CHAPTER 21

Progressivism at High Tide

“. . . making the world safe for democracy.”

President Woodrow Wilson

1909 - 1914

Colonial Possessions, 1900

United States Presence in Latin America, 1895-1934

Panama Canal Zone, 1914

Europe on the eve of World War I

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“We must love one another or die.”  Poet W. H. Auden [September 1, 1939]

"And in the general hardening of outlook that set in . . . practices which had been long abandoned - imprisonment without trial, the use of war prisoners as slaves, public executions, torture to extract confessions . . . and the deportation of whole populations - not only became common again, but were tolerated and even defended by people who considered themselves enlightened and progressive."  George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four [Also author of Animal Farm]

"Never do anything against conscience even if the state demands it."  Albert Einstein  "It is the responsibility of intellectuals to speak the truth to justice and to expose lies."  Noam Chomsky ". . . refuse to settle for simple explanations for complex problems. . . . Honest history answers our questions only by asking something of us in return."  Text author Edward L. Ayers

Bibliography

David Kennedy, Over Here [1980] Walter LaFeber, The American Age [1989] Arthur S. Link, Woodrow Wilson: War, Revolution, and

Peace [1979] and Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era [1954]

William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Foreign Policy [1988]

Movie: Reds [about John Reed]

Chapter Review

Distinguish between the progressive programs of Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson. [Worth 104% – no assistance from professor]

Explain three progressive programs that gained prominence between 1910 and 1920.

Briefly describe the provisions of Woodrow Wilson’s New Freedom.

Describe major social and cultural changes that occurred during the Wilson presidency.

Briefly describe the Wilsonian approach to foreign affairs.

Concepts

Woman Suffrage Theodore Roosevelt’s 1912 “New Nationalism”

National government as “seward of the public welfare” Henry Ford’s $5 a day wage Prohibition Dollar Diplomacy Jack Johnson, 1908 1st African-American heavyweight champ Triangle Shirtwaist Fire 1912 IWW “bread and roses” Lawrence, MA strike 1910-1911, Boy Scouts of America [Lord Baden-Powell] Louis D. Brandeis 1913 16th Amendment, 17th Amendment Federal Reserve System, monetary v. fiscal policy

Vaudeville stage Motion pictures 1911, Porfiro Diaz replaced by Francisco Madero

Madero replaced by General Victoriano Huerta Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata

1914, Franz Ferdinand Triple Alliance

Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary

I. Taft’s Presidency

Taft takes passive role as president Payne-Aldrich Tariff illustrates continuing problems Taft fights some Roosevelt conservation policies Roosevelt returns from safari angry and ready to intervene

II. Progressive Victories

Alice Paul and followers push for woman suffrage amendment

Supporters of prohibition want amendment also Opposition grows to immigration from southern and eastern

Europe Child labor reform dominates concerns over children

III. Labor Protest in a Changing Workplace

Larger corporations and factories distance workers from management

Some corporations try paternalism as way to fight unionism Serious strikes affect country Taft’s “dollar diplomacy” in Latin America and Far East

achieve mixed results

Industrial America, 1900-1920

IV. Republican Discord and Democratic Opportunity

Roosevelt loses nomination to Taft Woodrow Wilson receives Democratic nod Wilson campaigns on “New Freedom” and wins, with help of split

Republican party, pushing Congress to make needed changes Progressive party draws more interest than Socialist party

Election of 1912

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V. Wilson’s Presidency

Legislation establishes Federal Reserve System to regulate America’s money supply

Federal Trade Commission established to regulate trusts Social reform is not one of Wilson’s priorities

VI. Social and Cultural Change During the Wilson Years

Cultural changes accelerate, with Henry Ford’s mass production and generous wages holding down unionism

Electricity becomes more widespread, changing patterns of life

Art and literature mirror social ferment Americans make use of new leisure time

VII. New Freedom Diplomacy

Lacking international experience, Wilson works hard to improve relations around world

Mexican Revolution provides tense moments, but Wilson diffuses situation

Post-revolution immigration from Mexico changes face of Southwest

VIII. VIII. World War IWorld War I

Serb assassination of Austria-Hungary’s archduke takes Europe into war

Americans caught off guard by European events