chapter 29 review. muckrakers name applied in 1906 by president theodore roosevelt to a group of...

Chapter 29 ReviewChapter 29 Review

MuckrakersMuckrakers

• Name applied in 1906 by President Theodore Roosevelt to a group of journalists who exposed the abuses of power and corruption in American political and business life.

• Writers Upton Sinclair, Lincoln Steffens, Jacob Riis and Ida Tarbell– exposed filth in food processing– fraudulent advertising– political corruption – sensationalized accounts in such publications as McClure's,

Everybody's, and Collier's. • Muckrakers were largely responsible for mobilizing public

opinion in favor of the progressive reform of the period.

Theodore Roosevelt cartoon "A nauseating job, but it must be done"Upton Sinclair's novel, The Jungle, published in 1906, prompted President Theodore Roosevelt to order an investigation of Sinclair's allegations about unsanitary practices. Roosevelt then used the results of that investigation to pressure Congress into approving new federal legislation to inspect meatpacking. (Utica Saturday Globe)

Theodore Roosevelt cartoon "A nauseating job, but it must be done"

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Stamp--"US Inspected and Condemned"Upton Sinclair's novel, The Jungle, published in 1906, prompted President Theodore Roosevelt to order an investigation of Sinclair's allegations about unsanitary practices. Roosevelt then used the results of that investigation to pressure Congress into approving new federal legislation to inspect meatpacking, including a stamp such as the one shown here for condemned meat. (Chicago Historical Society)

Stamp--"US Inspected and Condemned"


Shoe line--Bowery men with gift from Tim Sullivan, February, 1910"Big Tim" Sullivan, a New York City ward boss, rewarded "repeat voters" with a new pair of shoes. Sullivan once explained, "When you've voted ‘em with their whiskers on, you take ‘em to a barber and scrape off the chin fringe. Then you vote ‘em again…Then to a barber again, off comes the sides and you vote ‘em a third time with the mustache…[Then] clean off the mustache and vote ‘em plain face. That makes every one of ‘em for four votes." (Library of Congress)

Shoe line--Bowery men with gift from Tim Sullivan, February, 1910


The Masses cover, 1912This socialist publication, edited in New York's Greenwich Village, denounced the abuses of capitalism, including child labor. (Library of Congress)

The Masses cover, 1912


The Progressive Movement 1889-1920

• A broad-based campaign for economic, political, and social reforms. • The movement addressed the power of big business and advocated

aid for farmers and protection for consumers. • The reforms included passage of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth

Amendments, the Pure Food and Drug Act, the Meat Inspection Act, and the Sherman and Clayton Anti-Trust Acts.

• Progressives supported initiative, recall, referendum, and direct primary laws.

• Also during this time, attacks were made on child labor, sweatshops, slum conditions, and women working excessive hours.

• Leading figures in the Progressive Era included the Muckrakers, Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, Robert La Follette, Eugene V. Debs, John Peter Altgeld, Hiram Johnson, William James, John Dewey, and George Norris.

Tenement clotheslinesInner-city dwellers used indoor space as efficiently as possible as well as what little outdoor space was available to them. Scores of families living in this cramped block of six-story tenements in New York strung clotheslines behind the buildings. Notice that there is virtually no space between buildings, so only rooms at the front and back received daylight and fresh air. (Library of Congress)

Tenement clotheslines


Children in textile millFactories employed children from the early nineteenth century well into the twentieth. In textile mills like this one, photographed by Lewis Hines in 1908, girls operated machines, and boys ran messages and carried materials back and forth. Mill girls had to tie up their hair to keep it from getting caught in the machines. The girl posing here with a shawl over her head would not have worn that garment while she was working. (National Archives)

Children in textile mill


Visiting nurse This visiting nurse from the Infant Welfare Society is visiting poor families in Chicago around 1900. Such visiting nurses provided advice on nutrition and childbearing, and contributed to the emergence of the new field of public health during the Progressive Era. (Chicago Historical Society)

Visiting nurse


Textile workerYoung children like this one were often used in the textile mills because their small fingers could tie together broken threads more easily than those of adults. (Library of Congress)

Textile worker


Amendment XVIAmendment XVIAdopted in 1913

• The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.

The XVII AmendmentAdopted in 1913

• Section 1 The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of [voters for] the most numerous branch of the State legislatures.

• Section 2 When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, that the Legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the Legislature may direct.

• Section 3 This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.

President Theodore Roosevelt

• Twenty-sixth president of the United States (1901-09). Roosevelt became a national hero when he led his Rough Riders up Kettle Hill in Cuba during the Spanish-American War in 1898.

• He then served as Republican governor of New York before being elected vice president in 1900.

• He is known for his trust busting, programs for conservation of natural resources, and creation of national parks.

• His Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine claimed the United States could intervene militarily in the Latin American states.

• He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for helping negotiate an end to the Russo-Japanese War. He also initiated the building of the Panama Canal.

• Roosevelt supported Republican William Howard Taft for president in 1908 but tried for the Republican nomination in 1912.

• When he lost it to Taft, he split with the Republicans and started the Progressive, or Bull Moose party, with himself running for president.

• The split Republicans lost the election to the Democrats and Woodrow Wilson.

• Roosevelt hoped to gain the Republican nomination in 1916, but the delegates chose Charles Evans Hughes as their standard-bearer.

New NationalismNew Nationalism

• The Progressive political platform of Theodore Roosevelt during the election of 1912.

• New Nationalism emphasized political, social, and economic reforms to be coordinated by the federal government.

• The philosophy stressed an increase in safety and welfare laws, as well as taxation of business.

• Roosevelt opposed Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom program, arguing that monopolies and big business should not be destroyed but be controlled by regulatory commissions.

The Square Deal• The Three C’s: creating a square deal for

capital, labor and the public at large– Control of the corporations– Consumer protection – Conservation on natural resources

• Eventually Congress creates Department of Commerce and Labor (through Roosevelt’s urging)– This helps break the monopolies and starts

the era of trust busting.

Panic of 1907

• Panic fell on Wall Street creating runs on banks, suicides, and criminal indictments against speculators.

• But it did allowed for reform• In 1908 Congress passed the Aldrich-

Vreeland Act, which authorized national banks to issue emergency currency backed by various kinds of collateral.

• This Act is the prequel to the Federal Reserve Act of 1913.

Theodore Roosevelt and Gifford PinchotThe two friends and allies in the conservation cause aboard the steamboat Mississippi on a 1907 tour with the Inland Waterways Commission. (Library of Congress)

Theodore Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot


Gifford PinchotGifford Pinchot

• Politician and conservationist. • Pinchot served as chief of the Development of Agriculture's

Division of Forestry during the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt, significantly influencing Roosevelt's conservation policies.

• During President William Howard Taft's administration, he became embroiled in the Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy – Pinchot accused Ballinger improperly used his office to help the

Guggenheims and other powerful interests illegally gain access to Alaskan coal fields

– Pinchot was fired for his accusations and this ultimately divided the Republican Party

– Pinchot founded the National Conservation Association and developed a systematic forestry program.

• He later served two terms as governor of Pennsylvania (1923-27, 1931-35).

Theodore Roosevelt with John Muir at Yosemite, 1903In 1903, at Yosemite National Park, Theodore Roosevelt met with John Muir, a leading advocate for the preservation of wilderness. While Roosevelt made important contributions to the preservation of parks and wildlife refuges, he was more interested in the careful management of national resources, including federal lands. (Yosemite Museum)

Theodore Roosevelt with John Muir at Yosemite, 1903


Postcard with Taft cartoonThis postcard depicts how President Theodore Roosevelt, in command of the Republican Party, persuaded his friend William Howard Taft to run for president in 1908. Taft was not eager for that office, but Roosevelt succeeded in convincing him to seek it. With Roosevelt's strong support, Taft was elected, but he proved a disappointment to Roosevelt. (Collection of Janice L. and David J. Frent)

Postcard with Taft cartoon


William Howard TaftWilliam Howard Taft

• Twenty-seventh president of the United States (1909-13) and tenth chief justice of the United States (1921-30).

• Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Taft graduated from Yale University. • A Republican, he served as the first governor-general of the Philippines

and as secretary of war under Theodore Roosevelt. • Roosevelt chose Taft as the candidate to succeed him, and he defeated

the Democratic candidate William Jennings Bryan in the Election of 1908.• During Taft's administration, the Sixteenth Amendment was passed,

allowing Congress to levy a federal income tax. • Although Taft was not considered a trust-buster, he instituted twice as

many antitrust proceedings as his predecessor. • Taft also instituted Dollar Diplomacy:

– an unproductive program that promoted the use of trade and commerce to increase the nation's diplomatic influence, especially in the Caribbean and Asia.

• Although Taft survived a challenge for the Republican nomination in 1912, Roosevelt's formation of the Progressive Party split the party, and Democratic candidate Woodrow Wilson won the election.

• President Warren G. Harding named Taft chief justice on the Supreme Court in 1921, the job he had always wanted. He was the only man to serve as both president and chief justice.

chapter 29 review. muckrakers name applied in 1906 by president theodore roosevelt to a group of...

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president theodore roosevelt

globe theodore roosevelt

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em againthen

pressure congress

big tim sullivan

vote em plain face

library of congress