Prokaryote

Cell walls

without

peptidoglycan

Unicellular

Autotroph or

heterotroph

Methanogens,

halophiles

Protista

Eukaryote

Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts

Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular

Autotroph or

heterotroph

Amoeba,

Paramecium,

slime molds,

giant kelp

Fungi

Eukaryote

Cell walls of chitin

Most multicellular; some unicellular

Heterotroph

Mushrooms, yeasts

Plantae

Eukaryote

Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts

Multicellular

Autotroph

Mosses, ferns, flowering plants

Animalia

Eukaryote

No cell walls or chloroplasts

Multicellular

Heterotroph

Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals

Eukarya

Classification of Living Things

� Is a tool that allows the

user to determine the

identity of items in the

natural world, such as

trees, wildflowers,

mammals, reptiles,

birds,rocks, and fish.

� A series of paired statements

that describe physical

characteristics of different

organisms.

� Offering two alternatives at

each juncture, and the choice

of one of those alternatives

determines the next step.

2/10/2014

7

o 1. Simple leaf (not divided into leaflets): 2

o 1. Compound leaf (leaf divided into leaflets): 5

• 2. Leaves evergreen: 3

• 2. Leaves not evergreen: 4

• 3. Mature plant a large tree — Southern live oak Quercus virginiana

• 3. Mature plant a small shrub — Quercus minima

• 4. Leaf narrow, about 4-6 times as long as broad — Willow oak Quercus phellos

• 4. Leaf broad, about 2-3 times as long as broad — Shingle oak Quercus

imbricaria

• 5. Lobes or teeth bristle-tipped: 6

• 5. Lobes or teeth rounded or blunt-pointed, no bristles: 7

• 6. Leaves mostly with 3 lobes — Blackjack oak Quercus marilandica

• 6. Leaves mostly with 7-9 lobes — Northern red oak Quercus rubra

• 7. Leaves with 5-9 deep lobes — White oak Quercus alba

• 7. Leaves with 21-27 shallow lobes — Swamp chestnut oak Quercus prinus

1a. Hind limbs absent, then Siren

Siren intermedia

1b. Hind limbs present, then go to 2

2a. External gill present in adults, then Mud puppy Necturus maculosus

2b. External gills absent, then go to 3

3a. Large size (over 7 cm), then go to 4

3b. Small size (under 7 cm), then go to 5

4a. Darker on top, lighter on bottom. SlimyPlethodon glutinosus

4b. Lighter on top, darker on bottom, then go to 8