THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION

Chapter 17

SSWH9 The student will analyze change

and continuity in the Reformation.

d. Analyze the impact of the Protestant Reformation; include the ideas of Martin Luther and John Calvin.

e. Describe the Counter Reformation at the Council of Trent and the role of the Jesuits.

f. Describe the English Reformation and the role of

Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.

g. Explain the importance of Gutenberg and the

invention of the printing press

Section 3:

The Reformation:○ Roman Catholic church dominated religious life○ Criticized for its interest in ‘worldly pursuits’ (wealth

and power)

Church weakened by:○ Authority challenged by Renaissance emphasis on

‘individual’ (with help of printing press)○ Rulers begin to challenge their power○ Merchants resented paying Church taxes to Rome○ German ‘disunity’ difficult to impose control○ Movement for reform begins in Germany

Problems and Causes○ Claimed leaders were corrupt○ Popes spent extravagantly on personal pleasure

(children!)○ Lower priests illiterate and corrupt

Reformers:○ Expected higher morals from clergy○ Wanted standards of conduct for priests

John Wycliffe and Jan Hus want reform○ Taught the Bible had more authroity than leaders○ Europeans now reading their own religious works and

formed their own opinions

Luther Challenges the Church

Challenged Friar selling indulgences (pardons) released sinner from performing a penalty

Make them believe they could buy their way into heaven

Luther’s response: 95 ThesesPosted formal statements attacking ‘pardon

merchants’ on church doorCopied and printed all over GermanyHe began the Reformation (a movement for

religious reform)

Luther’s TeachingsPeople win salvation only by faith in God’s

forgiveness (church taught faith and ‘good works’ needed)

All church teaching should be clearly based on words of the Bible (Pope and church ‘false authorities)

All people of faith were equal. (Therefore people did not need priests to interpret the Bible)

Response to Luther Pope Leo X threatened excommunication

unless he recanted (took back) his statementsLuther refuses and burned decree

Charles V (Catholic) summoned Luther to Worms to stand trial

○ Imperial Order: Edict of Worms○ Declared Luther a heretic and outlaw○ No one could give him food or shelter

Frederick of Saxony disobeys and shelters Luther

○ translates New Testament into German○ Become a separate religious group called Lutherans

Peasants rebel against serfdom excited by religious freedom

Luther, horrified, condemns revolt peasants turn away from reform

German Princes support Luther for selfish reasonsGood excuse to seize catholic property

German Princes loyal to Pope join forces against Luther’s ideas

German Princes who supported Luther signed a protest against the agreement

Protesting Prince became known as Protestants

Charles V goes to war against German PrincesWeary of fighting, Charles orders all German

Princes, Catholic and non Catholic to Augsburg

Peace of Augsburg:Charles agreed that German Princes can

decide the religion of their stateSet in motion Protestant movement

England becomes Protestant

○ Henry VIII wants a son:○ 1509 Henry was a devout Catholic○ Wife: Catherine of Aragon – had daughter

Mary – no woman had assumed the throne○ Wanted to divorce 42 yr old Catherine○ Church did not approve – Pope could annul

(set aside) – Pope refused

Reformation Parliament Asked Parliament to pass laws that ended

Pope’s power in England○ Secretly married Anne Boleyn○ Parliament legalized Henry’s divorce

Act of Supremacy: Called on people to recognize the divorce and

accept Henry as the head of the Church of England

Thomas More refused to accept the oathWas imprisoned in the Tower of London and

executed for treason

Consequences of Henry’s Changes

Anne gives birth to ElizabethShe too was charged with treason and beheadedJane Seymour, 3rd wife, gave him a son, Edward

– though she dies 2 weeks laterHenry’s death (1547) leaves 9 yr old Edward to

the throne – 6 yr reign ends at his deathMary, devout Catholic, returns the Church to the

Pope until her death in 1558(Known as “Bloody Mary” for her execution of

Protestants) Elizabeth takes the throne

Restores the Protestant Church

Elizabeth Restores Protestantism 1559: Church of England established

(Anglican Church) with Elizabeth as its head(was to be only legal church in England)

To please both Protestants and Catholics:○ Priest were allowed to marry○ Could deliver sermons in English○ Kept trapping of Catholic services○ Revised church services to appease Catholics

Challenges to ElizabethModerate Religious practices brought peaceProtestants called for more church reformCatholics sought to overthrow Elizabeth with

Catholic Mary Queen of ScotsPhillip II of Catholic Spain

Section 4: Reformation Continues

Anglican Church in full swing under Elizabeth

Reformers at work Germany and else where Switzerland: John Calvin

Influenced by Erasmus and LutherAttacked abuses of Catholic ChurchWar: Swiss Protestant and Catholics

Calvin: Institutes of the Christian Religion

Calvinism

Institutes of the Christian Religion○ Men and women sinful by nature○ Humans cannot ‘earn’ salvation○ God chooses a very few people to save – the

electPredestination: God has known who was

to be saved from the beginning of timeIdeal government: ‘theocracy’

Geneva: Calvin’s CityAll attended religion classesNo bright clothing or gamesDifferent doctrines resulted in burning at the

stakebroken rules resulted in banishment or

imprisonment

Model city of Moral Citizens

John Knox - Presbyterians Scottish preacher Community churches governed by Elders Made Calvinism Scotland's official religion Deposed Mary Queen of Scots in favor of son

James Swiss, Dutch, French adopt Calvinism French Calvinists : Huguenots Catholic Feast of St. Bartholomew : Catholics

murder Huguenots (lasted 6 months) All Protestant churches trace their roots to

Calvinism

Anabaptists: “baptize again’ Greek○ Baptized only those old enough to choose○ Taught separation of church and state○ Refused to fight in wars○ Shared all their possessions○ Persecuted by Protestants and Catholics

Teachings influenced Quakers, Mennonites, Amish and Baptists

Catholic Reformation“Helping Catholics to remain Loyal”St Ignatius of Loyola founded two religious

orders: Jesuits: “Followers of Jesus”

To reform and renew the catholic Church 3 goals:

Founded schoolsConvert Christians to Catholicism Send missionaries around the world

Reforming Popes Paul III

Investigated indulgencesApproved the Jesuit orderUsed the Inquisition to seek out ‘heresy’

Called the ‘Council of Trent”Church’s interpretation of Bible was final

(heretic if questioned)Christians needed good works for salvation (not

just faith)Bible and Church were authorities for Christian

lifeIndulgences were valid expression of faith

Paul IVDrew up list of ‘dangerous books’ (Including Protestant Bible)Book Burnings

Legacy of Reformation:Protestant Churches flourished

Catholic Churches unified at Council of Trent

Both gave emphasis to education (new schools and universities flourished)

Catholic Church authority declined

Individual monarchies increased power

‘questioning’ of authority led to the Enlightenment