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Carolina Distinguished ProfessorCarolina Distinguished ProfessorDepartment of GeographyDepartment of Geography
University of South CarolinaUniversity of South Carolina
Columbia, South Carolina 29208Columbia, South Carolina 29208
Elements of Image InterpretationElements of Image Interpretation
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Low Oblique Aerial PhotographLow Oblique Aerial Photograph
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High Oblique Aerial PhotographHigh Oblique Aerial Photograph
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Vertical Aerial PhotographVertical Aerial Photograph
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Reasons why photo/image interpretation are powerfulReasons why photo/image interpretation are powerfulscientific tools:scientific tools:
aerial/regional perspective ;
three-dimensional depth perception ;
ability to obtain knowledge beyond our human visual perception ;
ability to obtain a historical image record to document change .
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The Aerial/RegionalThe Aerial/RegionalPerspectivePerspective
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Three-dimensionalThree-dimensionalDepth PerceptionDepth Perception
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Obtaining KnowledgeObtaining KnowledgeBeyond our HumanBeyond our HumanVisual PerceptionVisual Perception
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Historical Image Record and Change Detection DocumentationHistorical Image Record and Change Detection Documentation
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Elements of ImageElements of ImageInterpretationInterpretation
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Elements of Image Interpretation - Tone and ColorElements of Image Interpretation - Tone and Color
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PanchromaticPanchromatic Black and White InfraredBlack and White Infrared
Tivoli North Bay on the Hudson River, NYTivoli North Bay on the Hudson River, NY
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Elements of Image Interpretation - Tone and ColorElements of Image Interpretation - Tone and Color
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Sir Isaac NewtonSir Isaac Newtondiscovered that whitediscovered that whitelight could belight could be
dispersed into itsdispersed into itsspectral componentsspectral componentsby passing it throughby passing it througha prism.a prism.
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Elements of Image Interpretation - Tone and ColorElements of Image Interpretation - Tone and Color
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GreenGreen RedRed Near-infraredNear-infrared
Color compositeColor compositeRGB = green, red, near-infraredRGB = green, red, near-infrared
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Normal ColorNormal ColorFilmFilm
latentimage
B. Film afterexposure
Blue
Green and blue
Red and blue
C. Film aftercolor reversal
processing
Blue Red
A. Scenereflectance Blue Green Red
D. Colors in the Positive Transparency Viewed by the Photo-interpreter
Exposure, Development, andColor Formation on Color Film
GreenBlue
blue - thecomplementarycolor of yellow
green - thecomplementary
color of magenta
red - thecomplementary
color of cyan
clear
Activated
Black
Black
White
B G R B G R B G R B G R B G R
White
B G R B G R
white light
Yellow dye layer
Cyan dye layer
Magenta dye layer
Activated
Activated
Activated
Activated
Activated
Internal Yellow filter (blue-blocking)
Y ellow Y ellow Y ellow
Magenta Magenta
Cyan Cyan Cyan
Magenta
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Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
Normal ColorNormal Color False-color Infrared UsingFalse-color Infrared UsingWratten #12 filterWratten #12 filter
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Color-InfraredColor-InfraredFilmFilm
latentimage
B. Film after
Infrared sensitive layer
Green sensitive layer
Red sensitive layer
C. Film after colorreversal processing
Blue Green
Blue Green Red
Exposure, Development, and ColorFormation on False-Color Infrared Film
Blue
blue - thecomplementarycolor of yellow
green - thecomplementary
color of magenta
red - thecomplementary
color of cyan
Cyan
Activated
Activated
Activated
Infrared
B G R B G R B G R B G R
clear
Yellow
Magenta
Red
B G R
white light
Cyan dye layer
Magenta dye layer
Yellow dye layer
Yellow Wratten 12 filter (blue-blocking)
Cyan Cyan
Yellow Yellow
Magenta Magenta
Black
A. Scenereflectance
D. Colors in the Positive Transparency Viewed by the Photo-interpreter
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Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
Normal ColorNormal Color False-color Infrared UsingFalse-color Infrared UsingWratten #12 filterWratten #12 filter
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Terrestrial PhotographyTerrestrial Photography
Normal ColorNormal Color False-color Infrared UsingFalse-color Infrared UsingWratten #12 filterWratten #12 filter
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Elements of Image Interpretation - SizeElements of Image Interpretation - Size
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Elements of Image Interpretation - ShapeElements of Image Interpretation - Shape
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Elements of Image Interpretation - TextureElements of Image Interpretation - Texture
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Elements of Image Interpretation - PatternElements of Image Interpretation - Pattern
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Elements of Image Interpretation - ShadowElements of Image Interpretation - Shadow
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Elements of Image Interpretation - Height and DepthElements of Image Interpretation - Height and Depth
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Elements of Image Interpretation -Elements of Image Interpretation -Site, Situation and AssociationSite, Situation and Association
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Methods of SearchMethods of Search
Use of Collateral InformationUse of Collateral Information
Convergence of EvidenceConvergence of Evidence
Use of the Multi-conceptUse of the Multi-concept
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C ll t lColl ter l
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CollateralCollateralInformationInformation
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ConvergenceConvergence
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ConvergenceConvergenceof Evidenceof Evidence
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