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History of Aerial PhotographyHistory of Aerial Photography

and Aerial Platformsand Aerial Platforms

John R. JensenJohn R. Jensen

Department of GeographyDepartment of GeographyUniversity of South CarolinaUniversity of South Carolina

Columbia, South Carolina 29208Columbia, South Carolina 29208

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Camera ObscuraCamera Obscura

Jensen, 2007Jensen, 2007

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The First PhotographThe First Photograph

The first photograph wasThe first photograph was

obtained by Joseph Nicephoreobtained by Joseph NicephoreNiepce of his French estateNiepce of his French estate

courtyard in 1827. Thecourtyard in 1827. The

exposure lasted 8 hours andexposure lasted 8 hours and

used an emulsion of Bitumenused an emulsion of Bitumen

of Judea, a kind of asphalt.of Judea, a kind of asphalt.


(copyright Gernsheim Collection, Harry(copyright Gernsheim Collection, Harry

Ransom Humanities Research Center,Ransom Humanities Research Center,

University of Texas)University of Texas)

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Louis Jacques Mande DaguerreLouis Jacques Mande Daguerre

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Camera Sensor SystemsCamera Sensor Systems

One of the first camerasOne of the first cameras

produced for Louisproduced for Louis

Daguerre in France.Daguerre in France.


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DaguerreotypesDaguerreotypes

United States Capitol, 1846.United States Capitol, 1846. President Abraham Lincoln, 1864.President Abraham Lincoln, 1864.

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Scottish physicist James Clerk MaxwellScottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell

Made what is believed to be the earliest suggestion that objectsMade what is believed to be the earliest suggestion that objects

could be reproduced in color using photography. His papercould be reproduced in color using photography. His paper

consisted of a basic discussion on the theory of color vision.consisted of a basic discussion on the theory of color vision.

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Photography from Aerial PlatformsPhotography from Aerial Platforms

OrnithoptersOrnithopters

Lighter-than-air Flight Using BalloonsLighter-than-air Flight Using Balloons Lighter-than-air Flight Using KitesLighter-than-air Flight Using Kites

Heavier-than-air Flight Using RocketsHeavier-than-air Flight Using Rockets

Heavier-than-air Flight Using Pigeons,Heavier-than-air Flight Using Pigeons,

Gliders, and AircraftGliders, and Aircraft

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Man-powered OrnithopterMan-powered Ornithopter


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Lighter-than-air Flight Using BalloonsLighter-than-air Flight Using Balloons

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The first known aerial photographThe first known aerial photograph

was obtained by Gaspard Felixwas obtained by Gaspard Felix

Tournachon (Nadar) from aTournachon (Nadar) from a

tethered balloon 1,700-ft. abovetethered balloon 1,700-ft. above

Paris, France in 1858.Paris, France in 1858.

This is an oblique photographThis is an oblique photograph

obtained from theobtained from the HippodromeHippodromeBalloon using a multiband camera.Balloon using a multiband camera.


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Balloon PhotographyBalloon Photography

Oblique aerial photograph ofOblique aerial photograph of

downtown Boston obtained bydowntown Boston obtained by

Samuel A. King and J. W. BlackSamuel A. King and J. W. Black

from a balloon at an altitude offrom a balloon at an altitude of

1,200 ft. on October 13, 1860.1,200 ft. on October 13, 1860.

First aerial photograph taken from aFirst aerial photograph taken from a

captive balloon in the United Statescaptive balloon in the United States

(copyright Smithsonian Institution,(copyright Smithsonian Institution,

Washington, D.C.).Washington, D.C.).


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BalloonBalloon IntrepidIntrepid

IntrepidIntrepid being inflated during the Civil War battle of Fair Oaks on June 1,being inflated during the Civil War battle of Fair Oaks on June 1,

1862 using Thaddeus S. C. Lowes portable hydrogen generating system1862 using Thaddeus S. C. Lowes portable hydrogen generating system

(copyright Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.).(copyright Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.).


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BalloonBalloon IntrepidIntrepid

IntrepidIntrepid tethered during the Civiltethered during the Civil

War battle of Fair Oaks on June 1,War battle of Fair Oaks on June 1,

1862 (copyright Smithsonian1862 (copyright Smithsonian

Institution, Washington, D.C.).Institution, Washington, D.C.).


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Lighter-than-air Flight Using KitesLighter-than-air Flight Using Kites

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George R. Lawrence Captive Airship of KitesGeorge R. Lawrence Captive Airship of Kites

San Francisco in Ruins 1906San Francisco in Ruins 1906

2000 ft above ground level2000 ft above ground level

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Heavier-than-air Flight Using GlidersHeavier-than-air Flight Using Gliders

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Aerodynamic LiftAerodynamic Lift


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Orville WrightOrville Wright


Wilbur WrightWilbur Wright

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Wright GliderWright Glider

One of the Wright brothers inOne of the Wright brothers in

the Wright Glider at Kittythe Wright Glider at Kitty

Hawk, North Carolina in 1902Hawk, North Carolina in 1902

(copyright Smithsonian(copyright SmithsonianInstitution, Washington, D.C.).Institution, Washington, D.C.).


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Motor Driven Heavier-Than-Air AircraftMotor Driven Heavier-Than-Air Aircraft

The first flight by man with a motor driven, heavier-than-air machine atThe first flight by man with a motor driven, heavier-than-air machine at

Kitty Hawk, North Carolina December 17, 1903. The pilot was OrvilleKitty Hawk, North Carolina December 17, 1903. The pilot was Orville

Wright (copyright Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.).Wright (copyright Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.).


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Heavier-than-air Flight Using PigeonsHeavier-than-air Flight Using Pigeons

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In 1903, JuliusIn 1903, Julius

Neubronner patentedNeubronner patented

a breast-mounteda breast-mounted

camera for carriercamera for carrier

pigeons that weighedpigeons that weighed

only 70 grams.only 70 grams.

A squadron ofA squadron of

pigeons is equippedpigeons is equipped

with light-weight 70-with light-weight 70-

mm aerial cameras.mm aerial cameras.

PigeonsPigeons


Copyright Deutsches Museum, Munich, GermanyCopyright Deutsches Museum, Munich, Germany

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Oblique aerial photograph of a European castle obtained from a cameraOblique aerial photograph of a European castle obtained from a camera

mounted on a carrier pigeon. The pigeons wings are visible (copyrightmounted on a carrier pigeon. The pigeons wings are visible (copyright

Deutsches Museum, Munich, Germany).Deutsches Museum, Munich, Germany).

PigeonsPigeons


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Heavier-than-air Flight Using AircraftHeavier-than-air Flight Using Aircraft

Photo-reconnaissance inPhoto-reconnaissance in

World War IWorld War I

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Curtiss AH-13Curtiss AH-13

Pilot and aerialPilot and aerial

photographer with aphotographer with a

Graflex aerialGraflex aerial

reconnaissance camera inreconnaissance camera in

1915 (copyright1915 (copyright

Smithsonian Institution,Smithsonian Institution,



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World War I Trench WarfareWorld War I Trench Warfare


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Photo-reconnaissance inPhoto-reconnaissance in

World War IIWorld War II

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US 8th Air Force B-17US 8th Air Force B-17

Flying Fortress overFlying Fortress overBerlin, Germany inBerlin, Germany in

World War II. AerialWorld War II. Aerial

photographs capturephotographs capture

bombs from the unseenbombs from the unseen

B-17 crashing throughB-17 crashing through

the port horizontalthe port horizontal

stabilizer (copyrightstabilizer (copyright

Smithsonian Institution,Smithsonian Institution,


B-17 Flying FortressB-17 Flying Fortress


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V-2 Rocket Launching FacilityV-2 Rocket Launching Facility

at Pennemunde in World War IIat Pennemunde in World War II


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Boeing B-29 and Photogrammetric EquipmentBoeing B-29 and Photogrammetric Equipment

Getting ready to obtainGetting ready to obtain

aerial photography ofaerial photography of

the nuclear weaponsthe nuclear weapons

test at Bikini Atoll ontest at Bikini Atoll on

July 25, 1946July 25, 1946

(copyright(copyright

Smithsonian Inst.,Smithsonian Inst.,



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Bikini AtollBikini Atoll

Aerial photography ofAerial photography ofa nuclear weapons testa nuclear weapons test

at Bikini Atoll on Julyat Bikini Atoll on July

25, 1946 (copyright25, 1946 (copyright

Smithsonian Inst.,Smithsonian Inst.,



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Cold War ReconnaissanceCold War Reconnaissance

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U-2U-2

Lockheed U-2 highLockheed U-2 highaltitude reconnaissancealtitude reconnaissance

aircraft. Many U-2s areaircraft. Many U-2s are

still in service as earthstill in service as earth

resource observationresource observation

aircraft (copyright NASAaircraft (copyright NASA

and Lockheed Martin,and Lockheed Martin,Inc.).Inc.).


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U-2 Photograph of San Cristobal, CubaU-2 Photograph of San Cristobal, Cuba

October 14, 1962October 14, 1962

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Celestial Satellite SentinelsCelestial Satellite Sentinels

CoronaCorona

LandsatLandsat TerraTerra

AquaAqua

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CORONACORONA

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Lockheed F-117 Stealth AircraftLockheed F-117 Stealth Aircraft

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Unmanned Aerial VehiclesUnmanned Aerial Vehicles

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Unmanned Aerial VehiclesUnmanned Aerial Vehicles

PredatorPredator

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The RQ-1 Predator is a medium-altitude, long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle system.The RQ-1 Predator is a medium-altitude, long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle system.

It is a Joint Forces Air Component Commander-owned theater asset for reconnaissance,It is a Joint Forces Air Component Commander-owned theater asset for reconnaissance,surveillance and target acquisition in support of the Joint Force commandersurveillance and target acquisition in support of the Joint Force commander..

The RQ-1A/B Predator is a system, not just aircraft. A fully operational system consists ofThe RQ-1A/B Predator is a system, not just aircraft. A fully operational system consists of

four aircraft (with sensors), a ground control station (GCS), a Predator Primary Satellite Linkfour aircraft (with sensors), a ground control station (GCS), a Predator Primary Satellite Link

(PPSL), and 55 personnel for continuous 24 hour operations.(PPSL), and 55 personnel for continuous 24 hour operations.

PredatorPredator

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Darkstar Unmanned Aerial VehicleDarkstar Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

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Unmanned Aerial VehicleUnmanned Aerial Vehicle

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Reconnaissance in Desert Strom in 1991Reconnaissance in Desert Strom in 1991

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A warehouse south ofA warehouse south of

Kuwait City, suspected ofKuwait City, suspected of

housing Iraqi aircraft, washousing Iraqi aircraft, was

bombed by coalitionbombed by coalition

forces in mid-Februaryforces in mid-February

1991. U.S. Navy TARPS1991. U.S. Navy TARPS

photograph by Squadronphotograph by Squadron

VF-84, operating from theVF-84, operating from the

USS ROOSEVELTUSS ROOSEVELT

(CVN-71) (Released).(CVN-71) (Released).

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Reconnaissance in Afghanistan 2002Reconnaissance in Afghanistan 2002

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Reconnaissance in Iraqi Freedom in 2003Reconnaissance in Iraqi Freedom in 2003

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Bomb damage assessment photo of the Shahiyat Liquid Engine Research,Bomb damage assessment photo of the Shahiyat Liquid Engine Research,

Development and Testing Facility, Iraq, used by Chairman of the JointDevelopment and Testing Facility, Iraq, used by Chairman of the Joint

Chiefs of Staff Gen. Henry H. Shelton, U.S. Army, and Rear Adm.Chiefs of Staff Gen. Henry H. Shelton, U.S. Army, and Rear Adm.

Thomas R Wilson, U.S. Navy, Director for Intelligence, Joint Staff (J-2) inThomas R Wilson, U.S. Navy, Director for Intelligence, Joint Staff (J-2) in

a Pentagon press briefing on Dec. 19, 1998. DoD photo. (Released)a Pentagon press briefing on Dec. 19, 1998. DoD photo. (Released)

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Remote Sensor ResolutionRemote Sensor Resolution

SpatialSpatial - the size of the field-of-view, e.g. 10 x 10 m.- the size of the field-of-view, e.g. 10 x 10 m.

SpectralSpectral - the number and size of spectral regions the sensor- the number and size of spectral regions the sensor

records data in, e.g. blue, green, red, near-infraredrecords data in, e.g. blue, green, red, near-infrared

thermal infrared, microwave (radar).thermal infrared, microwave (radar).

TemporalTemporal - how often the sensor acquires data, e.g. every 30 days.- how often the sensor acquires data, e.g. every 30 days.

RadiometricRadiometric - the sensitivity of detectors to small differences in- the sensitivity of detectors to small differences in

electromagnetic energy.electromagnetic energy.

10 m10 m

BB GG RR NIRNIR

JanJan

1515

FebFeb

1515

10 m10 m


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Imagery from Inexpensive UAVsImagery from Inexpensive UAVs

South Padre Island, TexasSouth Padre Island, TexasC f P H diC t f P H di

_chapter 3 2008

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