chapter 2 application layer - faculty of computing | …€¦ · · 2016-02-21application layer...

Application Layer (edited by: Foad & Marina)

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Chapter 2Application Layer

Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach 6th edition Jim Kurose, Keith RossAddison-WesleyMarch 2012

All material copyright 1996-2012J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved


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Chapter 2: outline

2.1 Principles of network applications2.2 Web and HTTP2.3 FTP 2.4 Electronic mail

SMTP, POP3, IMAP2.5 DNS2.6 P2P applications


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Chapter 2: application layer

our goals:conceptual, implementation aspects of network application protocols

transport-layer service modelsclient-server paradigmpeer-to-peer paradigm

learn about protocols by examining popular application-level protocols

HTTPFTPSMTP / POP3 / IMAPDNS

creating network applications

socket API


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Some network apps

e-mailwebtext messagingremote loginP2P file sharingmulti-user network gamesstreaming stored video (YouTube, Hulu, Netflix)

voice over IP (e.g., Skype)real-time video conferencingsocial networkingsearch……


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Creating a network appwrite programs that:

run on (different) end systemscommunicate over networke.g., web server software communicates with browser software

no need to write software for network-core devicesnetwork-core devices do not run user applications applications on end systems allows for rapid app development, propagation

applicationtransportnetworkdata linkphysical




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Application architectures

possible structure of applications:client-serverpeer-to-peer (P2P)


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Client-server architecture

server: always-on hostpermanent IP addressdata centers for scaling

clients:communicate with servermay be intermittently connectedmay have dynamic IP addressesdo not communicate directly with each other

client/server


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P2P architectureno always-on serverarbitrary end systems directly communicatepeers request service from other peers, provide service in return to other peers

self scalability – new peers bring new service capacity, as well as new service demands

peers are intermittently connected and change IP addresses

complex management

peer-peer


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Processes communicating

process: program running within a hostwithin same host, two processes communicate using inter-process communication (defined by OS)processes in different hosts communicate by exchanging messages

client process: process that initiates communication

server process: process that waits to be contacted

aside: applications with P2P architectures have client processes & server processes

clients, servers


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Socketsprocess sends/receives messages to/from its socketsocket analogous to door

sending process shoves (push) message out doorsending process relies on transport infrastructure on other side of door to deliver message to socket at receiving process

Internet

controlledby OS

controlled byapp developer

transport

application

physical

link

network

process

transport

application

physical

link

network

processsocket


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Addressing processes

to receive messages, process must have identifierhost device has unique 32-bit IP addressQ: does IP address of host on which process runs suffice (be adequate) for identifying the process?

identifier includes both IP address and port numbersassociated with process on host.example port numbers:

HTTP server: 80mail server: 25

to send HTTP message to www.utm.my web server:

IP address: 161.139.20.177port number: 80

A: no, many processes can be running on same host


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App-layer protocol definestypes of messages exchanged,

e.g., request, response message syntax:

what fields in messages & how fields are delineated (explained)

message semanticsmeaning of information in fields

rules for when and how processes send & respond to messages

open protocols:defined in RFCsallows for interoperabilitye.g., HTTP, SMTP

proprietary protocols:e.g., Skype


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What transport service does an app need?

Reliable data transfersome apps (e.g., file transfer, web transactions) require 100% reliable data transferother apps (e.g., audio) can tolerate some loss

timingsome apps (e.g., Internet telephony, interactive games) require low delay to be “effective”

throughputsome apps (e.g., multimedia) require minimum amount of throughput to be “effective”other apps (“elastic apps”) make use of whatever throughput they get

securityencryption, data integrity


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Transport service requirements: common apps

application

file transfere-mail

Web documentsreal-time audio/video

stored audio/videointeractive games

text messaging

data loss

no lossno lossno lossloss-tolerant

loss-tolerantloss-tolerantno loss

throughput

elasticelasticelasticaudio: 5kbps-1Mbpsvideo:10kbps-5Mbpssame as above few kbps upelastic

time sensitive

nononoyes, 100’s msec

yes, few secsyes, 100’s msecyes and no


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Internet transport protocols services

TCP service:reliable transport between sending and receiving processflow control: sender won’t overwhelm receiver congestion control: throttle (choke) sender when network overloadeddoes not provide: timing, minimum throughput guarantee, securityconnection-oriented: setup required between client and server processes

UDP service:unreliable data transferbetween sending and receiving processdoes not provide:reliability, flow control, congestion control, timing, throughput guarantee, security, or connection setup,

Q: why bother? Why is there a UDP?


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Internet apps: application, transport protocols

application

e-mailremote terminal access

Web file transfer

streaming multimedia

Internet telephony

applicationlayer protocol

SMTP [RFC 2821]Telnet [RFC 854]HTTP [RFC 2616]FTP [RFC 959]HTTP (e.g., YouTube), RTP [RFC 1889]SIP, RTP, proprietary(e.g., Skype)

underlyingtransport protocol

TCPTCPTCPTCPTCP or UDP

TCP or UDP

Securing TCP

TCP & UDP no encryptioncleartext passwds sent into socket traverse Internet in cleartext

SSLprovides encrypted TCP connectiondata integrityend-point authentication

SSL is at app layerApps use SSL libraries, which “talk” to TCP

SSL socket APIcleartext passwds sent into socket traverse Internet encrypted


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Chapter 2: outline

2.1 principles of network applications

app architecturesapp requirements

2.2 Web and HTTP2.3 FTP 2.4 electronic mail

SMTP, POP3, IMAP2.5 DNS

2.6 P2P applications


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Web and HTTP

First, a review…web page consists of objectsobject can be HTML file, JPEG image, Java applet, audio file,…web page consists of base HTML-file which includes several referenced objectseach object is addressable by a URL (Uniform Resource Locator or Web address) , e.g.,

www.someschool.edu/someDept/pic.gif

host name path name


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HTTP overview

HTTP: hypertext transfer protocolWeb’s application layer protocolclient/server model

client: browser that requests, receives, (using HTTP protocol) and “displays” Web objects server: Web server sends (using HTTP protocol) objects in response to requests

PC runningFirefox browser

server running

Apache Webserver

iphone runningSafari browser


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HTTP overview (continued)

uses TCP:client initiates TCP connection (creates socket) to server, port 80server accepts TCP connection from clientHTTP messages (application-layer protocol messages) exchanged between browser (HTTP client) and Web server (HTTP server)TCP connection closed

HTTP is “stateless”server maintains no information about past client requests

protocols that maintain “state” are complex!past history (state) must be maintainedif server/client crashes, their views of “state” may be inconsistent, must be reconciled (resigned)

aside


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HTTP connections

non-persistent HTTPat most one object sent over TCP connection

connection then closed

downloading multiple objects required multiple connections

persistent HTTPmultiple objects can be sent over single TCP connection between client, server


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Non-persistent HTTPsuppose user enters URL:

1a. HTTP client initiates TCP connection to HTTP server (process) at www.someSchool.edu on port 80

2. HTTP client sends HTTP request message (containing URL) into TCP connection socket. Message indicates that client wants object someDepartment/home.index

1b. HTTP server at host www.someSchool.edu waiting for TCP connection at port 80. “accepts” connection, notifying client

3. HTTP server receives request message, forms response message containing requested object, and sends message into its socket

time

(contains text, references to 10

jpeg images)www.someSchool.edu/someDepartment/home.index


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Non-persistent HTTP (cont.)

5. HTTP client receives response message containing html file, displays html. Parsing html file, finds 10 referenced jpeg objects

6. Steps 1-5 repeated for each of 10 jpeg objects

4. HTTP server closes TCP connection.

time


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Non-persistent HTTP: response time

RTT (definition): time for a small packet to travel from client to server and back

HTTP response time:one RTT to initiate TCP connectionone RTT for HTTP request and first few bytes of HTTP response to returnfile transmission timenon-persistent HTTP response time =

2RTT+ file transmission time

time to transmit file

initiate TCPconnection

RTT

requestfile

RTT

filereceived

time time

Round-Trip Time (RTT)


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Persistent HTTP

non-persistent HTTP issues:requires 2 RTTs per objectOperating System (OS) overhead for each TCP connection - initiate TCP connection

browsers often open parallel TCP connections to fetch referenced objects (e.g. index.html contains text, references to 10 jpeg images)

persistent HTTP:server leaves connection open after sending responsesubsequent HTTP messages between same client/server sent over open connectionclient sends requests as soon as it encounters a referenced objectas little as one RTT for all the referenced objects


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HTTP request message

two types of HTTP messages: request, responseHTTP request message:

ASCII (human-readable format)

request line(GET, POST, HEAD commands)

headerlines

carriage return, line feed at startof line indicatesend of header lines

GET /index.html HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: www-net.cs.umass.edu\r\nUser-Agent: Firefox/3.6.10\r\nAccept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml\r\nAccept-Language: en-us,en;q=0.5\r\nAccept-Encoding: gzip,deflate\r\nAccept-Charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7\r\nKeep-Alive: 115\r\nConnection: keep-alive\r\n\r\n

carriage return characterline-feed character


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HTTP request message: general format

requestline

headerlines

body

method sp sp cr lfversionURL

cr lfvalueheader field name

cr lfvalueheader field name

~~ ~~

cr lf

entity body~~ ~~


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Uploading form input

POST method:web page often includes form input (e.g. input Google Search engine)input is uploaded to server in entity body

URL method:uses GET methodinput is uploaded in URL field of request line:

www.somesite.com/animalsearch?monkeys&banana


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Method types

HTTP/1.0:GETPOSTHEAD

asks server to leave requested object out of responseE.g. use for debugging

HTTP/1.1:GET, POST, HEADPUT

uploads file in entity body to path specified in URL field

DELETEdeletes file specified in the URL field


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HTTP response message

status line(protocolstatus codestatus phrase)

headerlines

data, e.g., requestedHTML file

HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nDate: Sun, 26 Sep 2010 20:09:20 GMT\r\nServer: Apache/2.0.52 (CentOS)\r\nLast-Modified: Tue, 30 Oct 2007 17:00:02

GMT\r\nETag: "17dc6-a5c-bf716880"\r\nAccept-Ranges: bytes\r\nContent-Length: 2652\r\nKeep-Alive: timeout=10, max=100\r\nConnection: Keep-Alive\r\nContent-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-

1\r\n\r\ndata data data data data ...


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HTTP response status codes

200 OKrequest succeeded, requested object later in this msg

301 Moved Permanentlyrequested object moved, new location specified later in this msg (Location:)

400 Bad Requestrequest msg not understood by server

404 Not Foundrequested document not found on this server

505 HTTP Version Not Supported

status code appears in 1st line in server-to-client response message.some sample codes:

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Trying out http (client side) for yourself

1. Telnet to your favorite Web server:Opens TCP connection to port 80(default http server port) at web.cs.utm.myAnything typed in sent to port 80 at web.cs.utm.my

telnet www.manutd.com 80

2. Type in a GET http request:GET /index.html HTTP/1.0 By typing this in (hit carriage

return twice), you sendthis minimal (but complete) GET request to http server* you can’t see what you are typing

3. Look at response message sent by http server!


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User-server state: cookies

many Web sites use cookiesfour components:

1) cookie header line of HTTP responsemessage

2) cookie header line in next HTTP requestmessage

3) cookie file kept on user’s host, managed by user’s browser

4) back-end database at Web site

example:Susan always access Internet from PCvisits specific e-commerce site for first timewhen initial HTTP requests arrives at site, site creates:

unique IDentry in backend database for ID


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Cookies: keeping “state” (cont.)

client server

usual http response msg

usual http response msg

cookie file

one week later:

usual http request msgcookie: 1678 cookie-

specificaction

access

ebay 8734 usual http request msg Amazon servercreates ID

1678 for user createentry

usual http response set-cookie: 1678ebay 8734

amazon 1678

usual http request msgcookie: 1678 cookie-

specificaction

accessebay 8734amazon 1678

backenddatabase


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Cookies (continued)what cookies can be used

for:authorizationshopping cartsrecommendationsuser session state (Web e-mail)

cookies and privacy:cookies permit sites to learn a lot about youyou may supply name and e-mail to sites

aside

how to keep “state”:protocol endpoints: maintain state at sender/receiver over multiple transactionscookies: http messages carry state


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Web caches (proxy server)

user sets browser: Web accesses via cachebrowser sends all HTTP requests to cache

object in cache: cache returns object else cache requests object from origin server, then returns object to client

goal: satisfy client request without involving origin server

client

proxyserver

client origin server

origin server


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More about Web caching

cache acts as both client and server

server for original requesting clientclient to origin server

typically cache is installed by ISP (university, company, residential ISP)

why Web caching?reduce response time for client requestreduce traffic on an institution’s access linkInternet dense with caches: enables “poor”content providers to effectively deliver content (so too does P2P file sharing)


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Caching example: slim access link

originservers

publicInternet

institutionalnetwork

100 Mbps LAN

assumptions:avg object size: 1Mbitsavg request rate from browsers to origin servers:15/secRTT from institutional router to any origin server: 2 sec (Internet delay) access link rate: 15 Mbps

consequences:LAN utilization:

15req/sec x 1Mbits/ 100Mbps= 0.15 = 15%

access link utilization= 15req/sec x 1Mbits/ 15Mbps= 1= 100%

total delay = Internet delay + access link delay + LAN delay

= 2 sec + minutes + usecs

problem!

Traffic intensity=L.a/R 1 (heavy congested)

15 Mbps (original bandwidth)

≈10ms


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Caching example: fatter access link

originservers

15 Mbps access link 100 Mbps

Cost: increased access link speed (not cheap!)

publicInternet


100 Mbps LAN

assumptions:avg object size: 1Mbitsavg request rate from browsers to origin

servers:15/secRTT from institutional router to any origin server:

2 sec (Internet delay)access link rate: 15 Mbps 100Mbps

consequences:LAN utilization:

= 15req/sec x 1Mbits/ 100Mbps= 0.15 = 15%

access link utilization= 15req/sec x 1Mbits/ 100Mbps= 0.15 = 15%

(from 100% reduce to 15%)total delay = Internet delay + access link delay +

LAN delay= 2 sec + usecs + usecs≈ 2 sec (Internet delay)

≈10ms


100 Mbps LAN


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Caching example: install local cache

originservers

15 Mbps (original bandwidth)access link

local web cache

assumptions:avg object size: 1Mbitsavg request rate from browsers to origin servers:15/secRTT from institutional router to any origin server: 2 secaccess link rate: 15 Mbps

consequences:LAN utilization: 15%

access link utilization = ?total delay = ?

How to compute link utilization, delay?

Cost: web cache (cheap!)

publicInternet


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Caching example: install local cache

Calculating access link utilization, delay with cache:suppose cache hit rate is 0.4

40% requests satisfied at cache, 60% requests satisfied at origin

originservers

15 Mbps access link

access link utilization: 60% of requests use access link

data rate to browsers over access link = 0.6*15 Mbps = 9 Mbps

utilization = 9/15 = 0.6 (i.e. 60%)total delay

= 0.6 * (delay from origin servers) +0.4 * (delay when satisfied at cache)= 0.6 (2.01) + 0.4 (~msecs)= 0.6 (2.01) + 0.4 (0.01)= 1.21 secsless than with 154 Mbps link (and cheaper too!)

publicInternet


100 Mbps LAN

local web cache

≈10ms


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Conditional GET

Goal: don’t send object if cache has up-to-date cached version

no object transmission delaylower link utilization

cache: specify date of cached copy in HTTP requestIf-modified-since: <date>

server: response contains no object if cached copy is up-to-date: HTTP/1.0 304 Not Modified

HTTP request msgIf-modified-since: <date>

HTTP responseHTTP/1.0

304 Not Modified

object not

modifiedbefore<date>

HTTP request msgIf-modified-since: <date>

HTTP responseHTTP/1.0 200 OK

<data>

object modified

after <date>

client server


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The diagram shows an institutional network connected to public Internet. Answer the following questions based on the assumption below:

• Average object size: 100K bits, average request rate from browsers to origin servers: 15/sec, access link rate: 1.5 Mbps, & access LAN: 1Gbps

i) Without web cache server, calculate access link utilization. ii) Assume the access link rate is increased to 3Mbps. Without web cache server, calculate the access link utilization. iii) Assume the link capacity is unchanged (1.5Mbps) and a web server cache is used

which has a hit rate of 50%, find the access link utilization. iv) Discuss the results in B and C (in terms of utilization). What is your conclusion?

Example Problem:


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Chapter 2: outline



2.2 Web and HTTP2.3 FTP2.4 electronic mail




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FTP: the file transfer protocolfile transfer

FTPserver

FTPuser

interface

FTPclient

local filesystem

remote filesystem

user at host

transfer file to/from remote hostclient/server model

client: side that initiates transfer (either to/from remote)server: remote host

ftp: RFC 959ftp server: port 21


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FTP: separate control, data connections

FTP client contacts FTP server at port 21, using TCP client authorized over control connectionclient browses remote directory, sends commands over control connectionwhen server receives file transfer command, serveropens 2nd TCP data connection (for file) to clientafter transferring one file, server closes data connection

FTPclient

FTPserver

TCP control connection,server port 21

TCP data connection,server port 20

server opens another TCP data connection to transfer another filecontrol connection: “out of band: Out-of-band control passes control data on a separate connection from main data. ”FTP server maintains “state”: current directory, earlier authentication


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FTP commands, responses

sample commands:sent as ASCII text over control channelUSER usernamePASS passwordLIST return list of file in current directoryRETR filenameretrieves (gets) fileSTOR filename stores (puts) file onto remote host

sample return codesstatus code and phrase (as in HTTP)331 Username OK, password required125 data connection already open; transfer starting425 Can’t open data connection452 Error writing file


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Chapter 2: outline







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Electronic mail

Three major components:user agents mail servers simple mail transfer protocol: SMTP

User Agenta.k.a. “mail reader”composing, editing, reading mail messagese.g., Outlook, Thunderbird, iPhone mail clientoutgoing, incoming messages stored on server

user mailbox

outgoing message queue

mailserver

mailserver

mailserver

SMTP

SMTP

SMTP

useragent

useragent

useragent

useragent

useragent

useragent


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Electronic mail: mail servers

mail servers:mailbox contains incoming messages for usermessage queue of outgoing (to be sent) mail messagesSMTP protocol between mail servers to send email messages

client: sending mail server“server”: receiving mail server

mailserver

mailserver

mailserver

SMTP

SMTP

SMTP

useragent

useragent

useragent

useragent

useragent

useragent


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Electronic Mail: SMTP [RFC 2821]

uses TCP to reliably transfer email message from client to server, port 25direct transfer: sending server to receiving serverthree phases of transfer

handshaking (greeting)transfer of messagesclosure

command/response interaction (like HTTP, FTP)commands: ASCII textresponse: status code and phrase

messages must be in 7-bit ASCI


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useragent

Scenario: Alice sends message to Bob

1) Alice uses UA to compose message “to”[email protected]

2) Alice’s UA sends message to her mail server; message placed in message queue

3) client side of SMTP opens TCP connection with Bob’s mail server

4) SMTP client sends Alice’s message over the TCP connection

5) Bob’s mail server places the message in Bob’s mailbox

6) Bob invokes his user agent to read message

mailserver

mailserver

1

2 3 45

6

Alice’s mail server Bob’s mail server

useragent

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Sample smtp interaction> telnet mel.utm.my 25

S: 220 mail-2 SMTP Server <Desknow> ready Tue <MYT> C: HELO yahoo.com S: 250 mail-2 Hello yahoo.com, <10.60.113.56> C: MAIL FROM: <[email protected]> S: 250 Sender [email protected] OK C: RCPT TO: <[email protected]> S: 250 Recipient [email protected] OK C: DATA S: 354 Enter mail, end with "." on a line by itself C: Do you like nasi kerabu? C: How about nasi lemak? C: . S: 250 Message accepted for delivery C: QUIT S: 221 mel.utm.my closing connection


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SMTP: final words

SMTP uses persistent connectionsSMTP requires message (header & body) to be in 7-bit ASCIISMTP server uses CRLF.CRLF to determine end of message

comparison with HTTP:HTTP: pullSMTP: push

both have ASCII command/response interaction, status codes

HTTP: each object encapsulated in its own response msgSMTP: multiple objects sent in multipart msg


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Mail message format

SMTP: protocol for exchanging email msgs

RFC 822: standard for text message format:header lines, e.g.,

To:From:Subject:

different from SMTP MAIL FROM, RCPT TO:commands!

Body: the “message”ASCII characters only

header

body

blankline


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Mail access protocols

SMTP: delivery/storage to receiver’s servermail access protocol: retrieval from server

POP: Post Office Protocol [RFC 1939]: authorization, download IMAP: Internet Mail Access Protocol [RFC 1730]: more features, including manipulation of stored msgs on serverHTTP: gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo! Mail, etc.

sender’s mail server

SMTP SMTPmail access

protocol

receiver’s mail server

(e.g., POP, IMAP)

useragent

useragent


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POP3 protocol

authorization phaseclient commands:

user: declare usernamepass: password

server responses+OK-ERR

transaction phase, client:list: list message numbersretr: retrieve message by numberdele: deletequit

C: list S: 1 498 S: 2 912 S: . C: retr 1 S: <message 1 contents>S: . C: dele 1 C: retr 2 S: <message 1 contents>S: . C: dele 2 C: quit S: +OK POP3 server signing off

S: +OK POP3 server ready C: user bob S: +OK C: pass hungry S: +OK user successfully logged on


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POP3 (more) and IMAPmore about POP3

previous example uses POP3 “download and delete” mode

Bob cannot re-read e-mail if he changes client

POP3 “download-and-keep”: copies of messages on different clientsPOP3 is stateless across sessions

IMAPkeeps all messages in one place: at serverallows user to organize messages in folderskeeps user state across sessions:

names of folders and mappings between message IDs and folder name


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Chapter 2: outline







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DNS: domain name system

people: many identifiers:SSN, name, passport #

Internet hosts, routers:IP address (32 bit) -used for addressing datagrams“name”, e.g., www.yahoo.com -used by humans

Q: how to map between IP address and name, and vice versa ?

Domain Name System:distributed databaseimplemented in hierarchy of many name serversapplication-layer protocol: hosts, name servers communicate to resolve names (address/name translation)

note: core Internet function, implemented as application-layer protocolcomplexity at network’s “edge”


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DNS: services, structure why not centralize DNS?

single point of failuretraffic volumedistant centralized databasemaintenance

DNS serviceshostname to IP address translationhost aliasing

canonical, alias namesE.g. relay1.west-coast.enterprise.com @ enterprise.com or www.enterprise.com

mail server aliasingE.g. relay1.west-coast.hotmail @ enterprise.com

load distributionreplicated Web servers: many IP addresses correspond to one name

A: doesn’t scale!

DNS: centralize vs distributed?


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Root DNS Servers (root)

com DNS servers org DNS servers edu DNS servers

poly.eduDNS servers

umass.eduDNS serversyahoo.com

DNS serversamazon.comDNS servers

pbs.orgDNS servers

DNS: a distributed, hierarchical database

client wants IP for www.amazon.com; 1st approx:client queries root server to find com DNS serverclient queries .com DNS server to get amazon.com DNS serverclient queries amazon.com DNS server to get IP address for www.amazon.com

… … (TLD)

(Authoritative)


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DNS: root name servers

contacted by local name server that can not resolve nameroot name server:

contacts authoritative name server if name mapping not knowngets mappingreturns mapping to local name server

13 root name “servers”worldwide

a. Verisign, Los Angeles CA(5 other sites)

b. USC-ISI Marina del Rey, CAl. ICANN Los Angeles, CA

(41 other sites)

e. NASA Mt View, CAf. Internet Software C.Palo Alto, CA (and 48 other sites)

i. Netnod, Stockholm (37 other sites)

k. RIPE London (17 other sites)

m. WIDE Tokyo(5 other sites)

c. Cogent, Herndon, VA (5 other sites)d. U Maryland College Park, MDh. ARL Aberdeen, MDj. Verisign, Dulles VA (69 other sites )

g. US DoD Columbus, OH (5 other sites) (North America)


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TLD, authoritative servers

top-level domain (TLD) servers:responsible for com, org, net, edu, aero, jobs, museums, and all top-level country domains, e.g.: uk, fr, ca, jpMaintainer: Network Solutions maintains servers for .com TLDMaintainer: Educause for .edu TLD

authoritative DNS servers:organization’s own DNS server(s), providing authoritative hostname to IP mappings for organization’s named hosts can be maintained by organization or service provider


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Local DNS name server

does not strictly belong to hierarchyeach ISP (residential ISP, company, university) has one

also called “default name server”when host makes DNS query, query is sent to its local DNS server

has local cache of recent name-to-address translation pairs (but may be out of date!)acts as proxy, forwards query into hierarchy


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requesting hostcis.poly.edu

gaia.cs.umass.edu

root DNS server

local DNS serverdns.poly.edu

1

23

4

5

6

authoritative DNS serverdns.cs.umass.edu

78

TLD DNS server

DNS name resolution example

host at cis.poly.edu wants IP address for gaia.cs.umass.edu

iterated query:contacted server replies with name of server to contact“I don’t know this name, but ask this server”


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45

6

3

recursive query:puts burden of name resolution on contacted name serverheavy load at upper levels of hierarchy?

requesting hostcis.poly.edu

gaia.cs.umass.edu

root DNS server

local DNS serverdns.poly.edu

1

27

authoritative DNS serverdns.cs.umass.edu

8

DNS name resolution example

TLD DNS server

recursive

iterative


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DNS: caching, updating records

once (any) name server learns mapping, it cachesmapping

cache entries timeout (disappear) after some time (TTL)TLD servers typically cached in local name servers

• thus root name servers not often visited

cached entries may be out-of-date (best effort name-to-address translation!)

if name host changes IP address, may not be known Internet-wide until all TTLs expire (e.g. keep for 2 days)

update/notify mechanisms proposed IETF standardRFC 2136

Application Layer 2-70

DNS protocol, messages

query and reply messages, both with same message format

msg headeridentification: 16 bit # for query, reply to query uses same #flags:

query or replyrecursion desired recursion availablereply is authoritative

identification flags

# questions

questions (variable # of questions)

# additional RRs# authority RRs

# answer RRs

answers (variable # of RRs)

authority (variable # of RRs)

additional info (variable # of RRs)

2 bytes 2 bytes

Application Layer 2-71

name, type fieldsfor a query

RRs in responseto query

records forauthoritative servers

additional “helpful”info that may be used

identification flags

# questions

questions (variable # of questions)

# additional RRs# authority RRs

# answer RRs

answers (variable # of RRs)

authority (variable # of RRs)

additional info (variable # of RRs)

DNS protocol, messages

2 bytes 2 bytes

Using nslookup

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Chapter 2: outline







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Pure P2P architectureno always-on serverarbitrary end systems directly communicatepeers are intermittently connected and change IP addresses

examples:file distribution (BitTorrent)Streaming (KanKan)VoIP (Skype)


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P2P file distribution: BitTorrent

tracker: tracks peers participating in torrent

torrent: group of peers exchanging chunks of a file

Alice arrives …

file divided into 256Kb chunkspeers in torrent send/receive file chunks

… obtains listof peers from tracker… and begins exchanging file chunks with peers in torrent


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peer joining torrent: has no chunks, but will accumulate them over time from other peersregisters with tracker to get list of peers, connects to subset of peers (“neighbors”)

P2P file distribution: BitTorrent

while downloading, peer uploads chunks to other peerspeer may change peers with whom it exchanges chunkschurn: peers may come and goonce peer has entire file, it may (selfishly) leave or (altruistically) remain in torrent


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BitTorrent: requesting, sending file chunks

requesting chunks:at any given time, different peers have different subsets of file chunksperiodically, Alice asks each peer for list of chunks that they haveAlice requests missing chunks from peers, rarest first

sending chunks: tit-for-tatAlice sends chunks to those four peers currently sending her chunks at highest rate

other peers are choked by Alice (do not receive chunks from her)re-evaluate top 4 every10 secs

every 30 secs: randomly select another peer, starts sending chunks

“optimistically unchoke” this peernewly chosen peer may join top 4


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BitTorrent: tit-for-tat(1) Alice “optimistically unchokes” Bob(2) Alice becomes one of Bob’s top-four providers; Bob reciprocates(3) Bob becomes one of Alice’s top-four providers

higher upload rate: find better trading partners, get file faster !requests missing chunks from peers: rarest first


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Chapter 2: summary

application architecturesclient-serverP2P

application service requirements:

reliability, bandwidth, delayInternet transport service model

connection-oriented, reliable: TCPunreliable, datagrams: UDP

our study of network apps now complete!

specific protocols:HTTPFTPSMTP, POP, IMAPDNSP2P: BitTorrent, DHT


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typical request/reply message exchange:

client requests info or serviceserver responds with data, status code

message formats:headers: fields giving info about datadata: info being communicated

important themes:control vs. data msgs

in-band, out-of-bandcentralized vs. decentralized stateless vs. statefulreliable vs. unreliable msg transfer “complexity at network edge”

Chapter 2: summarymost importantly: learned about protocols!

chapter 2 application layer - faculty of computing | …€¦ · · 2016-02-21application layer...

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